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Essex County, New Jersey

Coordinates: 40°47′N 74°15′W / 40.79°N 74.25°W / 40.79; -74.25
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Essex County
County
Newark Penn Station in Newark at dusk in June 2015
Newark Penn Station in Newark at dusk in June 2015
Flag of Essex County
Flag
Official seal of Essex County
Seal
Map of New Jersey highlighting Essex County
Location within the U.S. state of New Jersey
Map of the United States highlighting New Jersey
New Jersey's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 40°47′N 74°15′W / 40.79°N 74.25°W / 40.79; -74.25
Country United States
State New Jersey
FoundedMarch 7, 1683[2]
Named forEssex, England
SeatNewark[3]
Largest cityNewark (population and area)
Government
 • County executiveJoseph N. DiVincenzo Jr. (D, term ends December 31, 2026)
Area
[4]
 • Total129.42 sq mi (335.2 km2)
 • Land126.09 sq mi (326.6 km2)
 • Water3.34 sq mi (8.7 km2)  2.6%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total863,728[1]
 • Estimate 
(2023)[5][6]
851,117 Decrease
 • Density6,843.5/sq mi (2,642.3/km2)
Congressional districts8th, 10th, 11th
Websiteessexcountynj.org
Map
Interactive map of Essex County, New Jersey

Essex County is located in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of New Jersey, and is one of the centrally located counties in the New York metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, the county was the state's second-most populous county,[7] with a population of 863,728,[5][8] its highest decennial count since the 1970 census and an increase of 79,759 (+10.2%) from the 2010 census count of 783,969.[9][10][11] The county is part of the North Jersey region of the state.[12]

For 2022, the Population Estimates Program calculated a population of 849,477, which was ranked third-largest among New Jersey's 21 counties behind Bergen and Middlesex Counties.[6] Its county seat is Newark,[3] the state's most populous city with a 2020 census population of 311,549.[8][7]

In 2015, the county had a per capita personal income of $60,030, the eighth-highest in New Jersey and 153rd highest of 3,113 counties in the U.S.[13][14] The Bureau of Economic Analysis ranked the county as having the 94th-highest per capita income of all 3,113 counties in the U.S. and seventh-highest in New Jersey in 2009.[15]

History

[edit]
Millburn in Essex County

Etymology

[edit]

The county is named after Essex, a county in the East of England.[16]

History

[edit]

Essex was originally formed as one of four administrative districts within Province of East Jersey in 1675, together with Bergen, Middlesex and Monmouth districts. Essex County was formed within East Jersey on March 7, 1683.[2] The county was named after the English county of Essex. When the provinces of East Jersey and West Jersey were combined in 1702, the county boundaries were retained. Portions of Essex were taken in 1741 and transferred to Somerset County. In 1837, Passaic County was formed from portions of Essex and Bergen counties. In 1857, Union County was created from parts of Essex County.[2]

Secession

[edit]

The municipalities of western Essex County have discussed secession from the county, to create a new county or be annexed to Morris County, spurred mainly by a belief that tax policy benefits the poorer, urban, eastern portions of the county at the expense of the wealthier, more suburban municipalities in the west of the county. From 2001 to 2003, Millburn, Montclair and Roseland all held nonbinding ballot referendums on the issue. Then-Montclair mayor Robert J. Russo gave a statement in 2003 about secession, "I've watched Essex County burden our people, with very little to show for it. We're fiscally conservative here and socially progressive – and we're finally rebelling."[17]

Essex Troop, New Jersey National Guard
Essex County Hall of Records
Thomas Edison Laboratory

Geography

[edit]

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, as of the 2020 Census, the county had a total area of 129.42 square miles (335.2 km2), of which 126.09 square miles (326.6 km2) was land (97.4%) and 3.34 square miles (8.7 km2) was water (2.6%).[4]

The county rises from generally flat in the east to the twin ridges of the Watchung Mountains in the western half, beyond which the land lowers again into the Passaic River valley.

The highest elevation is found at four areas scattered between Verona, North Caldwell, and Cedar Grove, reaching 660 feet (200 m) above sea level.[18] The lowest point is sea level, at Newark Bay.

Climate

[edit]

All of Essex County has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) if the -3 °C isotherm is used. If the 0 °C isotherm is used, Cfa only exists in eastern Newark and the rest of the county has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa). However temperatures do vary in various locations. In Newark, Eastern Essex County, and Southern/Southeastern Essex County, temperatures are relatively cool to hot, even in the winter months. Western Essex County has similar temperatures to Eastern Essex, but the elevation increase within the Watchung Mountains allows for some minor differences. An example would be that in January on Interstate 280 it could be raining in East Orange. Heading west on 280 there is a large hill that elevates from 150 to 650 feet (46 to 198 m), a 500 feet (150 m) difference. At the top of the hill it could be snowing because of the 3 to 4 degree temperature differences.

