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New York City Police Department Strategic Response Group

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Strategic Response Group
Patch of the SRG
Active2015–present
CountryUnited States
AgencyNew York City Police Department
Role
Part ofCitywide Operations Bureau (aka Special Operations Bureau)
AbbreviationSRG
Structure
OfficersApprox. 800
Squads
Commanders
Current
commander		Deputy Chief John D’Adamo[1]
Notables
Awards2023 Unit Citation
Website
www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/citywide-operations.page
A Tactical Patrol Force memorabilia patch.

The New York Police Department's Strategic Response Group (SRG) is a unit of the New York City Police Department (NYPD) formed in 2015 for counter-terrorism and the policing of political protests.

They maintain a bike squadron and are outfitted with anti-riot gear, rifles, and body armor. The unit has been criticized for its use of excessive force and mass arrests against political demonstrators protected under the First Amendment, disproportionately high numbers of complaints to the Civilian Complaint Review Board, among other things. Activists, the New York City Council, the New York City Department of Investigation, and organizations such as Human Rights Watch and the New York Civil Liberties Union, among others, have called for its regulation or disbandment.

Commissioner William Bratton, the commissioner responsible for the SRG's formation, was also the Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department and reformed the LAPD Metropolitan Division's A, B, C and G line platoons into the Tactical Response Teams. The SRG is based on the A, B, C and G platoons, as well as the Seattle Police Department's bike squad.

History

[edit]

1959-1984

[edit]

Contrary to popular belief, the SRG was not created overnight from nothing. The history of the Strategic Response Group begins in 1959 with the Tactical Patrol Force (TPF)[2][3]. The Tactical Patrol Force was responsible for patrolling high crime areas and crowd control, a mission which the SRG shares today.

Some TPF officers were recruited straight from the police academy, without any prior precinct work. The TPF used buses to transport its officers, as well as prisoners, and often had to rent, borrow or commandeer buses from civilians. The TPF is most commonly known for its response to the 1968 Columbia University protests. Similar to the SRG, it was criticized for the over-policing of black, impoverished neighborhoods.

In addition, the TPF is also considered the predecessor to the Street Crime Unit (SCU) and the Auto Crime Unit (ACU). In fact, both units drew personnel from the Tactical Patrol Force when they were created in 1971[4]. The TPF, SCU and ACU were organized under the Anti Crime Section, which in turn fell under the purview of the Special Operations Division (SOD) of what was then known as the Field Services Bureau, which is known as the Patrol Services Bureau today.

TPF is also considered the predecessor to the Neighborhood Stabilization Units, and Integrated Municipal Police Anti-Crime Teams, which were the NYPD's borough field training units.

1984-2014

[edit]

In 1984, the Anti Crime Section became no more. As TPF, SCU and ACU expanded, SCU became directly under SOD, and the ACU was moved to the Organized Crime Control Bureau (OCCB).

The Tactical Patrol Force was decentralized and eight borough task forces were created in its place. These task forces were the following:

  • Manhattan South Task Force (MSTF)
  • Manhattan North Task Force (MNTF)
  • Bronx Task Force (BXTF)
  • Brooklyn South Task Force (BSTF)
  • Brooklyn North Task Force (BNTF)
  • Queens South Task Force (QSTF)
  • Queens North Task Force (QNTF)
  • Staten Island Task Force (SITF)


The New York City Transit Police Department (NYCTPD), later the NYPD's own Transit Bureau also had its own borough task forces. These three task forces still exist today and are the following:

  • Transit Manhattan Task Force (TMTF), known as the Manhattan Task Force (MTF) under NYCTPD.
  • Transit Brooklyn Task Force (TBTF), known as the Brooklyn Task Force (BTF) under NYCTPD.
  • Transit Bronx Queens Task Force (TBQTF), known as the Bronx Queens Task Force (BQTF) under NYCTPD.


