Jimma
Jimma
Jimmaa | |
|---|---|
Scenery in Jimma | |
| Nickname: Jimmaa Abbaa Jifaar | |
  Jimma Location within Ethiopia  Jimma Jimma (Africa) | |
| Coordinates: 7°40′N 36°50′E / 7.667°N 36.833°E | |
| Country |  Ethiopia |
| Region |  Oromia |
| Zone | Jimma |
| Elevation | 1,780 m (5,840 ft) |
| Population (2007)[1] | |
| • Total | 207,000 |
| • Estimate (2021)[2] | 239,022 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (EAT) |
| Area code | 47 |
Jimma (Oromo: Jimmaa) is the largest city in southwestern Oromia Region, Ethiopia. It is a special zone of the Oromia Region and is surrounded by Jimma Zone. It has a latitude and longitude of 7°40′N 36°50′E / 7.667°N 36.833°E. Prior to the 2007 census, Jimma was reorganized administratively as a special Zone.
History
[edit]What is now Jimma's northern suburb of Jiren was the capital of a large Kaffa province until the Oromos moved to the region in the 18th century. Originally named Hirmata before the Oromo invasion.[3] The city owed its importance in the 19th century to being located on the caravan route between Shewa and the Kingdom of Kaffa, as well as being only six miles from the palace of the king of Jimma.
According to Donald Levine, in the early 19th century the market attracted thousands of people from neighboring regions: "Amhara from Gojjam and Shoa, Oromo from all the Gibe Kingdoms and numerous representatives of the Lacustrine and Omotic groups, including Timbaro, Qabena, Kefa, Janjero, Welamo, Konta and several others".[4]
At the very beginning of the 20th century, the German explorer Oscar Neumann visited Jimma on his journey from the Somali coast through Ethiopia to the Sudan. As he observed, “Jimma is almost the richest land of Abyssinia; the inhabitants are pure, well-built Galla; they are nearly all Mohammedans, as is their king, Abba Jifar, a very clever man, who submitted to Menelik at the right time and, therefore, retained his country”[5]
The present town was developed on the Awetu River by the Italian colonial regime in the 1930s. At that time, with the goal of weakening the native Ethiopian Church, the Italians intended to make Jimma an important center of Islamic learning, and founded an academy to teach fiqh.[6] In the East African fighting of World War II after their main force was defeated, the Italian garrison at Jimma was one of the last to surrender, holding out until July 1941.
Following the death of Abba Jifar II of Jimma in 1932, the Kingdom of Jimma was formally absorbed into Ethiopia. During the reorganization of the provinces in 1942, Jimma vanished into Kaffa Province.[7] Herbert S. Lewis states that in the early 1960s it was "the greatest market in all of south-western Ethiopia. On a good day in the dry season, it attracts up to 30,000 people. Jimma was the scene of a violent encounter which started in April 1975 between radical college students (known as zemacha) sent to organize local peasants, who had benefited from land reform, and local police, who had sided with local landowners. Students and peasant followers had imprisoned local small landowners, rich peasants and members of the local police force; this action led to further unrest, causing the Derg (the ruling junta) to send a special delegation to Jimma, which sided with the local police. In the end, 24 students were killed, more arrested, and the local zemacha camps closed.[8]
Days before the end of the Ethiopian Civil War in May 1991, the city was captured by the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front.
On 13 December 2006, the Ethiopian government announced that it had secured a loan of US$98 million from the African Development Bank to pave the 227 kilometers of highway between Jimma and Mizan Teferi to the southwest. The loan was to cover 64% of the 1,270.97 million Birr budgeted for this project.[9]
Climate
[edit]Jimma has a relatively cool tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am). It features a long annual wet season from March to October.
Afternoon temperatures at Jimma are very warm year-round, with the daily maximum usually staying between 24 and 27 °C (75.2 and 80.6 °F). Morning temperatures are even more consistent, being at a cool-to-pleasant 12 to 13 °C (53.6 to 55.4 °F) virtually every day.