Newark, New Jersey
Climate chart (explanation)
J
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█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Source: The Weather Channel[19]
Metric conversion
J
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█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm

In recent years, average temperatures in the county seat of Newark have ranged from a low of 24 °F (−4 °C) in January to a high of 86 °F (30 °C) in July, although a record low of −14 °F (−26 °C) was recorded in February 1934 and a record high of 108 °F (42 °C) was recorded in July 22, 2011, which is the highest temperature ever recorded in the state.[20] Average monthly precipitation ranged from 2.99 inches (76 mm) in February to 4.76 inches (121 mm) in July.[19] In Roseland, average monthly temperatures range from 29.2 °F (−1.6 °C) in January to 74.6 °F (23.7 °C) in July.[21]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
179017,785—
180022,26925.2%
181025,98416.7%
182030,79318.5%
183041,91136.1%
184044,621*6.5%
185073,95065.7%
186098,877*33.7%
1870143,83945.5%
1880189,92932.0%
1890256,09834.8%
1900359,05340.2%
1910512,88642.8%
1920652,08927.1%
1930833,51327.8%
1940837,3400.5%
1950905,9498.2%
1960923,5451.9%
1970932,5261.0%
1980851,304−8.7%
1990778,206−8.6%
2000793,6332.0%
2010783,969−1.2%
2020863,72810.2%
2023 (est.)851,117[5][6]−1.5%
Historical sources: 1790–1990[22]
1970–2010[23] 2000[11][24] 2010[9] 2020[5][8]
* = Lost territory in previous decade.[2]

Based on data from the 2010 census, Essex County is the 14th-most densely populated county in the United States, and was ranked New Jersey's second-most densely populated after Hudson County, which ranked sixth most-densely populated in the nation at 13,731.4 per square mile as of 2010.[25] Newark, with a population density of 11,458.3 people per square mile, is the largest municipality in the county both in terms of land area (24.19 square miles) and population (277,140), while Caldwell is the smallest in terms of land area (1.17 square miles) and Essex Fells has the smallest population (2,113).[26] Many of the county's smallest municipalities have population densities that are comparable to those of many big cities, and are well above the state's average which in turn is the highest in the nation.

Like many of the counties of Northern New Jersey near New York City, which tend to have sharp divides between relatively rich suburban neighborhoods and less wealthy, more densely populated cities nearby, the eastern region of Essex County tends to be poorer and more urbanized, while the western parts tend to be more affluent and suburban. The wide area of Eastern Essex has significant pockets of high population, high building density, high poverty, and high crime rates. Within this general area, however, are numerous areas composed of safe, mixed and middle-income neighborhoods of diverse populations. For example, north and west sides of Newark have well-kept suburban areas such as Vailsburg and Forest Hill. The east side of Newark is the Ironbound, a working-class Brazilian and Portuguese community. East Orange is home to the Presidential Estate neighborhood, a well-kept area of large, pre-war, single-family homes. Belleville and Bloomfield are suburbs with historic Italian communities that, in spite of retaining a core Italian-American population, now have many immigrants from Latin America and Asia. As of the 2000 Census, 36% of Nutley residents indicated that they were of Italian ancestry, the 12th-highest of any municipality in the nation and third-highest in New Jersey.[27]

Beginning at about the turn of the 20th century, Essex County led the state in the rebuilding and rehab of its housing stock. In the 2000s, Newark led the state in the issuance of building permits. Many reasons were cited: citywide incentives to encourage construction development, an improving local economy, the rising demand of low-cost housing so close to Manhattan. Newark has since then become one of the fastest-growing cities in the entire Northeast,[28][29] and reported a gain in median income and drop in poverty rate.[30] This is a turnaround from the deterioration and abandonment experienced in the post-riot 1970s, 1980s and early part of the 1990s.

Crime in this part of the county has traditionally been among the highest in the state and the country as well, but recently has also seen significant declines, mirroring its large neighbor to the east, New York City.[31] By 2006, crime in Newark had fallen 60% over the previous decade to its lowest levels in 40 years.[32][33] Neighboring East Orange has also experienced a decline in crimes, dropping 50% in the three years (2005 to 2007).[34] While crime rates have fallen significantly in these cities in recent years, they nonetheless remain high here compared to national crime statistics, as well as Irvington, and Orange. In 2008, Newark had 67 homicides, down from 105 in 2007 and the record of 161 murders set in 1981.[31][35]

In contrast, Western Essex tends to be more suburban and affluent. Within this region are some of the most diverse and racially integrated municipalities in the state and nation, including Montclair, West Orange, South Orange and Maplewood. Many of these municipalities are well-known magnets for people moving from New York City, such as Glen Ridge, Montclair, Verona, Cedar Grove, South Orange and West Orange. The communities of Livingston, West Caldwell, South Orange, Maplewood, Millburn, North Caldwell, and Essex Fells are some of the wealthiest towns in the county. Short Hills (in Millburn), South Orange, West Orange, and Livingston have large Jewish communities. Short Hills has a popular upscale shopping mall, The Mall at Short Hills located near affluent communities in Morris and Union counties.[36]

As the poorest place in the county, Newark has a median household income of $33,025 and a per capita income of $17,198;[37] at the other extreme, Essex Fells, one of the wealthier places in the county and the 4th wealthiest municipality in the state, has a median household income of $174,432 and a per capita income of $89,316.[38][citation needed]

2020 census

[edit]