Following the Crown Heights riots in 1991, the NYPD recognized a substandard response to the disorder, and created the Disorder Control Unit the following year. The DCU's creation intended to standardize the NYPD's crowd control methods, as well as providing tactical, logistical support and training to the task forces. It was organized directly under the Office of the Chief of Department. [5]

In 2008, the Critical Incident Response Capacity, not to be confused with the Critical Response Command, was formed from experienced OCCB personnel to support the Emergency Service Unit in the event of a Mumbai-style attack in New York City. [6]

2014–2019

[edit]
Strategic Response Group with riot batons at a protest near Trump Tower in 2016
Strategic Response Group bicycle officers tackling a man at a protest against police brutality and gun violence in March 2018
Strategic Response Group in riot gear advancing on a crowd during Occupy City Hall on July 1, 2020. An officer can be seen tackling a protestor

In January 2014, NYPD Police Commissioner William J. Bratton announced plans to create the Strategic Response Group, a 300-350 officer unit equipped with machine guns, long guns, and heavy protective gear dedicated to policing protests and counter-terrorism. [7][8] Bratton also announced the SRG would be partially funded by the Department of Homeland Security.[9] After public backlash, Chief of Department James O'Neill stated the SRG would not be involved in handling political demonstrations.[7][8] Bratton then announced approximately 300 officers dedicated to counter-terrorism would augment the NYPD Emergency Service Unit while the "Strategic Response Group" would refer to approximately 500 officers dedicated to handling protests as well as reinforcing precincts in need of back-up.[10][11] He stated that they would no longer be equipped with machine guns,[9] though the SRG were still trained to use and outfitted with semiautomatic rifles.[12]

In its creation, the SRG absorbed the personnel, resources and mission of the task forces, Disorder Control Unit and the Critical Incident Response Capacity. It also drew select personnel from the borough IMPACT Response Teams, who often worked out of the same stations as the task forces.

In 2015, the Citywide Anti-Crime Team was created under the Strategic Response Group as the successor to the SCU, taking its original name.[2]

In March 2015, the NY chapter of the National Lawyer's Guild released a statement saying "the plain intent of [SRG] is to suffocate political dissent".[9] In September, Deputy Inspector Andrew J. Lombardo, a prominent officer involved in policing protests in NYC who had been frequently accused of targeting and interrogating protestors, was assigned to the SRG as a "supervisor".[9][13]

By the end of 2015, the SRG had been deployed to suppress multiple Black Lives Matter protests, sometimes using military grade Long-range acoustic devices (LRAD) and aggressively arresting demonstrators and members of the press. The SRG also increased in size to approximately 800 officers.[14] The New York Civil Liberties Union (NYCLU) stated it would keep watch on the SRG.[15] The Verge obtained NYPD documents showing police camera teams were deployed to hundreds of BLM and Occupy Wall Street protests. Lombardo requested NYPD videos of "mass arrests" at a December 4, 2014 BLM protest despite not being a member of the NYPD Legal Bureau.[13] The SRG gained a reputation among activists in the city as the "goon squad".[14][16][17][18][19]

In December 2017, the SRG initiated a no-knock raid wherein an officer shot and killed Mario Sanabria, a 69-year-old resident, who they claimed had attacked them with a sword.[20] Sanabria's family and roommate have insisted he didn't and that the NYPD had acted on a bad tip from a confidential informant.[21]

In January 2018, the SRG cleared people protesting the deportation of Ravidath Ragbir by Immigrations and Customs Enforcement (ICE). Ragbir is an immigrant rights activist and head of the New Sanctuary Coalition, an organization that legally aids immigrants seeking asylum.[22] The SRG violently arrested 18 protestors during the event. New York City Council members held an oversight hearing questioning NYPD officials about the incident. NYPD refused to comment on the unit's involvement.[23] One officer was transferred out of the unit and stripped of 30 vacation days after a departmental investigation found him guilty of "using excessive force to clear a crowd of protestors". He had been caught on video throttling at least two protestors.[24][25]

In October, the SRG was assigned to a protest at the Metropolitan Republican Club, which had invited Gavin McInnes - the founder of the Proud Boys - to speak. McInnes re-enacted the assassination of Japanese socialist Inejiro Asanuma. Video from the protest showed a group of uniformed proud boys beating protestors as the SRG watched. A police spokesperson said there was no open investigation into the Proud Boys' conduct. Three anti-fascist protestors were arrested and the Republican Club publicly thanked the NYPD.[21][26][27] The Republican Club defended its decision to welcome McInnes; McInnes thanked and defended the NYPD in a podcast a few days later.[27] One Proud Boy was later arrested for the assault.[21]

