Pa (Indic)
Pa | |
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Example glyphs | |
Bengali–Assamese | |
Tibetan | |
Tamil | |
Thai | บ |
Malayalam | പ |
Sinhala | ප |
Ashoka Brahmi | |
Devanagari | |
Cognates | |
Hebrew | פ ,ף |
Greek | Π |
Latin | P |
Cyrillic | П |
Properties | |
Phonemic representation | /p/ /ɓ/B |
IAST transliteration | p P |
ISCII code point | C8 (200) |
^B both /ɓ/ and /p/ in Khmer |
Indic letters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Consonants | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Vowels | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Other marks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Punctuation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pa is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Pa is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter .
Āryabhaṭa numeration
[edit]Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of प are:[1]
- प [pə] = 21 (२१)
- पि [pɪ] = 2,100 (२ १००)
- पु [pʊ] = 210,000 (२ १० ०००)
- पृ [pri] = 21,000,000 (२ १० ०० ०००)
- पॢ [plə] = 21×108 (२१×१०८)
- पे [pe] = 21×1010 (२१×१०१०)
- पै [pɛː] = 21×1012 (२१×१०१२)
- पो [poː] = 21×1014 (२१×१०१४)
- पौ [pɔː] = 21×1016 (२१×१०१६)
Historic Pa
[edit]There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Pa as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta . The Tocharian Pa had an alternate Fremdzeichen form, . The third form of pa, in Kharoshthi () was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.
Brahmi Pa
[edit]The Brahmi letter , Pa, is probably derived from the Aramaic Pe , and is thus related to the modern Latin P and Greek Pi.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Pa can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.
Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE) |
Girnar (~150 BCE) |
Kushana (~150-250 CE) |
Gujarat (~250 CE) |
Gupta (~350 CE) |
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Tocharian Pa
[edit]The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi , and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of Pä.
Pa | Pā | Pi | Pī | Pu | Pū | Pr | Pr̄ | Pe | Pai | Po | Pau | Pä | Fremdzeichen |
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Kharoṣṭhī Pa
[edit]The Kharoṣṭhī letter is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Pe , and is thus related to P and Pi, in addition to the Brahmi Pa.[2]
Devanagari Pa
[edit]Devanāgarī |
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Pa (प) is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter પ, and the Modi letter 𑘢.
Devanagari-using Languages
[edit]In all languages, प is pronounced as [pə] or [p] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
Pa | Pā | Pi | Pī | Pu | Pū | Pr | Pr̄ | Pl | Pl̄ | Pe | Pai | Po | Pau | P |
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प | पा | पि | पी | पु | पू | पृ | पॄ | पॢ | पॣ | पे | पै | पो | पौ | प् |
Conjuncts with प
[edit]Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[4]
Ligature conjuncts of प
[edit]True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form for an initial "R" instead of repha.
- Repha र্ (r) + प (pa) gives the ligature rpa: note
- Eyelash र্ (r) + प (pa) gives the ligature rpa:
- प্ (p) + न (na) gives the ligature pna:
- प্ (p) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature pra:
- प্ (p) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature pḍʱa:
- प্ (p) + त (ta) gives the ligature pta:
- प্ (p) + त্ (t) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ptra:
Stacked conjuncts of प
[edit]Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.
- छ্ (ch) + प (pa) gives the ligature chpa:
- ढ্ (ḍʱ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ḍʱpa:
- ड্ (ḍ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ḍpa:
- द্ (d) + प (pa) gives the ligature dpa:
- ङ্ (ŋ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ŋpa:
- प্ (p) + च (ca) gives the ligature pca:
- प্ (p) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature pḍa:
- प্ (p) + ज (ja) gives the ligature pja:
- प্ (p) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature pjña:
- प্ (p) + ल (la) gives the ligature pla:
- प্ (p) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature pŋa:
- प্ (p) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature pṇa:
- प্ (p) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature pña:
- प্ (p) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature pṭa:
- प্ (p) + ठ (ṭha) gives the ligature pṭha:
- ठ্ (ṭh) + प (pa) gives the ligature ṭhpa:
- ट্ (ṭ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ṭpa:
Bengali Pa
[edit]The Bengali script প is derived from the Siddhaṃ , but lacks the horizontal head line, and has a less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, प. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter প will sometimes be transliterated as "po" instead of "pa". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /po/. Like all Indic consonants, প can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".
pa | pā | pi | pī | pu | pū | pr | pr̄ | pe | pai | po | pau | p |
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প | পা | পি | পী | পু | পূ | পৃ | পৄ | পে | পৈ | পো | পৌ | প্ |
প in Bengali-using languages
[edit]প is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.