2010 census

[edit]

The 2010 United States census counted 783,969 people, 283,712 households, and 189,236 families in the county. The population density was 6,211.5 per square mile (2,398.3/km2). There were 312,954 housing units at an average density of 2,479.6 per square mile (957.4/km2). The racial makeup was 42.59% (333,868) White, 40.88% (320,479) Black or African American, 0.39% (3,056) Native American, 4.57% (35,789) Asian, 0.04% (286) Pacific Islander, 8.38% (65,687) from other races, and 3.16% (24,804) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 20.30% (159,117) of the population.[9]

Of the 283,712 households, 33.2% had children under the age of 18; 40.1% were married couples living together; 20.6% had a female householder with no husband present and 33.3% were non-families. Of all households, 27.7% were made up of individuals and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.29.[9]

24.9% of the population were under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 25.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.4 years. For every 100 females, the population had 92.1 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 88.6 males.[9]

The non-Hispanic white population was 33.2%.

The county had 76,200 Jewish residents according to the 2002 results of the National Jewish Population Survey.[39]

Economy

[edit]

The Bureau of Economic Analysis calculated that the county's gross domestic product was $48.7 billion in 2021, which was ranked fourth in the state and was a 6.5% increase from the prior year.[40]

Government

[edit]

County government

[edit]

The county seat is of Essex County is Newark, where many offices and courts are concentrated at the Essex County Government Complex.

Essex County is governed by a County Executive and a nine-member Board of County Commissioners, who administer all county business. Essex joins Atlantic, Bergen, Hudson and Mercer counties as one of the 5 of 21 New Jersey counties with an elected executive.[41] The County Executive is elected by a direct vote of the electorate. Nine commissioners are elected to serve three-year concurrent terms of office. Five of the commissioners represent districts; four are elected from the county on an at-large basis. At an annual organization meeting, the commissioners choose a Commissioner President and vice-president from among its members to serve one-year terms.[42] In 2016, commissioners were paid $37,249 and the commissioner president was paid an annual salary of $38,211; commissioner salaries were the second-highest in the state, behind Hudson County.[43] the county executive was paid $161,615 in 2015.[44]

As of 2024, the Essex County Executive is Joseph N. DiVincenzo Jr. (D, Roseland), whose four-year term of office ends December 31, 2026.[45][46] Essex County's Commissioners are (with terms for president and vice president ending every December 31):[47][48][49][50][51]

District Commissioner
1 - Newark's North and East Wards, parts of Central and West Wards Robert Mercado (D, Newark, 2026)[52]
2 - Irvington, Maplewood and Newark's South Ward and parts of West Ward A'Dorian Murray-Thomas (D, Newark, 2026)[53]
3 - East Orange, Newark's West and Central Wards,
Orange and South Orange 		Vice President Tyshammie L. Cooper (D, East Orange, 2026)[54]
4 - Caldwell, Cedar Grove, Essex Fells, Fairfield, Livingston,
Millburn, North Caldwell, Roseland, Verona, West Caldwell and West Orange 		Leonard M. Luciano (D, West Caldwell, 2026)[55]
5 - Belleville, Bloomfield, Glen Ridge, Montclair and Nutley President Carlos M. Pomares (D, Bloomfield, 2026)[56]
at large Brendan W. Gill (D, Montclair, 2026)[57]
at large Romaine Graham (D, Irvington, 2026)[58]
at large Wayne Richardson (D, Newark, 2026)[59]
at large Patricia Sebold (D, Livingston, 2026)[60]

In February 2019, Romaine Graham was appointed to fill the seat expiring in December 2024 that had been held by Lebby Jones until her death the previous month.[61] Graham served on an interim basis until the November 2019 general election, when she was chosen to serve the balance of the term of office.[62] No Republican has won countywide office since 1998, a freeholder seat since 2001, and an at-large freeholder seat since 1971.[63]

Pursuant to Article VII Section II of the New Jersey State Constitution, each county in New Jersey is required to have three elected administrative officials known as "constitutional officers." These officers are the County Clerk and County Surrogate (both elected for five-year terms of office) and the County Sheriff (elected for a three-year term).[64] Essex County is one of two counties statewide that has an elected Register of Deeds.[65] Essex County's constitutional officers and register are:[50]

Title Representative
County Clerk Christopher J. Durkin (D, West Caldwell, 2025)[66][67]
Sheriff Armando B. Fontoura (D, Fairfield, 2024)[68][69]
Surrogate Alturrick Kenney (D, Newark, 2028)[70][71]
Register Juan Rivera (D, Newark, 2025)[72][73]

The Acting Essex County Prosecutor is Theodore N. Stephens II, who was appointed as acting prosecutor in September 2018. Stephens previously served as Essex County Surrogate from 2012 until his appointment as Acting Prosecutor.[74] Essex County constitutes Vicinage 5 of the New Jersey Superior Court, which is seated at the Veterans' Courthouse in Newark, which also houses the Criminal Part; civil and probate cases are heard at both the historic Essex County Courthouse and at the Essex County Hall of Records, also in Newark, while family and chancery cases are heard at the Robert N. Wilentz Court Complex, also in Newark, with additional facilities in East Orange. The Assignment Judge for the vicinage is Sallyanne Floria.[75]

