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Ashtabula, Ohio

Coordinates: 41°52′28″N 80°47′45″W / 41.87444°N 80.79583°W / 41.87444; -80.79583
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For other uses, see Ashtabula (disambiguation).
Ashtabula, Ohio
City
Bridge Street in Ashtabula Harbor
Bridge Street in Ashtabula Harbor
Nickname(s): 
Bula,[1] 'Bula[2]
Map
Interactive map of Ashtabula
Ashtabula is located in Ohio
Ashtabula
Ashtabula
Ashtabula is located in the United States
Ashtabula
Ashtabula
Coordinates: 41°52′28″N 80°47′45″W / 41.87444°N 80.79583°W / 41.87444; -80.79583
CountryUnited States
StateOhio
CountyAshtabula
Government
 • TypeCouncil-manager
Area
[3]
 • Total7.92 sq mi (20.53 km2)
 • Land7.77 sq mi (20.11 km2)
 • Water0.16 sq mi (0.41 km2)
Elevation
[4]
640 ft (200 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total17,975
 • Estimate 
(2023)[5]
17,785
 • Density2,314.58/sq mi (893.67/km2)
Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)
ZIP codes
44004-44005
Area code440
FIPS code39-02638[6]
GNIS feature ID2394002[4]
WebsiteCity of Ashtabula

Ashtabula (/ˌæʃtəˈbjuːlə/ ASH-tə-BYU-lə[7]) is the most populous city in Ashtabula County, Ohio, United States. It lies at the mouth of the Ashtabula River, on Lake Erie, 53 miles (85 km) northeast of Cleveland. At the 2020 census, the city had 17,975 people. Like many other cities in the Rust Belt, it has lost population because of a decline in industrial jobs since the 1960s.[2] It is part of the Cleveland metropolitan area.

The name Ashtabula is derived from ashtepihəle, which means "always enough fish to be shared around" in the Lenape language.[citation needed] In the middle of the 19th century, the city was an important destination on the Underground Railroad as refugee slaves took ships across Lake Erie to Canada. In the late 19th century, the city became a major coal port on Lake Erie. Coal and iron were shipped here, the latter from the Mesabi Range in Minnesota. The city attracted immigrants from Finland, Sweden, and Italy in the industrial period. Ashtabula hosts an annual Blessing of the Fleet Celebration, usually in late May or early June. As part of the celebration, a religious procession and prayer service is held at Ashtabula Harbor. The city was the site of the FinnFestUSA in 2007, a celebration of Finnish Americans.

History

[edit]
Center Street, 1915

This area had long been inhabited by indigenous peoples. After the American Revolutionary War, the United States mounted the Northwest Indian War to push Native American peoples out of what it then called the Northwest - the area of the Midwest south of the Great Lakes and west of the Appalachian Mountains. The success of this military effort resulted in more European Americans entering Ohio and nearby territories.

The site of Ashtabula was settled by such European Americans beginning in 1803. The city was incorporated in 1891.[8] Located directly on Lake Erie and developed as a port for trade, the city contained several stops on the Underground Railroad. This informal, secret system was the means by which anti-slavery supporters helped escaped African-American slaves reach freedom in Canada in the years before the American Civil War. While Ohio was a free state, many refugee slaves still felt at risk of slavecatchers here, particularly after the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was passed. It required enforcement and cooperation by residents of free states to return escaped slaves and was biased toward slavecatchers, requiring little documentation of their claims. Among the Underground Railroad sites in Ashtabula is Hubbard House, one of the handful of former surviving termination points. Refugee slaves stayed in a basement of the house adjacent to the lake and then left on the next safe boat to Canada, gaining their freedom once they arrived in Ontario.

The city's harbor has been important as a large ore and coal port since the end of the 19th century, and integral to the steel manufacturing that was developed around the Great Lakes. Lake steamers and barges, built at shipyards along the Great Lakes and setting new records for size and tonnage, delivered cargoes of iron ore from the Mesabi Range in Minnesota. This continues as a coal port; a long coal ramp is visible in the harbor. Ore shipments are unloaded from 'lakers' (Great Lakes freighters) and shipped to surviving steel mills in Pennsylvania. Industrial jobs have declined since the late 20th century with much steel manufacturing moved offshore.

