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Giant armadillo

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Giant armadillo
Giant armadillo foraging at Nouragues Nature Reserve, Régina
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Cingulata
Family: Chlamyphoridae
Subfamily: Tolypeutinae
Genus: Priodontes
F. Cuvier, 1825
Species:
P. maximus
Binomial name
Priodontes maximus
(Kerr, 1792)
Giant armadillo range

The giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus), colloquially tatu-canastra, tatou, ocarro or tatú carreta, is the largest living species of armadillo (although their extinct relatives, the glyptodonts, were much larger). It lives in South America, ranging throughout as far south as northern Argentina.[3] This species is considered vulnerable to extinction.[1]

The giant armadillo prefers termites and some ants as prey, and often consumes the entire population of a termite mound. It also has been known to prey upon worms, larvae and larger creatures, such as spiders and snakes, and plants.[4] Some giant armadillos have been reported to have eaten bees by digging into beehives.[5]

At least one zoo park, in Villavicencio, Colombia – Los Ocarros – is dedicated to this animal.

Description

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Hand anatomy of the giant armadillo

The giant armadillo is the largest living species of armadillo, with 11 to 13 hinged bands protecting the body and a further three or four on the neck.[6] Its body is dark brown in color, with a lighter, yellowish band running along the sides, and a pale, yellow-white head. These armadillos have around 80 to 100 teeth, which is more than any other terrestrial mammal. The teeth are all similar in appearance, being reduced premolars and molars, grow constantly throughout life, and lack enamel.[7] They also possess extremely long front claws,[8] including a sickle-shaped third claw up to 22 cm (8.7 in) in length,[9] which are proportionately the largest of any living mammal.[7] The tail is covered in small rounded scales and does not have the heavy bony scutes that cover the upper body and top of the head. The animal is almost entirely hairless, with just a few beige colored hairs protruding between the scutes.[7]

Giant armadillos typically weigh around 18.7–32.5 kg (41–72 lb) when fully grown, however a 54 kg (119 lb) specimen has been weighed in the wild and captive specimens have been weighed up to 80 kg (180 lb).[10][11][12] The typical length of the species is 75–100 cm (30–39 in), with the tail adding another 50 cm (20 in).[6]

Distribution and habitat

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Giant armadillos are found throughout much of northern South America east of the Andes, except for eastern Brazil and Paraguay. In the south, they reach the northernmost provinces of Argentina, including Salta, Formosa, Chaco, and Santiago del Estero. There are no recognised geographic subspecies. They primarily inhabit open habitats, with cerrado grasslands covering about 25% of their range,[13] but they can also be found in lowland forests.[7]

Biology and behavior

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Individual foraging at night

Giant armadillos are solitary and nocturnal, spending the day in burrows.[6] They also burrow to escape predators, being unable to completely roll into a protective ball.[14] Compared with those of other armadillos, their burrows are unusually large, with entrances averaging 43 cm (17 in) wide, and typically opening to the west.[15]

Giant armadillos use their large front claws to dig for prey and rip open termite mounds. The diet is mainly composed of termites, although ants, worms, spiders, other invertebrates, small vertebrates and carrion are also eaten.[6][16] Little is currently known about this species' reproductive biology, and no juveniles have ever been discovered in the field.[17] The average sleep time of a captive giant armadillo is said to be 18.1 hours.[18]

Giant armadillo skeleton (back) and skeleton of six-banded armadillo (front) at the Cambridge University Museum of Zoology in England

Armadillos have not been extensively studied in the wild; therefore, little is known about their natural ecology and behavior. In the only long-term study on the species, that started in 2003 in the Peruvian Amazon, dozens of other species of mammals, reptiles and birds were found using the giant armadillos' burrows on the same day, including the rare short-eared dog (Atelocynus microtis). Because of this, the species is considered a habitat engineer, and the local extinction of Priodontes may have cascading effects in the mammalian community by impoverishing fossorial habitat.[19] Additionally, the giant armadillo was once key to controlling leaf cutter populations which could destroy crops, but they can also damage crops themselves when digging through soil.[20]

Female giant armadillos have two teats and have a gestational period of about five months. Evidence points to only giving birth once every three years.[citation needed][21] Little is known with certainty about their life history, although it is thought that the young are weaned by about seven to eight months of age, and that the mother periodically seals up the entrance to burrows containing younger offspring, presumably to protect them from predators. Although they have never bred in captivity, a wild-born giant armadillo at San Antonio Zoo was estimated to have been around sixteen years old when it died.[7]

Threats

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Hunted throughout its range, a single giant armadillo supplies a great deal of meat, and is the primary source of protein for some indigenous peoples. In addition, live giant armadillos are frequently captured for trade on the black market, and invariably die during transportation or in captivity.[22] Despite this species' wide range, it is locally rare. This is further exacerbated by habitat loss resulting from deforestation.[1][22] Current estimates indicate the giant armadillo may have undergone a worrying population decline of 30 to 50 percent over the past three decades. Without intervention, this trend is likely to continue.[22]

Conservation

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Captive individual at Villavicencio's Bioparque Los Ocarros

The giant armadillo was classified as vulnerable on the World Conservation Union's Red List in 2002, and is listed under Appendix I (threatened with extinction) of the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna.