Federal representatives

[edit]
Senatorial elections results (Class II)
Year Democrats Republicans
1984 73.4% 219,902 25.4% 76,179
1990 61.1% 93,052 37.2% 56,722
1996 67.9% 28.9%
2002 71.1% 114,624 27.3% 44,072
2008 75.0% 198,623 23.3% 61,829
2013 77.8% 92,384 21.0% 24,929
2014 77.2% 106,472 21.4% 29,527
2020 77.8% 260,604 20.8% 69,750
Senatorial elections results (Class I)
Year Democrats Republicans
1982 60.6% 126,766 38.1% 79,654
1988 65.0% 170,591 32.4% 85,169
1994 62.7% 107,082 35.5% 60,671
2000 68.4% 170,756 29.5% 73,757
2006 72.1% 122,751 26.6% 45,266
2012 78.8% 213,404 19.6% 53,009
2018 76.5% 194,068 21.1% 53,537

Three federal Congressional Districts cover the county, including portions of the 8th, 10th and 11th Districts.[76] For the 118th United States Congress, New Jersey's 8th congressional district is represented by Rob Menendez (D, Jersey City).[77][78] For the 118th United States Congress, New Jersey's 10th congressional district is represented by Donald Payne Jr. (D, Newark).[79][80] For the 118th United States Congress, New Jersey's 11th congressional district is represented by Mikie Sherrill (D, Montclair).[81]

State representatives

[edit]

The 22 municipalities of Essex County are represented by five separate legislative districts.

District Senator[82] Assembly[82] Municipalities
27th John F. McKeon (D) Rosaura Bagoile (D)

Alixon Collazos-Gill (D)

Livingston, Millburn, Montclair, Roseland, and West Orange. The remainder of this district covers portions of Passaic County.
28th Renee Burgess (D) Garnet Hall (D)

Cleopatra Tucker (D)

Irvington, Maplewood, South Orange, and a portion of Newark. The remainder of this district covers portions of Union County.
29th Teresa Ruiz (D) Eliana Pintor Marin (D)

Shanique Speight (D)

A portion of Newark. The remainder of this district covers portions of Hudson County.
34th Britnee Timberlake (D) Michael Venezia (D)

Carmen Morales (D)

Belleville, Bloomfield, East Orange, Glen Ridge, Nutley, and Orange.
40th Kristin Corrado (R) Al Barlas (R)

Christopher DePhillips (R)

Caldwell, Cedar Grove, Essex Fells, Fairfield, North Caldwell, and Verona. The remainder of this district covers portions of Bergen County and Passaic County.

Law enforcement

[edit]
Essex County Police Academy

Law enforcement at the county level is provided by the Essex County Prosecutor's Office and the Essex County Sheriff's Office. The Essex County Police was completely absorbed by the sheriff's office by 2007.[83] Essex County College and its satellite locations are patrolled by the Essex County College Police Department.[84]

In 2021, the Essex County Correctional Facility in Newark ended its contract with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement to hold undocumented immigrants, instead entering into a contract with Union County, New Jersey, to house their inmates.[85]

Politics

[edit]

In presidential elections, the county has long been Democratic and is the most Democratic county in the state. It was the only county in the state to be won by Walter Mondale in 1984.[86] As of October 1, 2021, there were a total of 571,960 registered voters in Essex County, of whom 299,613 (52.4%) were registered as Democrats, 58,618 (10.2%) were registered as Republicans and 208,422 (36.4%) were registered as unaffiliated. There were 5,307 voters (0.9%) registered to other parties.[87]

In the 2020 U.S. presidential election, Joe Biden carried the county by a 55.3% margin over Donald Trump, the highest winning margin in any county in New Jersey,[citation needed] even as Biden only carried the state by 15.9% over Trump.{ This is actually a slight decline from the 2016 U.S. presidential election, where Hillary Clinton carried the county by a 56.8% margin over Trump. Democrats have won every presidential election in the 21st century with over 70% of the vote and Republicans have not won the county in a statewide contest since the 1985 gubernatorial election.