| Climate data for Jimma | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 35.0 (95.0) |
35.7 (96.3) |
37.7 (99.9) |
38.0 (100.4) |
34.7 (94.5) |
31.1 (88.0) |
29.0 (84.2) |
28.9 (84.0) |
31.6 (88.9) |
30.0 (86.0) |
31.0 (87.8) |
31.6 (88.9) |
38.0 (100.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28.4 (83.1) |
29.2 (84.6) |
29.3 (84.7) |
27.9 (82.2) |
26.6 (79.9) |
25.2 (77.4) |
23.6 (74.5) |
24.1 (75.4) |
25.0 (77.0) |
26.2 (79.2) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.9 (82.2) |
26.7 (80.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 19.0 (66.2) |
19.9 (67.8) |
21.1 (70.0) |
21.2 (70.2) |
20.9 (69.6) |
20.1 (68.2) |
19.2 (66.6) |
19.4 (66.9) |
19.9 (67.8) |
19.6 (67.3) |
18.3 (64.9) |
18.0 (64.4) |
19.7 (67.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.8 (51.4) |
11.6 (52.9) |
12.5 (54.5) |
13.6 (56.5) |
13.8 (56.8) |
13.9 (57.0) |
14.0 (57.2) |
13.9 (57.0) |
13.1 (55.6) |
11.8 (53.2) |
9.4 (48.9) |
9.2 (48.6) |
12.3 (54.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −2.3 (27.9) |
0.0 (32.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
1.5 (34.7) |
4.4 (39.9) |
4.3 (39.7) |
8.4 (47.1) |
7.9 (46.2) |
6.0 (42.8) |
2.7 (36.9) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 37 (1.5) |
39 (1.5) |
105 (4.1) |
151 (5.9) |
206 (8.1) |
239 (9.4) |
269 (10.6) |
273 (10.7) |
220 (8.7) |
139 (5.5) |
50 (2.0) |
38 (1.5) |
1,766 (69.5) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 7 | 9 | 14 | 16 | 19 | 22 | 24 | 25 | 21 | 12 | 7 | 5 | 181 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 59 | 62 | 63 | 66 | 72 | 76 | 80 | 80 | 77 | 73 | 68 | 64 | 70 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 238.7 | 194.9 | 220.1 | 192.0 | 207.7 | 153.0 | 120.9 | 148.8 | 174.0 | 213.9 | 237.0 | 251.1 | 2,352.1 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 7.7 | 6.9 | 7.1 | 6.4 | 6.7 | 5.1 | 3.9 | 4.8 | 5.8 | 6.9 | 7.9 | 8.1 | 6.4 |
| Source 1: National Meteorology Agency (average high and low)[10] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: World Meteorological Organisation (rainfall 1981–2010)[11]Deutscher Wetterdienst (mean temperatures 1991–2005, humidity 1959–1982, and sun 1991–2005),[12] Meteo Climat (extremes 1952–present)[13] | |||||||||||||
Points of interest
[edit]
A few buildings have survived from the time of the Jimma Kingdom, including the Palace of Abba Jifar. The city is home to a museum, Jimma University, several markets, and an airport (ICAO code HAJM, IATA JIM). Also of note is the Jimma Research Center, founded in 1968, which is run by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. The Center specializes in agricultural research, including serving as the national center for research to improve the yield of coffee and spices.[14]
Sports
[edit]Football is the most popular sport in Jimma. The 50,000-capacity Jimma University Stadium is the largest venue by capacity in Jimma. It is used mostly for football matches.
Transport
[edit]Jimma is served by Aba Jifar (Jimma) Airport. The airport completed a renovation in 2015 in order to accommodate larger aircraft and more passengers.
Within the city limits, people take bajajs (similar to “tuk-tuks”) or “line taxis” that are converted mini vans.[15]
Notable residents
[edit]- King Abba Jifar I
- King Abba Jifar II
- President Mengistu Haile Mariam (born in Jimma)
- Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed
References
[edit]
- ^ "Population and Housing Census 2007 – Oromia Statistical" (PDF). Ethiopian Statistics Service. 2007. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ^ "Population Projection Towns as of July 2021" (PDF). Ethiopian Statistics Agency. 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ^ Bahru Zewde (2001). A History of Modern Ethiopia (second ed.). Oxford: James Currey. pp. 65f. ISBN 0-85255-786-8.
- ^ Donald N. Levine, Greater Ethiopia, second edition (Chicago: University Press, 1974)
- ^ "Jimma Town: Foundation and Early Growth from ca. 1830 to 1936".
- ^ J. Spencer Trimingham, Islam in Ethiopia (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 137.
- ^ Herbert S. Lewis, A Galla Monarchy: Jimma Abba Jifar, Ethiopia, 1830-1932 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965), p. 56.
- ^ Marina and David Ottaway, Ethiopia: Empire in Revolution (New York: Africana, 1978), p. 73f
- ^ "Ethiopian Embassy Newsletter", Nov/Dec 2006, p.2[permanent dead link], Ethiopian Embassy to the UK website (accessed 11 January 2007)
- ^ "Climate of City: Jimma". National Meteorology Agency. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
- ^ "World Weather Information Service – Jimma". World Meteorological Organisation. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
- ^ "Klimatafel von Jimma (Dschimma), Provinz Jimma / Äthiopien" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
- ^ "Station Jimma" (in French). Météo Climat. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
- ^ EARI list of research centers Archived 2009-04-23 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 30 April 2009)
- ^ "Jimma Airport Gets 250m Br Upgrade".
External links
[edit]- Cities of Ethiopia: Jimma by John Graham (Addis Tribune, 21 December 2001)
- Jimma University
- Jimma Times
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