An electric street railroad was built by Captain John N. Stuart in 1883. However, in July 1890, the city council dispossessed him of the street railroad and associated franchises via a disputable court decision. Shortly after, 600-700 men started to tear up and remove the tracks under the cover of darkness.[9]

Many European immigrants, particularly from Finland, Sweden, and Italy, were attracted to the industrial jobs in Ashtabula in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as they could learn and accomplish tasks without having a great command of English. Ethnic rivalries among these groups were once a major influence on politics and daily life in Ashtabula.

In 1915, Ashtabula became the first city in the United States to adopt a form of voting called proportional representation. This was an addition to the council-manager charter, originally passed in 1914, and served as a model for the National Municipal League.[10] Twenty-four more cities would go on to use this single-transferable-vote (STV) system, with five in total in Ohio. Ethnic rivalries were one reason for the city's switch, as STV enabled minorities to win political office.[11][12] Another factor was disunity in the incumbent Republican Party. Voters repealed the system in 1929, using it for the last time in 1931. Despite two failed repeal campaigns in 1920 and 1926,[13] political bosses and parties that lost power under STV eventually restored plurality voting, otherwise known as 'winner take all.'[12]

A substantial percentage of the current residents are descended from those early 20th-century immigrants. The population in the City of Ashtabula grew steadily until 1970 but has declined in recent years due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs. Since the late 20th century, the city has become a destination for Hispanic or Latino immigrants, who by the 2010 census made up 9.3% of the population. (See 'Demographics' section below.)

Tragedies

[edit]
Depiction of the 1876 Ashtabula River railroad disaster

Construction of railroads connected Ashtabula to a national network that contributed to its success as a port. On December 29, 1876, one of the nation's most notorious rail accidents occurred, known as the Ashtabula River railroad disaster, Ashtabula Horror, or Ashtabula bridge disaster. As Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway Train No. 5, The Pacific Express, crossed the Ashtabula River bridge, the Howe truss structure collapsed, dropping the second locomotive and 11 passenger cars into the frozen creek 150 feet (46 m) below. A fire was started by the car stoves, and of the 159 people on board, 92 were killed and 64 were injured.

A rail ferry, also named Ashtabula, used to run from Ashtabula to Port Burwell, Ontario.[14] The ferry was launched in 1906 and operated successfully for many decades. It collided with the steamer SS Ben Morell in September 1959, causing the ferry to sink.[14]

On August 10, 1958, a natural gas leak was ignited by electrical equipment or lighting in Andover, Ohio a neighboring town. The resulting explosion destroyed a restaurant and five other buildings. 21 people were killed, and 15 injured.[15]

Geography

[edit]

According to the 2010 census, the city has a total area of 7.91 square miles (20.5 km2), of which 7.74 square miles (20.0 km2) (or 97.85%) is land and 0.17 square miles (0.44 km2) (or 2.15%) is water.[16]

Ashtabula is bordered by Lake Erie to the north and has a prominent harbor where the Ashtabula River flows into the lake. The Ashtabula Harbor was a primary coal harbor and still serves to ship. It has two public beaches: Walnut Beach, near the harbor, and Lake Shore Park, originally a Public Works Administration project during the Great Depression, on the opposite side of the harbor.

Part of the city lies in Ashtabula Township, and part lies in Saybrook Township.

The Ashtabula area receives a considerable amount of snow throughout the winter, with the average snowfall being 68 inches (173 cm). Much of the snow comes from lake-effect snow bands from the Great Lakes.

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1830229—
1840704207.4%
185082116.6%
18601,41872.7%
18701,99941.0%
18804,445122.4%
18908,33887.6%
190012,94955.3%
191018,26641.1%
192022,08220.9%
193023,3015.5%
194021,405−8.1%
195023,69610.7%
196024,5593.6%
197024,313−1.0%
198023,354−3.9%
199021,633−7.4%
200020,962−3.1%
201019,124−8.8%
202017,975−6.0%
2023 (est.)17,785[5]−1.1%
U.S. Decennial Census[17][18]

2010 census

[edit]

At the 2010 census there were 19,124 people in 7,746 households, including 4,724 families, in the city. The population density was 2,470.8 inhabitants per square mile (954.0/km2). There were 9,087 housing units at an average density of 1,174.0 per square mile (453.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 82.0% White, 8.9% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 3.3% from other races, and 5.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.3%.[19]

Of the 7,746 households, 33.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.2% were married couples living together, 19.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.0% were non-families. 32.9% of households were one person, and 13.3% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.03.

The median age was 37 years. 26.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.9% were from 25 to 44; 25.8% were from 45 to 64; and 14.7% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.6% male and 52.4% female.