United States presidential election results for Essex County, New Jersey[88]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2020 75,475 21.80% 266,820 77.07% 3,892 1.12%
2016 63,176 20.19% 240,837 76.97% 8,871 2.84%
2012 64,767 21.30% 237,035 77.95% 2,269 0.75%
2008 74,063 23.40% 240,306 75.91% 2,181 0.69%
2004 83,374 28.81% 203,681 70.39% 2,293 0.79%
2000 66,842 25.75% 185,505 71.47% 7,226 2.78%
1996 65,162 25.63% 175,368 68.99% 13,666 5.38%
1992 89,146 32.20% 158,130 57.12% 29,582 10.68%
1988 111,491 40.25% 156,098 56.36% 9,378 3.39%
1984 136,798 43.49% 173,295 55.09% 4,450 1.41%
1980 117,222 40.82% 145,281 50.59% 24,663 8.59%
1976 133,911 42.40% 174,434 55.23% 7,467 2.36%
1972 170,036 50.17% 161,270 47.59% 7,582 2.24%
1968 140,084 39.23% 185,440 51.93% 31,571 8.84%
1964 116,172 29.30% 277,042 69.88% 3,263 0.82%
1960 167,848 42.64% 217,878 55.35% 7,897 2.01%
1956 234,682 60.45% 146,313 37.68% 7,258 1.87%
1952 219,863 53.94% 180,501 44.28% 7,271 1.78%
1948 166,963 48.60% 155,468 45.25% 21,136 6.15%
1944 178,989 49.62% 174,320 48.32% 7,433 2.06%
1940 182,124 52.94% 154,363 44.87% 7,547 2.19%
1936 140,991 44.14% 174,857 54.74% 3,593 1.12%
1932 149,630 51.46% 132,666 45.63% 8,476 2.91%
1928 168,856 58.53% 118,268 40.99% 1,390 0.48%
1924 123,614 66.22% 41,708 22.34% 21,351 11.44%
1920 116,168 70.90% 40,970 25.00% 6,710 4.10%
1916 54,167 59.24% 34,596 37.84% 2,676 2.93%
1912 16,994 21.08% 26,250 32.57% 37,357 46.35%
1908 53,688 61.71% 30,192 34.70% 3,127 3.59%
1904 50,508 62.74% 25,452 31.61% 4,550 5.65%
1900 45,316 61.83% 25,731 35.11% 2,241 3.06%
1896 42,587 64.99% 20,509 31.30% 2,429 3.71%

In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democratic Governor Jon Corzine received 67.2% of the vote (122,640 votes) to Republican Chris Christe's 27.5% (50,240 votes). In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Democrat Barbara Buono received 61.8% (95,747 total votes) to Republican Governor Chris Christe's 37% of the vote (57,353 total votes), thus making Essex County only one of two of the state's counties to back the Democratic candidate, alongside neighboring Hudson County. In the 2017 gubernatorial election, Democrat Phil Murphy received 79.5% (129,470 votes cast) to Republican Kim Guandano's 18.8% (30,633 votes cast). In the 2021 gubernatorial election, Democratic Governor Phil Murphy received 74.0% of the vote (132,520 votes) to Republican Jack Ciattarelli's 25.4% (45,542 votes), making it Murphy's strongest county.

Gubernatorial election results
Year Republican Democratic
1973 67.9% 162,989 28.4% 68,223
1977 56.9% 120,576 38.5% 83,409
1981 57.9% 129,969 41.1% 92,185
1985 31.2% 56,694 67.0% 121,685
1989 68.9% 131,835 29.9% 57,206
1993 58.7% 39.6%
1997 61.2% 120,429 35.3% 69,470
2001 71.9% 129,406 27.0% 48,540
2005 72.7% 131,312 25.4% 45,789
2009 67.2% 122,640 27.5% 50,240
2013 61.8% 95,747 37% 57,353
2017 79.5% 129,470 18.8% 30,633
2021 74.3% 132,520 25.6% 45,542

Education

[edit]

Higher education

[edit]

Essex County has five public and four private institutions. Another private college closed in 1995, and Bloomfield College was absorbed into Montclair State University in July 2023.

Public
Private

School districts

[edit]

School districts in Essex County include:[100][101][102][103]

K-12
Secondary
Elementary

Transportation

[edit]

Roads and highways

[edit]
Garden State Parkway South entering Essex County

As of 2010, the county had a total of 1,667.98 miles (2,684.35 km) of roadways, of which 1,375.06 miles (2,212.94 km) are maintained by the local municipality, 213.12 miles (342.98 km) by Essex County and 60.68 miles (97.65 km) by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and 19.12 miles (30.77 km) by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority.[104]

Essex County is traversed by a number of highways. Three primary interstates and one auxiliary cross the county. This includes two long distance main interstates, one north–south Interstate 95 (concurrent with the New Jersey Turnpike toll road) and one east–west Interstate 80. East-West Interstate 78 also crosses the county. All of these only have interchanges in one municipality in the county, Newark for I-95 and I-78 and Fairfield for I-80. Interstate 280 passes through the county in a northeast–southwest direction and has exits in Roseland, Livingston, West Orange, Orange, East Orange and Newark, making it one of the most important roads for intracounty travel.

Essex County also has four U.S. Routes that cross it. Route 1/9 are concurrent and a freeway throughout their length in the county. They pass through Newark from Elizabeth in Union County to Kearny in Hudson County. It crosses over the Passaic River on the Pulaski Skyway, which bans trucks, so just before it leaves the county in the north Truck 1/9 splits for the traffic that is not allowed on the bridge. Truck 1/9 is also a freeway its entire length in the county. U.S. Route 22 eastern terminus is in Newark the only municipality it crosses in the county. It is a freeway along it route in Essex County. It connects Newark with points to the east. The last U.S. Route in the county is U.S. Route 46, which passes through Fairfield, where it is a major commercial road that parallels Interstate 80.

