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China (insect)

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China
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Orthoptera
Suborder: Caelifera
Family: Chorotypidae
Subfamily: Chininae
Genus: China
Burr, 1899[1][2]
Type species
Mastax mantispoides
Walker, 1870[4]
Species
  • China mantispoides (Walker, 1870)[3]

China is a genus of grasshoppers in the family Chorotypidae. As of 2018, it is monospecific, consisting of its sole species China mantispoides.[a] It is found in China, Thailand, and Myanmar. Malcolm Burr first circumscribed the genus in 1899; the species C. mantispoides was described in 1870 by Francis Walker. It is a pest of hickory trees.

Distribution

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Although China has sometimes been described as being endemic to China,[5] its range extends to other countries in Mainland Southeast Asia.[6][7][8] The type locality of C. mantispoides was recorded as just "China".[4]

C. mantispoides is found in central and southern China.[9] Its range includes the provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, and Zhejiang.[7] It is found in Dabie Mountains, Hubei Province, at elevations of 400–850 metres (1,310–2,790 ft) in mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forests.[10] This species has also been observed in the Bamianshan Nature Reserve, Hunan; this is within the Nanling Mountains and is mostly a forest of subtropical broad-leafed evergreens.[11] C. mantispoides has also been reported in the Sanjiang wetlands in Linhai, Zhejiang.[12]

C. mantispoides has been reported in Thailand.[7][13] In addition, a specimen identified as China cf. mantispoides was found in the Sakaerat Biosphere Reserve, Khorat Plateau, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand; this is part of the central Indochina dry forests.[14] The range of C. mantispoides also extends into Myanmar;[8] it has been recorded in Lashio.[15]

Taxonomic history

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The British entomologist Francis Walker first described C. mantispoides in 1870; he placed it in the genus Mastax.[4][b] Walker based his description on a single male specimen.[4] The holotype was deposited in the British Museum.[4][16] The British entomologist Malcolm Burr then transferred this species to his new genus, China, which he circumscribed in 1899. Burr included only C. mantispoides in his circumscription of China.[1]

Burr initially placed China in a new group, Chinae;[1] in 1903, he changed this group to the subfamily Chininae.[13] Subsequent orthopterists like Cándido Bolívar Pieltain in 1930,[15] James A. G. Rehn in 1948,[17] and Marius Descamps in 1974[18] have followed in placing China in this subfamily. However, Grigory Bey-Bienko's 1951 taxonomy placed China in the subfamily Eumastacinae.[9] As of 2018, the Orthoptera Species File recognizes Chininae as a valid subfamily which includes China.[2]

Description

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The antennae of China are very short,[17] and are filiform in shape.[9] The wings and tegmina extend past hind femora.[9] Spines along the inside of the hind tibiae get gradually longer distally; the spines are otherwise homogeneous and none are markedly longer.[9][17]

The body of C. mantispoides is black with a tawny underside. Its antennae are black with a pale yellow colouring at their base. The sides of the prothorax are tawny. The legs are also tawny, and the tarsi and tips of the tibiae are blackish.[4]

The hind tibiae of C. mantispoides have 22 spines along their outside and 19 longer spines along their inside. Dark bands go transversely across the hind femora.[9] For male and female C. mantispoides, respectively, the body length is 17–18 mm (0.67–0.71 in) and 22–23 mm (0.87–0.91 in), the forewings' length is 19–20 mm (0.75–0.79 in) and 17–18 mm (0.67–0.71 in), and the hind femora's length is 10–11 mm (0.39–0.43 in) and 11–12 mm (0.43–0.47 in).[7] The males' tegmina have a length of 19 mm (0.75 in) and the females have a tegmen length of 17.8 mm (0.70 in).[9]

Biology

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C. mantispoides is univoltine. The eggs hatch in late May after overwintering. The nymph has five instars.[8] In early October, females lay at least ten eggs 1 cm (0.39 in) deep in the soil.[19] Adults do not exhibit phototaxis. Adult males can fly up to 5 meters (16 ft) at once.[19] C. manispoides can be found on the trunks of pine trees like the Chinese red pine; their colouration acts as camouflage.[9][17]