2000 census

[edit]

At the 2000 census, there were 20,962 people in 8,435 households, including 5,423 families, in the city. The population density was 2,775.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,071.8/km2). There were 9,151 housing units at an average density of 1,211.8 per square mile (467.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 84.69% White, 9.79% African American, 0.29% Native American, 0.40% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 2.51% from other races, and 2.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 5.32% of the population. 16.5% identified as of Italian ancestry, 14.6% as German, 9.2% as American, 8.1% as Irish, and 8.1% as English, according to Census 2000. 93.1% spoke English and 5.4% Spanish as their first language.

Of the 8,435 households, 32.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.9% were married couples living together, 17.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.7% were non-families. 30.6% of households were one person, and 13.3% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.03.

In the city the population was spread out, with 27.6% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 20.5% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% 65 or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.3 males.

The median household income was $27,354 and the median family income was $33,454. Males had a median income of $28,436 versus $22,490 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,034. About 17.8% of families and 21.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.2% of those under age 18 and 13.6% of those age 65 or over.

Port

[edit]
See also: Ashtabula Harbour Commercial District
Aerial view of the Ashabula Coal Docks, 1941
Railyard in the port of Ashtabula

In the 20th century Ashtabula developed rapidly as a major shipping and commercial center because of its access to Lake Erie and nearly 30 miles (48 km) of shoreline.

During the 1950s, the area experienced growth with an expanding chemical industry and increasing harbor activity, making Ashtabula one of the most important port cities of the Great Lakes. Other historical industries in the area included a Rockwell International plant on Route 20 on the western side of Ashtabula, which manufactured brakes for the Space Shuttle program, and the extrusion of depleted and enriched uranium at the Reactive Metals Extrusion plant on East 21st Street.

Due to such industrial uses, however, there was extensive environmental contamination. The Ashtabula River and harbor were designated as a significant Superfund site by the Environmental Protection Agency in the late 20th century. A multi-year process of environmental cleanup of toxic wastes and soils was needed; cleanup concluded with river dredging in 2012–2014.

Ashtabula Harbor hosts an annual 'Blessing of the Fleet' community festival. This Blessing of the Fleet began as a practice of priests for Catholic Portuguese and Irish fishermen and tugmen who had settled in Ashtabula. During the 1930s, the Blessing was a small, almost private affair in early April conducted by a few tugmen, their parish priest, and an acolyte, according to their traditions. It took place annually when the Great Lakes were free enough of ice to be open for regular traffic. By 1950, this event was held as a public ceremony under the auspices of Mother of Sorrows parish. In 1974, the Blessing of the Fleet became a community affair, with all of Ashtabula's religious and harbor community participating.

The United States Coast Guard Station and the Ashtabula Maritime & Surface Transportation Museum, located in the old lighthouse keepers home, help to preserve Ashtabula's maritime heritage.

Norfolk Southern used the port for one its coal piers. The coal pier became idled in 2016 due to declining demand for coal.[20]

Education

[edit]

The Ashtabula Area School District serves Ashtabula (its high school is Lakeside High School). Kent State University at Ashtabula is located in the city, providing a local campus of this institution. As for private schools, Ashtabula or Saybrook is home to Saint John School, a K–12 school under the Diocese of Youngstown which has incorporated Ashtabula's previous parish schools and independent Catholic high school as one institution. [21]

Ashtabula has two public libraries: the Harbor Topky Memorial Library, and a branch of the Ashtabula County District Library.[22]

Medical care

[edit]
Ashtabula County Medical Center campus

Ashtabula County Medical Center (ACMC)[23] is a multi-specialty hospital located in Ashtabula County, Ohio.[24] ACMC serves the people of the county and the surrounding areas in northeastern Ohio. it is an affiliate of the Cleveland Clinic system.[25]

The hospital operates the county's only behavioral medicine unit, and a sleep disorders lab, as well as many specialized services. The attached "Ashtabula Clinic" provides outpatient care in the specialties of pediatrics, internal medicine, family medicine, pulmonary, neurology, psychiatry, sleep disorders, cardiology, gastroenterology, ophthalmology, general surgery, orthopedics, urology, ENT, podiatry and oncology. ACMC operates satellite clinics in the county of Ashtabula. In December 2008, ACMC added the first Cardiac Catheterization Lab (commonly known as the Cath Lab) in Ashtabula County. ACMC provided OB/GYN care and maternity/birthing services in a newly renovated maternity unit,[26] until the ACMC Board voted to discontinue deliveries in the maternity suite. The suite officially closed on August 1, 2020.[27]