The most important state road in the county is the Garden State Parkway which passes north–south through the county, connecting Union Township in the south in Union County to Clifton in the north in Passaic County.[105] It is a toll road, a freeway, and bans trucks of more than 7,000 pounds during its entire length in the county. It has one interchange in Irvington, one in Newark, two in East Orange, and four in Bloomfield.[106] Outside the county, it is the longest road of any kind in the state.

New Jersey Route 7 is a major arterial road in Nutley and Belleville. It has two discontinuous sections. The southern section starts at an overpass for Route 21 and passes over the Belleville Turnpike Bridge into border between Hudson and Bergen counties. The northern section starts at the Newark/Belleville border passes through Belleville and Nutley until in crosses into Clifton.

Other highways in the county include:

Buses

[edit]

There are many buses that operate around the county, with NJ Transit (NJT) headquarters located just behind Newark Penn Station, a transit hub in the eastern part of the county.[107] There are two major bus terminals in the county, Newark Penn Station and the Irvington Bus Terminal.[108] Community Coach, and OurBus operate buses from Essex County to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in New York City. Some of the NJ Transit bus lines follow former streetcar lines.

Rail

[edit]

Essex County has a large rail network, but most train service is geared toward the heavily utilized Newark/New York City commute. All of the passenger rail lines in the county are electrified, although many trains that continue on to non-electrified lines use dual-mode or diesel push-pull locomotives.

Commuter rail

[edit]

NJ Transit has five lines that make stops in the county. All of them stop at either Newark Penn Station or Newark Broad Street Station. The Northeast Corridor Line from Trenton with connections from Philadelphia's 30th Street Station, Camden, and Princeton has stops at Newark Airport and Newark Penn Stations before continuing to Secaucus Junction and New York Penn Station.[109] The North Jersey Coast Line from Bay Head or Long Branch also stops at Newark Airport and Newark Penn Stations before continuing to Secaucus Junction and New York Penn Station or Hoboken Terminal.[110] The Raritan Valley Line from High Bridge usually terminates in Newark Penn Station, but mid-day trains continue to New York and one eastbound morning train terminates at Hoboken Terminal.[111]

The Montclair-Boonton Line from Hackettstown or Little Falls has six stations in Montclair, one in Glen Ridge, and two in Bloomfield before reaching Newark Broad Street Station and continuing to Secaucus Junction and New York Penn Station or Hoboken Terminal.[112] The Morris and Essex Lines from Hackettstown and Peapack-Gladstone has two stops in Millburn, one in Maplewood, and two each in South Orange, Orange and East Orange before reaching Newark Broad Street and continuing to Secaucus Junction and New York Penn Station or Hoboken Terminal.[113]

Light rail

[edit]
Broad Street station of Newark Light Rail

The Newark Light Rail is completely contained within the county. It has 17 stations in Newark, Belleville, and Bloomfield and also operates out of Newark Penn Station. It is composed of two lines: the Newark City Subway and the Broad Street Extension.[114]

The Newark City Subway is the only survivor of the many street car lines that once crossed New Jersey, although it no longer uses street cars. It survived in part because it does not include street running, instead following the abandoned Morris Canal right of way before going underground. It has one station in Bloomfield and one in Belleville on the old Orange Branch of the New York & Greenwood Lake Service of the Erie Railroad before entering Newark and turning onto the Morris Canal right of way. From there it follows Branch Brook Park before turning into downtown Newark as a subway. It has nine stops in Newark before terminating in Newark Penn Station.

The Broad Street Extension was built to provide connections between Newark Penn Station and Newark Broad Street Station and service to the waterfront of Newark. Leaving Penn Station, the line comes up from the subway and runs on streets or at grade for most of its length. It stops at NJPAC/Center Street, Atlantic Street, and Riverfront Stadium before reaching Broad Street Station. From Broad Street it takes a different route stopping at Washington Park and NJPAC/Center Street before arriving at Penn Station.

Rapid transit

[edit]

The PATH also operates out of Newark Penn Station. It has direct service to Harrison, Jersey City, and Lower Manhattan. With a free transfer, the PATH also provides service to Hoboken, as well as Greenwich Village, Chelsea, and Midtown Manhattan.[115]

Intercity rail

[edit]

Amtrak has two stations in the county, Newark Penn Station and Newark Airport, both on the Northeast Corridor. Newark Penn Station has service on the only high speed train in the Western Hemisphere, the Acela Express, to Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C. Newark Penn Station also offers services on the Cardinal to Chicago; Carolinian to Charlotte; Crescent to New Orleans; Keystone Service to Harrisburg; Palmetto to Charleston; Pennsylvanian to Pittsburgh; Northeast Regional to Newport News, Norfolk, and Lynchburg; Silver Star and Silver Meteor to Miami; and Vermonter to St. Albans all with intermediate stops. Newark Airport is served by Northeast Regional and Keystone Service trains.

Monorail

[edit]

Newark Liberty International Airport has a monorail called AirTrain Newark that connects the terminals, four parking areas, and the Newark Liberty International Airport Station on the Northeast Corridor. The monorail is free except for service to and from the train station.[116]

Airports

[edit]

Newark Liberty International Airport is a major commercial airport located in the southeast section of the county in Newark and Elizabeth in Union County. It is one of the New York Metropolitan airports operated by Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. It is a hub for United Airlines. It is also a leading cargo airport and is a hub for FedEx Express and Kalitta Air.