Natural predators include the Chinese blackbird, red-billed blue magpie. The spider Oxyopes sertatus is a predator of its nymph, and various predatory ants feed upon the eggs.[8] C. mantispoides eats various grasses and weeds.[19] It also feeds on the leaves of the following plants:[8]

As a pest

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C. mantispoides is one of the main pests of hickory in Zhejiang. They feed on the leaves from June to October;[20] the most serious damage is in mid-October.[8] Trees afflicted by this pest end up with dead leaves, often leaving no more than the veins. This weakens the trees' ability to photosynthesize and interferes with the harvest of their fruit.[20] Researchers have suggested a mix of trichlorfon and urine to combat C. mantispoides as a pest; the urine lures the grasshoppers away from the trees.[8][20] Others have also suggested digging and turning over soil in October so their eggs freeze.[19] C. mantispoides is also an occasional pest of indica and japonica rice in the Xinyang region.[21]

Notes

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  1. ^ The name of the genus in Chinese is 秦蜢属, qínměngshǔ.[5][7][8] The species is known in Chinese as 摹螳秦蜢 mótángqínměng,[8][11][19][20] 幕螳秦蜢 mùtángqínměng,[7] 幕膛秦蜢 mùtángqínměng,[5][10] or 曼秦蜢 mànqínměng.[12]
  2. ^ The Orthoptera genus Mastax Perty, 1832 is now known as Eumastax, its replacement name.