Conjuncts with প
[edit]Bengali প exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures as an initial head consonant, and linear (horizontal) ligatures as a trailing consonant.[5]
- ল্ (l) + প (pa) gives the ligature lpa:
- ম্ (m) + প (pa) gives the ligature mpa:
- ম্ (m) + প্ (p) + র (ra) gives the ligature mpra, with the ra phala suffix:
- প্ (p) + ল (la) gives the ligature pla:
- প্ (p) + ন (na) gives the ligature pna:
- প্ (p) + প (pa) gives the ligature ppa:
- প্ (p) + র (ra) gives the ligature pra, with the ra phala suffix:
- প্ (p) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature prya, with the ra phala and ya phala suffixes
- প্ (p) + স (sa) gives the ligature psa:
- প্ (p) + ত (ta) gives the ligature pta:
- প্ (p) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature pṭa:
- প্ (p) + য (ya) gives the ligature pya, with the ya phala suffix:
- র্ (r) + প (pa) gives the ligature rpa, with the repha prefix:
- স্ (s) + প (pa) gives the ligature spa:
- স্ (s) + প্ (p) + ল (la) gives the ligature spla:
- ষ্ (ṣ) + প (pa) gives the ligature ṣpa:
- ষ্ (ṣ) + প্ (p) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṣpra, with the ra phala suffix:
Gujarati Pa
[edit]Pa (પ) is the twenty-first consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Pa with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter .
Gujarati-using Languages
[edit]The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, પ is pronounced as [pə] or [p] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
Pa | Pā | Pi | Pī | Pu | Pū | Pr | Pl | Pr̄ | Pl̄ | Pĕ | Pe | Pai | Pŏ | Po | Pau | P |
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Gujarati Pa syllables, with vowel marks in red. |
Conjuncts with પ
[edit]Gujarati પ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.
- ર્ (r) + પ (pa) gives the ligature RPa:
- પ્ (p) + ર (ra) gives the ligature PRa:
- પ્ (p) + ત (ta) gives the ligature PTa:
- પ્ (p) + ન (na) gives the ligature PNa:
Javanese Pa
[edit]Telugu Pa
[edit]Pa (ప) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಪ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.
Malayalam Pa
[edit]Pa (പ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter Pa. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
Conjuncts of പ
[edit]As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.
- പ് (p) + ത (ta) gives the ligature pta:
- പ് (p) + ന (na) gives the ligature pna:
- പ് (p) + പ (pa) gives the ligature ppa:
- മ് (m) + പ (pa) gives the ligature mpa:
- ല് (l) + പ (pa) gives the ligature lpa:
- ഷ് (ṣ) + പ (pa) gives the ligature ṣpa:
- സ് (s) + പ (pa) gives the ligature spa:
- പ് (p) + ഫ (pha) gives the ligature ppha:
- പ് (p) + സ (sa) gives the ligature psa:
Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Pe
[edit]Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics | ||||||||||||||||||||
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ᐯ, ᐱ, ᐳ and ᐸ are the base characters "Pe", "Pi", "Po" and "Pa" in the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. The bare consonant ᑉ (P) is a small version of the A-series letter ᐸ, although the Western Cree letter ᑊ, derived from Pitman shorthand was the original bare consonant symbol for P. The character ᐯ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter प, without the headline or vertical stem, and the forms for different vowels are derived by rotation.[6][7][8] Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.