Notable people

[edit]
[edit]

During World War II, the United States Navy used the names of rivers with Indian origins for an entire class of fleet oilers, which are used to replenish vessels while underway at sea. USS Ashtabula (AO-51) was commissioned in 1943 and served until 1982. Ashtabula was awarded eight battle stars for World War II service, four battle stars for the Korean War, and eight battle stars for duty in the Vietnam War. Partially scrapped in 1995, Ashtabula was expended as a target in fleet exercises on October 15, 2000. She has been the only Navy vessel to bear the name Ashtabula.[29]

The city is also referenced in Bob Dylan's 1975 album 'Blood On The Tracks', in the song 'You're Gonna Make Me Lonesome When You Go'.

[edit]
  • Ashtabula Arts Center
    Ashtabula Arts Center
  • American Merchant Marine Veterans Memorial
    American Merchant Marine Veterans Memorial
  • Ashtabula Lift Bridge viewed from Point Park
    Ashtabula Lift Bridge viewed from Point Park
  • Hubbard House Underground Railroad Museum
    Hubbard House Underground Railroad Museum

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Dillaway, Warren (February 19, 2018). "Bula woman remembers music career". Star Beacon. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
  2. ^ a b Terry, Shelley (April 21, 2011). "'Bula's population down 9 percent in 2010 census". Star Beacon. Community Newspaper Holdings, Incorporated. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
  3. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
  4. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Ashtabula, Ohio
  5. ^ a b "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Ohio: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 21, 2024.
  6. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  7. ^ "E.W. Scripps School of Journalism Ohio Pronunciation Guide | Ohio University". www.ohio.edu. Ohio University. 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2022.
  8. ^ "Ashtabula" in The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 1, p. 627.
  9. ^ The Ashtabula Horror. Street Railway Review, 1891, p. 138.
  10. ^ Hatton, Augustus R. (January 1916). "The Ashtabula Plan: The Latest Step in Municipal Organization". National Municipal Review. 5 (1): 56–65. doi:10.1002/ncr.4110050107. hdl:2027/uiug.30112101748264. ISSN 0190-3799.
  11. ^ Kathleen L. Barber, PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION AND ELECTION REFORM IN OHIO (excerpt), Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1995, pp. Introduction
  12. ^ a b Douglas J. Amy, "A Brief History of Proportional Representation in the United States", revised version of "The Forgotten History of the Single Transferable Vote in the United States," in Representation 34, number 1 (Winter 1996/7), accessed August 14, 2022
  13. ^ Santucci, Jack (November 10, 2016). "Party Splits, Not Progressives". American Politics Research. 45 (3): 494–526. doi:10.1177/1532673x16674774. ISSN 1532-673X. S2CID 157400899.
  14. ^ a b "Ashtabula (Ferry), U203071, sunk by collision, 18 September 1958". Maritime History of the Great Lakes. Retrieved November 14, 2011. Sunk in collision with steamer BEN MORELL in harbor at Ashtabula, Ohio, September 18, 1958.
  15. ^ "The Calgary Herald - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved October 18, 2014.
  16. ^ "2010 Census U.S. Gazetteer Files for Places – Ohio". United States Census. Archived from the original on July 2, 2016. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
  17. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  18. ^ "Ashtabula city, Ohio". census.gov. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
  19. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  20. ^ Terry, Shelly (December 24, 2015). "Norfolk Southern closing Ashtabula docks". Star Beacon. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
  21. ^ "Saint John School - Ashtabula, OH". www.sjheralds.org. Retrieved February 16, 2024.
  22. ^ "Hours and Locations". Ashtabula County District Library. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
  23. ^ "Ashtabula County Medical Center (ACMC)". Retrieved February 16, 2024.
  24. ^ "City of Ashtabula". Ci.ashtabula.oh.us. April 23, 2012. Archived from the original on May 2, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
  25. ^ "Cleveland Clinic". My.clevelandclinic.org. August 27, 2012. Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
  26. ^ "ACMC welcomes a new OB/GYN". The Star. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
  27. ^ "ACMC making changes to services". Ashtabula County Medical Center. June 24, 2020. Retrieved February 16, 2024.
  28. ^ Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607-1896. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who. 1963.
  29. ^ Thomas Wildenburg (1996). "Gray Steel and Black Oil: Fast Tankers and Replenishment at Sea in the U.S. Navy, 1912–1995". Naval Institute Press. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
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