The giant armadillo is protected by law in Colombia, Guyana, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Suriname and Peru,[23][24] and commercial international trade is banned by its listing on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).[22] However, hunting for food and sale in the black market continues to occur throughout its entire range.[22] Some populations occur in protected reserves, including the Parque das Emas in Brazil,[25] and the Central Suriname Nature Reserve, a massive 1.6-million-hectare site of pristine rainforest managed by Conservation International.[26] Such protection helps to some degree to mitigate the threat of habitat loss, but targeted conservation action is required to prevent the further decline of this species.

References

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This article incorporates text from the ARKive fact-file "Giant armadillo" under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License and the GFDL.

  1. ^ a b c Anacleto, T.C.S.; Miranda, F.; Medri, I.; Cuellar, E.; Abba, A.M.; Superina, M. (2014). "Priodontes maximus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T18144A47442343. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T18144A47442343.en.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  3. ^ Gardner, A.L. (2005). "Order Cingulata". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  4. ^ "Animais em Extinção". hábitos alimentares do Tatu Canastra (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  5. ^ Desbiez, Arnaud L.; Oliveira, Bruna; Labão Catapani, Mariana (22 December 2020). "Bee careful! Conflict between beekeepers and giant armadillos (Priodontes maximus) and potential ways to coexist" (PDF). Edentata: The Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Anteater, Sloth and Armadillo Specialist Group (21): 1–12. doi:10.2305/IUCN.CH.2020.Edentata-20-1.2.en. S2CID 231958749.
  6. ^ a b c d Burnie D and Wilson DE (Eds.), Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife. DK Adult (2005), ISBN 0789477645
  7. ^ a b c d e Carter, T.S.; Superina, M. & Leslie, D.M. Jr. (August 2016). "Priodontes maximus (Cingulata: Chlamyphoridae)". Mammalian Species. 48 (932): 21–34. doi:10.1093/mspecies/sew002. hdl:11336/49710.
  8. ^ Macdonald, D. (2001). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  9. ^ Eisenberg, J. & Redford, K. (1999). Animals of the Neotropics: The Central Neotropics. Vol. 3: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226195421.
  10. ^ Giant Armadillo Archived 6 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Arkive
  11. ^ "Armadillos, Armadillo Pictures, Armadillo Facts". Animals.nationalgeographic.com. 12 March 2010. Archived from the original on 20 January 2010.
  12. ^ "Giant armadillo Priodontes maximus (Kerr, 1792)" (PDF). faunaparaguay.com.
  13. ^ Silveira, L.; et al. (December 2009). "Ecology of the giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus) in the grasslands of central Brazil". Edentata. 8, 9, &10: 25–34. doi:10.1896/020.010.0112. S2CID 84581723.
  14. ^ "Giant Armadillo". Armadillo Online. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013.
  15. ^ Ceresoli, N. & Fernandez-Duque, E. (December 2012). "Size and orientation of giant armadillo burrow entrances (Priodontes maximus) in western Formosa Province, Argentina". Edentata. 13: 66–68. doi:10.5537/020.013.0109. hdl:11336/101662. S2CID 85997649.
  16. ^ "Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo)". Animal Diversity Web.
  17. ^ Meritt, D.A. (2006). "Research Questions on the Behavior and Ecology of the Giant Armadillo (Priodontes maximus)" (PDF). Edentata. 7 (7): 30–33. doi:10.1896/1413-4411.7.1.30. ISSN 1413-4411.
  18. ^ "40 Winks?" Jennifer S. Holland, National Geographic Vol. 220, No. 1. July 2011.
  19. ^ Leite Pitman et al. 2004[full citation needed]
  20. ^ Armitage, David (2004). "Priodontes Maximus (giant armadillo)". Animal Diversity Web.
  21. ^ "Noticias da Floresta - Projeto estuda o maior dos tatus, gigante tímido que quase ninguém vê".
  22. ^ a b c d e Aguiar, J.M. (2004). Species Summaries and Species Discussions. pp. 3–26.
  23. ^ Superina, M. (2000). Biologie und Haltung von Gürteltieren (Dasypodidae) [Biology and maintenance of armadillos (Dasypodidae)] (PDF) (in German). Zürich, Switzerland: Institut für Zoo-, Heim- und Wildtiere, Universität Zürich.
  24. ^ "Environmental Law Information". Ecolex. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
  25. ^ "Center of Conservation". University of Washington. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013.
  26. ^ "The Central Suriname Nature Reserve". Conservation International. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011.
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