Variant | E-series | I-series | O-series | A-series | Other | ||||||
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P + vowel | ᐯ | ᐱ | ᐳ | ᐸ | ᢵ | ||||||
Pe | Pi | Po | Pa | Pay | |||||||
Small | - | ᣔ | - | ᑉ | ᑊ | ||||||
- | Ojibway P | - | P | Cree P | |||||||
P with long vowels | - | ᐲ | ᐴ | ᐵ | ᐹ | ᐰ | |||||
- | Pī | Pō | Cree Pō | Pā | Pāi | ||||||
P + W-vowels | ᐺ | ᐻ | ᐼ | ᐽ | ᑀ | ᑁ | ᑄ | ᑅ | - | ||
Pwe | Cree Pwe | Pwi | Cree Pwi | Pwo | Cree Pwo | Pwa | Cree Pwa | - | |||
P + long W-vowels | - | ᐾ | ᐿ | ᑂ | ᑃ | ᑆ | ᑇ | ᑈ | - | ||
- | Pwī | Cree Pwī | Pwō | Cree Pwō | Pwā | Cree Pwā | - | ||||
Other P forms | - | - | ᢴ | ᢶ | - | - | |||||
- | - | Poy | Pwoy | - | - |
Odia Pa
[edit]Pa (ପ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter Pa. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
Pa | Pā | Pi | Pī | Pu | Pū | Pr̥ | Pr̥̄ | Pl̥ | Pl̥̄ | Pe | Pai | Po | Pau | P |
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ପ | ପା | ପି | ପୀ | ପୁ | ପୂ | ପୃ | ପୄ | ପୢ | ପୣ | ପେ | ପୈ | ପୋ | ପୌ | ପ୍ |
Conjuncts of ପ
[edit]As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.
- ମ୍ (m) + ପ (pa) gives the ligature mpa:
Kaithi Pa
[edit]Pa (𑂣) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter Pa. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
Pa | Pā | Pi | Pī | Pu | Pū | Pe | Pai | Po | Pau | P |
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𑂣 | 𑂣𑂰 | 𑂣𑂱 | 𑂣𑂲 | 𑂣𑂳 | 𑂣𑂴 | 𑂣𑂵 | 𑂣𑂶 | 𑂣𑂷 | 𑂣𑂸 | 𑂣𑂹 |
Conjuncts of 𑂣
[edit]As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.
- 𑂣୍ (p) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature pra:
- 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂣 (pa) gives the ligature rpa:
Comparison of Pa
[edit]The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Pa, are related as well.
Comparison of Pa in different scripts | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Notes
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Character encodings of Pa
[edit]Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Pa in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Pa from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.
Preview | ప | ପ | ಪ | പ | પ | ਪ | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | DEVANAGARI LETTER PA | BENGALI LETTER PA | TAMIL LETTER PA | TELUGU LETTER PA | ORIYA LETTER PA | KANNADA LETTER PA | MALAYALAM LETTER PA | GUJARATI LETTER PA | GURMUKHI LETTER PA | |||||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 2346 | U+092A | 2474 | U+09AA | 2986 | U+0BAA | 3114 | U+0C2A | 2858 | U+0B2A | 3242 | U+0CAA | 3370 | U+0D2A | 2730 | U+0AAA | 2602 | U+0A2A |
UTF-8 | 224 164 170 | E0 A4 AA | 224 166 170 | E0 A6 AA | 224 174 170 | E0 AE AA | 224 176 170 | E0 B0 AA | 224 172 170 | E0 AC AA | 224 178 170 | E0 B2 AA | 224 180 170 | E0 B4 AA | 224 170 170 | E0 AA AA | 224 168 170 | E0 A8 AA |
Numeric character reference | प |
प |
প |
প |
ப |
ப |
ప |
ప |
ପ |
ପ |
ಪ |
ಪ |
പ |
പ |
પ |
પ |
ਪ |
ਪ |
ISCII | 200 | C8 | 200 | C8 | 200 | C8 | 200 | C8 | 200 | C8 | 200 | C8 | 200 | C8 | 200 | C8 | 200 | C8 |