The Essex County Airport in Fairfield is a general aviation airport.[117]

Ports

[edit]

Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal is a major component of the Port of New York and New Jersey. Located on the Newark Bay it serves as the principal container ship facility for goods entering and leaving New York-Newark metropolitan area, and the northeastern quadrant of North America. It consists of two components – Port Newark and the Elizabeth Marine Terminal (sometimes called "Port Elizabeth") – which exist side by side and are run conjointly by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. The facility is located within the boundaries of the two cities of Newark and Elizabeth, just east of the New Jersey Turnpike and Newark Liberty International Airport.[118]

Bridges

[edit]

Several important or noteworthy bridges currently or historically exist at least partially in the county. Most of them cross Newark Bay or the Passaic River into Hudson or Bergen counties. The Newark Bay Bridge carries Interstate 78 over Newark Bay from Newark to Bayonne and is currently the most southern bridge crossing the bay. The Upper Bay Bridge, a vertical-lift bridge located just north of the Newark Bay Bridge, carries a freight train line over the bay from Newark to Bayonne.

The PD Draw is an abandoned and partially dismantled railroad bridge across the Passaic River from Newark to Kearny. The Lincoln Highway Passaic River Bridge carries Truck 1/9 across the Passaic River and is currently the southernmost crossing of the river before it reaches the bay. It is a vertical-lift bridge and was the route that the Lincoln Highway used to cross the river. The Pulaski Skyway, the most famous bridge entirely in New Jersey, carries Route 1/9 across the Passaic River, Kearny Point, and the Hackensack River from Newark through Kearny to Jersey City.

The Point-No-Point Bridge is a railroad swing bridge that carries a freight line across the Passaic River between Newark and Kearny. The Jackson Street Bridge is a historic vehicular swing bridge across the Passaic from Newark to Harrison. The Dock Bridge, listed on the National Register of Historic Places carries four tracks of the Northeast Corridor rail line and two tracks of the PATH on two vertical lift spans from Newark Penn Station to Harrison.

The Center Street Bridge is a former railroad, rapid transit, and road bridge connecting Newark and Harrison. The Bridge Street Bridge is another vehicular swing bridge across the Passaic from Newark to Harrison, as is the Clay Street Bridge, a swing bridge that connects Newark and East Newark.

Park and Recreation

[edit]

Essex County was the first county in the country to create a county park system (Essex County Park System), to ensure that it did not lose all its land to development.[119]

Municipalities

[edit]
Index map of Essex County municipalities (click to see index key)
Map
Interactive map of municipalities in Essex County.

The 22 municipalities in Essex County (with 2010 Census data for population, housing units and area in square miles) are:[120] Other, unincorporated communities in the county are listed next to their parent municipality. Most of these areas are census-designated places that have been created by the United States Census Bureau for enumeration purposes within a Township. Other communities and enclaves that exist within a municipality are marked as non-CDP next to the name.

Municipality Map key Municipal
type 		Population Housing
units 		Total
area 		Water
area 		Land
area 		Pop.
density 		Housing
density 		Unincorporated communities
Belleville 15 township 35,926 14,327 3.40 0.06 3.34 10,755.7 4,289.3 Silver Lake CDP, part (3,769)
Bloomfield 13 township 47,315 19,470 5.33 0.02 5.30 8,920.5 3,670.7 Brookdale CDP (9,239)
Silver Lake CDP, part (474)
Caldwell 6 borough 7,822 3,510 1.17 0.00 1.17 6,710.3 3,011.1
Cedar Grove 10 township 12,411 4,661 4.38 0.13 4.25 2,918.6 1,096.1
East Orange 2 city 64,270 28,803 3.92 0.00 3.92 16,377.1 7,339.5
Essex Fells 5 borough 2,113 758 1.42 0.01 1.41 1,496.3 536.8
Fairfield 8 township 7,466 2,723 10.46 0.16 10.30 725.1 264.5
Glen Ridge 3 borough 7,527 2,541 1.29 0.00 1.28 5,872.8 1,982.6
Irvington 22 township 53,926 23,196 2.93 0.00 2.93 18,417.0 7,922.0
Livingston 18 township 29,366 10,284 14.08 0.31 13.77 2,132.8 746.9
Maplewood 20 township 23,867 8,608 3.88 0.00 3.88 6,155.3 2,220.0
Millburn 19 township 20,149 7,106 9.88 0.55 9.32 2,161.3 762.2 Short Hills CDP (13,165)
Montclair 12 township 37,669 15,911 6.32 0.01 6.31 5,971.2 2,522.2 Upper Montclair CDP (11,565)
Newark 1 city 277,140 109,520 26.11 1.92 24.19 11,458.3 4,528.1
North Caldwell 7 borough 6,183 2,134 3.02 0.00 3.01 2,053.2 708.6
Nutley 14 township 28,370 11,789 3.43 0.04 3.38 8,384.1 3,484.0
Orange 16 township 30,134 12,222 2.20 0.00 2.20 13,705.7 5,558.9
Roseland 4 borough 5,819 2,432 3.56 0.02 3.54 1,644.4 687.3
South Orange 21 village 16,198 5,815 2.86 0.00 2.86 5,672.8 2,036.5
Verona 11 township 13,332 5,523 2.78 0.02 2.76 4,838.4 2,004.4
West Caldwell 9 township 10,759 4,009 5.07 0.01 5.05 2,128.5 793.1
West Orange 17 township 46,207 17,612 12.17 0.13 12.05 3,836.0 1,462.1
Essex County county 783,969 312,954 129.63 3.42 126.21 6,211.5 2,479.6

Points of interest

[edit]

Essex County was the first county in the United States to have its own parks department.[121] It is called the Essex County Park System.