2020–present

[edit]

In June 2020, about 300 demonstrators protesting police violence and systemic racism in Mott Haven were kettled by the SRG.[28] In September, Human Rights Watch (HRW) released a report about the incident which found over 100 protestors were injured. HRW described the NYPD's conduct as "serious violations of international human rights law" and the First Amendment.[17][28] [29] The report also found at least 13 legal observer were detained, sometimes violently. 263 people were arrested, a higher figure than any other protest since the killing of George Floyd. NYPD commissioner Dermot Shea confirmed the arrests were premeditated and said the protest was caused by "outside agitators" to "cause mayhem" and "injure cops". HRW found the protest was peaceful until the violent response of the NYPD.[29]

In October, The Appeal analyzed footage of protests in June and September and identified 62 SRG officers. The officers had a total of 292 misconduct allegations; on average, each officer had 2 complaints filed against them with the Civilian Complaint Review Board (only 40% of all NYPD personnel had 2 or more incidents filed). 14 supervisors had multiple conduct misconduct allegations. SRG 2, the Bronx unit, had the most officers with misconduct allegations.[17] In December, the New York City Department of Investigation released a report which found the NYPD had used "excessive enforcement" against protestors, suppressed lawful First Amendment assembly, and called for reducing the role of the SRG.[30][31] The report stated the SRG's tactics "may have unnecessarily provoked confrontations between police and protesters, rather than de-escalating tensions".[32]

According to a report prepared by the City Council Finance Division in March 2021, the SRG led all units in overtime expenditures.[33] In September, the NYCLU launched a campaign to disband the SRG.[34][35]

In May 2022, a City Council Public Safety Executive Budget hearing questioned the NYPD's role in sweeping homeless encampments, particularly the SRG's constant presence in the sweeps.[36] In August, a report by the NYCLU criticized the NYPD, noting that the perpetrator of the 2022 New York City Subway attack had been blocks away from dozens of officers, including the SRG, who had been deployed sweeping a homeless encampment and destroying the belongings of unhoused New Yorkers rather than searching for the shooter.[37]

In October, elected officials, civil rights groups, and grassroots organizers staged a rally at City Hall Park calling for the abolishment of the SRG. Council members championed a bill that would prevent the NYPD from using the SRG to break up nonviolent protests. Members of NYC for Abortion Rights were also present, saying that the SRG provided escorts for anti-choice protests but manhandled those protecting Planned Parenthood clinics.[38] People also protested in January 2023, when the City Council's Public Safety Committee postponed a hearing on the SRG for the second time, despite over 100 members of the public signing up to speak. Officials said the delay was due to the number of lawsuits pending against the NYPD for its response to the BLM protests of 2020.[34]

On March 1, 2023, the City Council held its first oversight hearing on the SRG. Over 100 individuals testified alleging SRG violence. The NYPD did not attend and submitted written testimony instead; the council criticized the NYPD's decision not to attend. The city agreed to pay $4–6 million to the approximately 300 demonstrators penned by police during the Mott Haven protest.[39][40]

Operations

[edit]

The SRG is composed of five borough-based Strategic Response Groups and the Crowd Management Unit (CMU), which replaced the Disorder Control Unit in 2022. The CMU is responsible for providing personnel and equipment to support the borough SRGs. In the event of extremely large gatherings, the CMU will be supplemented by uniformed officers from each Patrol Borough, Transit Borough and Housing Borough in the city as Mobile Field Forces.[41] The SRG Bike Squad falls under the hierarchy of the Crowd Management Unit. It operates under the NYPD's Special Operations Bureau.[38]

Initially composed of about 300 officers with a budget of $13 million, within a few years the officer count had doubled and the budget had grown to $90 million.[42] The SRG is equipped with anti-riot gear, a fleet of bicycles with armored riders, and heavy weaponry. The SRG is a voluntary unit that attracts cops looking for "more action".[42] A spokesperson for the NYPD stated SRG training includes a specialized SRG academy, an annual two-day course, and 8 monthly 2-hour surprise drills. SRG's Bicycle Squad members participate in an annual two-day refresher course.[42]