Preview | 𐨤 | 𑌪 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | BRAHMI LETTER PA | KHAROSHTHI LETTER PA | SIDDHAM LETTER PA | GRANTHA LETTER PA | ||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 69671 | U+11027 | 68132 | U+10A24 | 71074 | U+115A2 | 70442 | U+1132A |
UTF-8 | 240 145 128 167 | F0 91 80 A7 | 240 144 168 164 | F0 90 A8 A4 | 240 145 150 162 | F0 91 96 A2 | 240 145 140 170 | F0 91 8C AA |
UTF-16 | 55300 56359 | D804 DC27 | 55298 56868 | D802 DE24 | 55301 56738 | D805 DDA2 | 55300 57130 | D804 DF2A |
Numeric character reference | 𑀧 |
𑀧 |
𐨤 |
𐨤 |
𑖢 |
𑖢 |
𑌪 |
𑌪 |
Preview | ྤ | ꡌ | 𑨞 | 𑐥 | 𑰢 | 𑆥 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | TIBETAN LETTER PA | TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER PA | PHAGS-PA LETTER PA | ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER PA | NEWA LETTER PA | BHAIKSUKI LETTER PA | SHARADA LETTER PA | |||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 3924 | U+0F54 | 4004 | U+0FA4 | 43084 | U+A84C | 72222 | U+11A1E | 70693 | U+11425 | 72738 | U+11C22 | 70053 | U+111A5 |
UTF-8 | 224 189 148 | E0 BD 94 | 224 190 164 | E0 BE A4 | 234 161 140 | EA A1 8C | 240 145 168 158 | F0 91 A8 9E | 240 145 144 165 | F0 91 90 A5 | 240 145 176 162 | F0 91 B0 A2 | 240 145 134 165 | F0 91 86 A5 |
UTF-16 | 3924 | 0F54 | 4004 | 0FA4 | 43084 | A84C | 55302 56862 | D806 DE1E | 55301 56357 | D805 DC25 | 55303 56354 | D807 DC22 | 55300 56741 | D804 DDA5 |
Numeric character reference | པ |
པ |
ྤ |
ྤ |
ꡌ |
ꡌ |
𑨞 |
𑨞 |
𑐥 |
𑐥 |
𑰢 |
𑰢 |
𑆥 |
𑆥 |
Preview | ပ | |
---|---|---|
Unicode name | MYANMAR LETTER PA | |
Encodings | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 4117 | U+1015 |
UTF-8 | 225 128 149 | E1 80 95 |
Numeric character reference | ပ |
ပ |
- See further below for Tai Tham and New Tai Lue codepoints.
Preview | ប | ບ | ປ | บ | ป | ꪜ | ꪝ | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | KHMER LETTER BA | LAO LETTER BO | LAO LETTER PO | THAI CHARACTER BO BAIMAI | THAI CHARACTER PO PLA | TAI VIET LETTER LOW PO | TAI VIET LETTER HIGH PO | |||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 6036 | U+1794 | 3738 | U+0E9A | 3739 | U+0E9B | 3610 | U+0E1A | 3611 | U+0E1B | 43676 | U+AA9C | 43677 | U+AA9D |
UTF-8 | 225 158 148 | E1 9E 94 | 224 186 154 | E0 BA 9A | 224 186 155 | E0 BA 9B | 224 184 154 | E0 B8 9A | 224 184 155 | E0 B8 9B | 234 170 156 | EA AA 9C | 234 170 157 | EA AA 9D |
Numeric character reference | ប |
ប |
ບ |
ບ |
ປ |
ປ |
บ |
บ |
ป |
ป |
ꪜ |
ꪜ |
ꪝ |
ꪝ |
Preview | ප | ꤕ | 𑄛 | ᥙ | 𑜆 | 𑤠 | ꢦ | ꨚ | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | SINHALA LETTER ALPAPRAANA PAYANNA | KAYAH LI LETTER PA | CHAKMA LETTER PAA | TAI LE LETTER PA | AHOM LETTER PA | DIVES AKURU LETTER PA | SAURASHTRA LETTER PA | CHAM LETTER PA | ||||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 3508 | U+0DB4 | 43285 | U+A915 | 69915 | U+1111B | 6489 | U+1959 | 71430 | U+11706 | 71968 | U+11920 | 43174 | U+A8A6 | 43546 | U+AA1A |
UTF-8 | 224 182 180 | E0 B6 B4 | 234 164 149 | EA A4 95 | 240 145 132 155 | F0 91 84 9B | 225 165 153 | E1 A5 99 | 240 145 156 134 | F0 91 9C 86 | 240 145 164 160 | F0 91 A4 A0 | 234 162 166 | EA A2 A6 | 234 168 154 | EA A8 9A |