There are various attractions in Essex County, such as The Newark Museum of Art, New Jersey Historical Society, Montclair Art Museum, Turtle Back Zoo,[124] Thomas Edison National Historical Park,[125] and Grover Cleveland Birthplace.[126] Essex County is home to part of the Port Newark–Elizabeth Marine Terminal, the largest port on the East Coast and the third largest in the United States,[127] and two airports: Newark Liberty International Airport and Essex County Airport.[128]

Cultural References

[edit]

Some of the county's municipalities, especially Newark, The Oranges, and The Caldwells were seen on episodes of the HBO mob drama The Sopranos, which was set in North Caldwell.[129]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "2020 Census Demographic Data Map Viewer". US Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d Snyder, John P. The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606–1968, Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. p. 125. Accessed June 6, 2012.
  3. ^ a b New Jersey County Map, New Jersey Department of State. Accessed December 22, 2022.
  4. ^ a b 2020 Census Gazetteer File for Counties in New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed April 1, 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d QuickFacts Essex County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed May 3, 2023.
  6. ^ a b c Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties in New Jersey: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023, United States Census Bureau, released March 2024. Accessed March 15, 2024.
  7. ^ a b Table1. New Jersey Counties and Most Populous Cities and Townships: 2020 and 2010 Censuses, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Accessed December 1, 2022.
  8. ^ a b c Total Population: Census 2010 - Census 2020 New Jersey Municipalities, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Accessed December 1, 2022.
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  10. ^ Wu, Sen-Yuan. NJ Labor Market Views; Population Keeps Growing in the Most Densely Populated State, United States Census Bureau, March 15, 2011. Accessed December 26, 2022.
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  12. ^ Willis, David P. "'This is how wars start': Does Central Jersey include both Ocean and Union counties?", Asbury Park Press, February 20, 2023. Accessed March 31, 2024. "North Jersey is defined as Sussex, Warren, Morris, Passaic, Bergen, Essex and Hudson counties; South Jersey would be Burlington, Camden, Gloucester, Atlantic, Salem, Cumberland and Cape May counties. But for Central, things get a little tricky. It would include Hunterdon, Somerset, Union, Middlesex, Mercer, Monmouth, and Ocean counties."
  13. ^ [lwd.dol.state.nj.us/labor/lpa/industry/incpov/highcnty.xls 250 Highest Per Capita Personal Incomes available for 3113 counties in the United States: 2015], New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Accessed October 24, 2017.
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  113. ^ Montclair-Boonton Line Archived December 1, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, NJ Transit. Accessed June 20, 2014.
  114. ^ Newark Light Rail System Map, NJ Transit. Accessed February 27, 2022.
  115. ^ PATH System Map Archived December 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Port Authority Trans-Hudson. Accessed June 20, 2014.
  116. ^ AirTrain Newark, Newark Liberty International Airport. Accessed June 20, 2014.
  117. ^ Home Page, Essex County Airport. Accessed June 20, 2014.
  118. ^ Home Page, Port Newark Container Terminal. Accessed June 20, 2014.
  119. ^ Accomando, Peter R. and Liebau, Michelle M. "Essex County park system celebrates 100 years of beauty and service", Parks and Recreation, March 1995. Accessed May 26, 2007. "This picturesque scheme amid the bustling cityscape of Newark is Branch Brook Park, the largest park in Essex County and the first county park in the United States."
  120. ^ GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 – County – County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Essex County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed August 25, 2014.
  121. ^ Essex County parks history, Essex County, New Jersey. Accessed August 23, 2007.
  122. ^ Christ Church Cemetery & Mausoleum
  123. ^ Saint Stephen's Cemetery & The Chapel at Short Hills
  124. ^ Saputo, Rocco (August 9, 2013). "Essex County - Top 9 Activities". New Jersey 101.5. Townsquare Media, Inc. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  125. ^ "Thomas A. Edison Laboratories, Main Street & Lakeside Avenue, West Orange, Essex County, NJ". Library of Congress. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  126. ^ "Essex County Holiday House Tour". MyVeronaNJ.com. December 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  127. ^ "Port Elizabeth / Port Newark Remediation Dredging". JayCashman.com. Archived from the original on October 28, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  128. ^ "Essex County Public and Private Airports, New Jersey". TollFreeAirline.com. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  129. ^ Parrillo, Rosemary. "The Locations" Archived May 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, The Star-Ledger, March 4, 2001. Accessed October 4, 2013.
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