References

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  1. ^ a b c Burr, Malcolm (1899). "Essai sur les Eumastacides tribu des Acridiodea". Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural. 28: 94, 256–257, 304.
  2. ^ a b Cigliano, M. M.; Braun, H.; Eades, D. C.; Otte, D. (2018). "Genus China Burr, 1899". Orthoptera Species File. 5.0/5.0. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  3. ^ Cigliano, M. M.; Braun, H.; Eades, D. C.; Otte, D. (2018). "Species China mantispoides (Walker, 1870)". Orthoptera Species File. 5.0/5.0. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Walker, Francis (1870). Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum. Vol. 4. London. p. 792.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ a b c Huang Jian-hua 黄建华; Huang Yuan 黄原; Zhou Shan-yi 周善义 (2009). "Zhōngguó měng zǒng kē kūnchóng mínglù" 中国蜢总科昆虫名录 [Checklist of Chinese Species of Superfamily Eumastacoidea (Orthoptera: Caelifera)]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University (Natural Science Edition) (in Chinese). 27 (1): 84–87. ISSN 1001-6600 – via CNKI.
  6. ^ Zeuner, Frederick E. (1942). "The Locustopsidae and the Phylogeny of the Acridodea (Orthoptera)". Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series B, Taxonomy. 11 (1): 17. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1942.tb00713.x; Fig. 11.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  7. ^ a b c d e f Zheng Fang-Qiang 郑方强 (2013). Zhōngguó měng zǒng kē fēnlèi yánjiū (Zhí chì mù: Juān bàn yà mù) 中国蜢总科分类研究（直翅目：镌瓣亚目） [Taxonomic Study on Eumastacoidea (Orthoptera: Caelifera) from China] (Ph.D.) (in Chinese). Shandong Agricultural University. pp. 20, 36, 52–156, 138 – via CNKI.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hu Guoliang 胡国良; Zheng Xiaolin 郑晓林; Zhou He 周鹤 (1993). "Mó táng qín měng shēngwù xué tèxìng jí fángzhì" 摹螳秦蜢生物学特性及防治 [Studies on the Biology and Control of China manfispoides]. Forest Research (in Chinese). 6 (5): 592–596.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h Bei-Bienko, G. Ya.; Mishchenko, L. L. (1963) [1951]. Locusts and Grasshoppers of the U.S.S.R. and Adjacent Countries. Vol. 1. Translated by IPST Staff. Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations. p. 135.
  10. ^ a b Zhong Yu-lin 钟玉林; Zheng Jian 郑坚; Zheng Zhe-min 郑哲民 (2001). "Húběi dàbiéshān huángchóng qū xì yánjiū" 湖北大别山蝗虫区系研究 [Research on grasshoppers' fauna in Dabieshan Mountains in Hubei Province]. Journal of Central China Normal University (Natural Sciences) (in Chinese). 35 (4): 459–463. doi:10.19603/j.cnki.1000-1190.2001.04.024.
  11. ^ a b Huang Jianhua 黄建华; Fu Peng 傅鹏 (1997). "Húnán shěng bā miàn shān zìrán bǎohù qū huángchóng diàochá" 湖南省八面山自然保护区蝗虫调查 [Survey of Grasshoppers from Bamianshan Natural Reserve in Hunan Province (Orthoptera)]. Journal of Hunan Educational Institute (in Chinese). 15 (5): 171–174. ISSN 1001-6074 – via CNKI.
  12. ^ a b Zheng Zhe-ming 郑哲民; Bai Yi 白义; Xu Sheng-quan 许升全 (2012). "Zhèjiāng shěng línhǎi sānjiāng shīdì huángchóng de diàochá (Zhí chì mù)" 浙江省临海三江湿地蝗虫的调查（直翅目） [A survey of grasshoppers from Linhai Sanjiang wetland, Zhejiang province (Orthoptera)]. Journal of Shaanxi Normal University (Natural Science Edition) (in Chinese). 40 (6): 58–60. doi:10.15983/j.cnki.jsnu.2012.06.022.
  13. ^ a b Burr, Malcolm (1903). Wytsman, P. (ed.). Orthoptera. Fam. Eumastacidæ. Genera Insectorum. Vol. 15. Bruxelles: V. Verteneuil & L. Desmet. p. 14.
  14. ^ Dawwrueng, Pattarawich; Tan, Ming Kai; Artchawakom, Taksin; Waengsothorn, Surachit (2017). "Species checklist of Orthoptera (Insecta) from Sakaerat Environmental Research Station, Thailand (Southeast Asia)". Zootaxa. 4306 (3): 307. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.1.
  15. ^ a b Bolívar y Pieltain, C. (1930). "Monografía de los Eumastácidos (Orth. Acrid.): Primera Parte". Trabajos del Museo de Ciencias Naurales. Serie Zoológica (in Spanish). 46. Madrid: 373–380.
  16. ^ Kirby, W. F. (1910). Orthoptera Saltatoria Part II. (Locustidæ vel Acridiidæ). A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera. Vol. 3. London: Trustees of the British Museum. p. 75.
  17. ^ a b c d Rehn, James A. G. (1948). "The Acridoid Family Eumastacidae (Orthoptera). A Review of Our Knowledge of Its Components, Features and Systematics, with a Suggested New Classification of Its Major Groups". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 100: 121, 134. JSTOR 4064416.
  18. ^ Descamps, Marius (1974). "Diagnoses et signalisations d'Eumastacoidea (Orthoptera) II. Indo-Malaisie". Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle: Zoologie. 3e série (in French). 161 (327): 1038. ISSN 0027-4070.
  19. ^ a b c d e [Tang Renfa] 汤仁发; [Hu Guoliang] 胡国良; [Mei Xiangyang] 梅向阳 (1989). "Mó táng qín měng fāshēng jí qí fángzhì" 摹螳秦蜢发生及其防治. Forest Pest and Disease (in Chinese). 1989 (3): 45. ISSN 1671-0886 – via CNKI.
  20. ^ a b c d [Hu Guoliang] 胡国良; [Mei Xiangyang] 梅向阳 (1987). "Dí bǎi chóng rén niào yòushā mó táng qín měng shìyàn" 敌百虫人尿诱杀摹螳秦蜢试验. Journal of Zhejiang Forestry Science and Technology (in Chinese). 7 (5): 34, 46. ISSN 1001-3776.
  21. ^ Chen Jun-ha 陈俊华; Guo Shi-bao 郭世保; Xiong Jian-wei 熊建伟; Hu Kong-feng 胡孔峰; Shi Hong-zhong 史洪中 (2014). "Xìnyáng zhōng xiāndào, jīngdào hàichóng diàochá chū bào" 信阳中籼稻、粳稻害虫调查初报 [Preliminary Investigation of Insect Pests in Mid-season Indica and Japonica Rice Fields of Xinyang Region]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences. 43 (9): 110–15. doi:10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2014.09.062.
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