The SRG has advanced notice of protests and monitors social media for intelligence. When a detail is approved, a field officer compiles information on group size, key members, group hierarchy, and planned arrests to send to executive staff and the commanding officer.[42] At protests, SRG officers are instructed to report to the local commander and not exercise discretion except for felonies and serious misdemeanors. Mass arrests are under the purview of department leadership.[42] SRG documents define protestors as either "peaceful" or "violent", with examples of the latter including the "BLM movement, Occupy Wall Street, and Anti-Trump Demonstrators".[43] Tactics used by the SRG at protests include "wedge formation", to separate a crowd in half, "separation formation", to push apart protestors and counter-protestors, and "encirclement formation", a tactic more commonly known as "kettling", in which officers surround a crowd providing no means of escape.[42]

Unit Citation Award

[edit]

Strategic Response Group was awarded a 2023 Unit Citation. The Unit Citation is awarded to a specific unit or precinct for outstanding accomplishments.[44]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Vo, Lam Thuy (2020-11-02). "The Black Lives Matter Protests In New York City Have Slowed Down. The NYPD Hasn't". Buzzfeed News. Retrieved 2023-07-13.
  2. ^ a b Pileggi, Nicholas (1968-07-21). "'Gestapo' or 'Elite'? -- The Tactical Patrol Force; The Tactical Patrol Force". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-08-08.
  3. ^ Brennan, John, The Tactical Patrol Force of the New York City Police Department, retrieved 2024-08-08
  4. ^ "NEW YORK CITY POLICE DEPARTMENT STREET CRIME UNIT - AN EXEMPLARY PROJECT | Office of Justice Programs". www.ojp.gov. Retrieved 2024-08-08.
  5. ^ https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-J28-PURL-LPS118822/pdf/GOVPUB-J28-PURL-LPS118822.pdf
  6. ^ Editor, COLlive (2009-02-16). "NYPD Learns From Mumbai". COLlive. Retrieved 2024-08-08. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  7. ^ a b Yakas, Ben (2015-01-30). "NYPD: Fine, Maybe We Won't Police Protests With Machine Guns". The Gothamist. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  8. ^ a b Gould-Wartofsky, Michael (2015-05-05). "5 Tools the Police Are Using in Their War Against Activists". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  9. ^ a b c d Johnson, Adam; Stephan, Keegan (2015-09-23). "From Abu Ghraib To Black Lives Matter: Meet The NYPD's Most Notorious Anti-Activist Cop". The Gothamist. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  10. ^ Yakas, Ben (2015-02-03). "NYPD Announce New Machine Gun-Free Unit To Handle Protesters". The Gothamist. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  11. ^ Goodman, J. David (2015-02-03). "Bratton Says Terrorism and Protests Will Be Handled by Separate Police Units". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  12. ^ Goodman, J. David (2015-11-21). "With Permanent Squad, New York Police Step Up Fight on Terrorism". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  13. ^ a b Joseph, George (2017-03-22). "NYPD sent video teams to record Occupy and BLM protests over 400 times, documents reveal". The Verge. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  14. ^ a b Heins, Scott (2015-12-17). "A Visit With The "Goon Squad": Meet The NYPD's Specially Trained Protest Police". The Gothamist. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  15. ^ Meminger, Dean (December 22, 2015). "Heavily Armed Police Unit, Focused on Terror Attacks, Fans Out Across All Boroughs". Spectrum News. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  16. ^ Whitford, Emma (2016-11-07). "NYPD Planning Biggest Election Day Deployment Ever". The Gothamist. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  17. ^ a b c Winston, Ali (October 15, 2020). "NYPD Unit At Center Of Protest Policing Has Dozens Of Officers With Long Misconduct Histories". The Appeal. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  18. ^ Offenhartz, Jake (2021-02-19). "How An NYPD Anti-Terror Squad Became A Tool For Cracking Down On Protests". The Gothamist. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  19. ^ Gelardi, Chris. "Bomb Dogs, 'Goon Squad,' Subway Cops: Who's Making a Killing in NYPD…". New York Focus. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  20. ^ McKinley Jr., James C. (2017-12-14). "After Police Raid Kills Man, 69, Family Asks Why Trigger Was Pulled". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  21. ^ a b c Jegroo, Ashoka (October 19, 2018). "NYPD Unit That Monitored Proud Boys Event Has Troubled History". The Appeal. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  22. ^ Pinto, Nick (2018-01-19). "As ICE Targets Immigrant Rights Activists for Deportation, Suspicious Vehicles Outside Churches Stoke Surveillance Fears". The Intercept. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  23. ^ Pinto, Nick (2018-02-08). "NYPD Says It Wasn't an "Escort" When Police Accompanied ICE to Deport Activist Ravi Ragbir". The Intercept. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  24. ^ Tracy, Thomas (2020-02-22). "Clash at ICE protest led to NYPD cop disciplined". NY Daily News. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  25. ^ Pereira, Sydney (2020-02-24). "Video: NYPD Officer Loses Vacation Days After Choking Anti-ICE Protester". The Gothamist. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  26. ^ Offenhartz, Jake (2018-10-15). "NYPD Accused Of 'Incredibly Deferential Treatment' Of Proud Boys Following Beatings Caught On Video". The Gothamist. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  27. ^ a b O’Connor, Brendan (2021-01-21). "Trump's useful thugs: how the Republican party offered a home to the Proud Boys". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  28. ^ a b Ciccolini, Julie (2020-09-30). "Kettling" Protesters in the Bronx (Report). Human Rights Watch.
  29. ^ a b "US: New York Police Planned Assault on Bronx Protesters". Human Rights Watch. 2020-09-30. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  30. ^ Durkin, Erin (2020-12-18). "NYPD undermined public trust with aggressive protest response, watchdog agency finds". Politico. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  31. ^ Dec 18, Jake; 2020Share (2020-12-18). "Report Finds NYPD's Response To George Floyd Protests Was Deeply Flawed, De Blasio Says He Is "Sorry"". The Gothamist. Retrieved 2023-06-29.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  32. ^ Max, Samantha (2023-02-28). "NYC Council to probe training, budget of controversial NYPD unit at upcoming hearing". The Gothamist. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  33. ^ Offenhartz, Jake; 2021Share (2021-03-18). "Despite De Blasio Assurances, NYPD Blows Past Overtime Budget Months Ahead Of Schedule". The Gothamist. Retrieved 2023-06-29.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  34. ^ a b Max, Samantha; 2023Share (2023-01-23). "Advocates want the NYPD to disband the unit that responds to protests". The Gothamist. Retrieved 2023-06-29.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  35. ^ "We Must Disband the NYPD's Strategic Response Group". www.nyclu.org. 2021-09-15. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  36. ^ Moses, Dean (2022-05-15). "Same shift, different days: Advocates accuse city of homeless encampment sweep bias for redeploying NYPD officers and DHS agents over and over again". am New York. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  37. ^ Levya, Isabelle; McCormack, Simon (2022-07-28). "Hero-worship of Police is Failing Us". New York Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  38. ^ a b Lau, Tandy (2022-10-20). "New York activists and electeds seek disbandment of NYPD's Strategic Response Group". Amsterdam News. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  39. ^ "New York City Council holds oversight hearing on NYPD Strategic Response Group". ABC 7. 2023-03-01. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  40. ^ Marcius, Chelsia Rose (2023-03-01). "N.Y.P.D. Fails to Appear at Hearing on Contentious Policing Unit". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  41. ^ "NYPD Department Manual". www.nyc.gov. Retrieved 2024-08-08.
  42. ^ a b c d e f Bolger, John; Speri, Alice (2021-04-07). "NYPD "Goon Squad" Manual Teaches Officers to Violate Protesters' Rights". The Intercept. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  43. ^ Fishman, Arianna (2023-03-01). "NYCLU, Advocates and Electeds Demand Answers from NYPD Strategic Response Group". www.nyclu.org. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  44. ^ "Watch as Police Commissioner Edward A. Caban and NYPD Executives preside over NYPD Medal Day". /www.facebook.com. 2024-06-19. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
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