UTF-16 | 3508 | 0DB4 | 43285 | A915 | 55300 56603 | D804 DD1B | 6489 | 1959 | 55301 57094 | D805 DF06 | 55302 56608 | D806 DD20 | 43174 | A8A6 | 43546 | AA1A |
Numeric character reference | ප |
ප |
ꤕ |
ꤕ |
𑄛 |
𑄛 |
ᥙ |
ᥙ |
𑜆 |
𑜆 |
𑤠 |
𑤠 |
ꢦ |
ꢦ |
ꨚ |
ꨚ |
Preview | 𑘢 | 𑧂 | 𑩰 | ꠙ | 𑶅 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | MODI LETTER PA | NANDINAGARI LETTER PA | SOYOMBO LETTER PA | SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER PO | GUNJALA GONDI LETTER PA | KAITHI LETTER PA | ||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 71202 | U+11622 | 72130 | U+119C2 | 72304 | U+11A70 | 43033 | U+A819 | 73093 | U+11D85 | 69795 | U+110A3 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 152 162 | F0 91 98 A2 | 240 145 167 130 | F0 91 A7 82 | 240 145 169 176 | F0 91 A9 B0 | 234 160 153 | EA A0 99 | 240 145 182 133 | F0 91 B6 85 | 240 145 130 163 | F0 91 82 A3 |
UTF-16 | 55301 56866 | D805 DE22 | 55302 56770 | D806 DDC2 | 55302 56944 | D806 DE70 | 43033 | A819 | 55303 56709 | D807 DD85 | 55300 56483 | D804 DCA3 |
Numeric character reference | 𑘢 |
𑘢 |
𑧂 |
𑧂 |
𑩰 |
𑩰 |
ꠙ |
ꠙ |
𑶅 |
𑶅 |
𑂣 |
𑂣 |
Preview | 𑒣 | ᰎ | ᤐ | ꯄ | 𑱾 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | TIRHUTA LETTER PA | LEPCHA LETTER PA | LIMBU LETTER PA | MEETEI MAYEK LETTER PA | MARCHEN LETTER PA | |||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 70819 | U+114A3 | 7182 | U+1C0E | 6416 | U+1910 | 43972 | U+ABC4 | 72830 | U+11C7E |
UTF-8 | 240 145 146 163 | F0 91 92 A3 | 225 176 142 | E1 B0 8E | 225 164 144 | E1 A4 90 | 234 175 132 | EA AF 84 | 240 145 177 190 | F0 91 B1 BE |
UTF-16 | 55301 56483 | D805 DCA3 | 7182 | 1C0E | 6416 | 1910 | 43972 | ABC4 | 55303 56446 | D807 DC7E |
Numeric character reference | 𑒣 |
𑒣 |
ᰎ |
ᰎ |
ᤐ |
ᤐ |
ꯄ |
ꯄ |
𑱾 |
𑱾 |
Preview | 𑚞 | 𑠞 | 𑈟 | 𑋒 | 𑅨 | 𑊛 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | TAKRI LETTER PA | DOGRA LETTER PA | KHOJKI LETTER PA | KHUDAWADI LETTER PA | MAHAJANI LETTER PA | MULTANI LETTER PA | ||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 71326 | U+1169E | 71710 | U+1181E | 70175 | U+1121F | 70354 | U+112D2 | 69992 | U+11168 | 70299 | U+1129B |
UTF-8 | 240 145 154 158 | F0 91 9A 9E | 240 145 160 158 | F0 91 A0 9E | 240 145 136 159 | F0 91 88 9F | 240 145 139 146 | F0 91 8B 92 | 240 145 133 168 | F0 91 85 A8 | 240 145 138 155 | F0 91 8A 9B |
UTF-16 | 55301 56990 | D805 DE9E | 55302 56350 | D806 DC1E | 55300 56863 | D804 DE1F | 55300 57042 | D804 DED2 | 55300 56680 | D804 DD68 | 55300 56987 | D804 DE9B |
Numeric character reference | 𑚞 |
𑚞 |
𑠞 |
𑠞 |
𑈟 |
𑈟 |
𑋒 |
𑋒 |
𑅨 |
𑅨 |
𑊛 |
𑊛 |
Preview | ᬧ | ᯇ | ᨄ | ꦥ | 𑻣 | ꤶ | ᮕ | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | BALINESE LETTER PA | BATAK LETTER PA | BUGINESE LETTER PA | JAVANESE LETTER PA | MAKASAR LETTER PA | REJANG LETTER PA | SUNDANESE LETTER PA | |||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 6951 | U+1B27 | 7111 | U+1BC7 | 6660 | U+1A04 | 43429 | U+A9A5 | 73443 | U+11EE3 | 43318 | U+A936 | 7061 | U+1B95 |
UTF-8 | 225 172 167 | E1 AC A7 | 225 175 135 | E1 AF 87 | 225 168 132 | E1 A8 84 | 234 166 165 | EA A6 A5 | 240 145 187 163 | F0 91 BB A3 | 234 164 182 | EA A4 B6 | 225 174 149 | E1 AE 95 |
UTF-16 | 6951 | 1B27 | 7111 | 1BC7 | 6660 | 1A04 | 43429 | A9A5 | 55303 57059 | D807 DEE3 | 43318 | A936 | 7061 | 1B95 |
Numeric character reference | ᬧ |
ᬧ |
ᯇ |
ᯇ |
ᨄ |
ᨄ |
ꦥ |
ꦥ |
𑻣 |
𑻣 |
ꤶ |
ꤶ |
ᮕ |
ᮕ |
Preview | ᜉ | ᝩ | ᝉ | ᜩ | 𑴠 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | TAGALOG LETTER PA | TAGBANWA LETTER PA | BUHID LETTER PA | HANUNOO LETTER PA | MASARAM GONDI LETTER PA | |||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 5897 | U+1709 | 5993 | U+1769 | 5961 | U+1749 | 5929 | U+1729 | 72992 | U+11D20 |
UTF-8 | 225 156 137 | E1 9C 89 | 225 157 169 | E1 9D A9 | 225 157 137 | E1 9D 89 | 225 156 169 | E1 9C A9 | 240 145 180 160 | F0 91 B4 A0 |
UTF-16 | 5897 | 1709 | 5993 | 1769 | 5961 | 1749 | 5929 | 1729 | 55303 56608 | D807 DD20 |
Numeric character reference | ᜉ |
ᜉ |
ᝩ |
ᝩ |
ᝉ |
ᝉ |
ᜩ |
ᜩ |
𑴠 |
𑴠 |
Preview | ᐯ | ᐱ | ᐳ | ᐸ | ᑉ | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | CANADIAN SYLLABICS PE | CANADIAN SYLLABICS PI | CANADIAN SYLLABICS PO | CANADIAN SYLLABICS PA | CANADIAN SYLLABICS P | |||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 5167 | U+142F | 5169 | U+1431 | 5171 | U+1433 | 5176 | U+1438 | 5193 | U+1449 |
UTF-8 | 225 144 175 | E1 90 AF | 225 144 177 | E1 90 B1 | 225 144 179 | E1 90 B3 | 225 144 184 | E1 90 B8 | 225 145 137 | E1 91 89 |
Numeric character reference | ᐯ |
ᐯ |
ᐱ |
ᐱ |
ᐳ |
ᐳ |
ᐸ |
ᐸ |
ᑉ |
ᑉ |
- The full range of pE Canadian syllabic characters can be found at the codepoint ranges 142F-1449, 150C, 18B4-18B6, 14D4, & 18DC-18DD.
Preview | ᨷ | ᩝ | ᨸ | ᦢ | ᦥ | ᧇ | ᦔ | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | TAI THAM LETTER BA | TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN BA | TAI THAM LETTER HIGH PA | NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH BA | NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW BA | NEW TAI LUE LETTER FINAL B | NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH PA | |||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 6711 | U+1A37 | 6749 | U+1A5D | 6712 | U+1A38 | 6562 | U+19A2 | 6565 | U+19A5 | 6599 | U+19C7 | 6548 | U+1994 |
UTF-8 | 225 168 183 | E1 A8 B7 | 225 169 157 | E1 A9 9D | 225 168 184 | E1 A8 B8 | 225 166 162 | E1 A6 A2 | 225 166 165 | E1 A6 A5 | 225 167 135 | E1 A7 87 | 225 166 148 | E1 A6 94 |
Numeric character reference | ᨷ |
ᨷ |
ᩝ |
ᩝ |
ᨸ |
ᨸ |
ᦢ |
ᦢ |
ᦥ |
ᦥ |
ᧇ |
ᧇ |
ᦔ |
ᦔ |
References
[edit]- ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
- ^ a b Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
- ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
- ^ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
- ^ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
- ^ Andrew Dalby (2004:139) Dictionary of Languages
- ^ Some General Aspects of the Syllabics Orthography, Chris Harvey 2003
- ^ Zui. "Writing in North America — Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics". The Language Closet. Retrieved 2 April 2023.