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Coffij

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1763 Monument on Square of the Revolution in Georgetown, Guyana, designed by Guyanese artist Philip Moore

Coffij, also spelled as Coffy, Cuffy, Kofi, or Koffi (died in 1763), was an Akan man who was captured in his native West Africa and stolen for slavery to work on the plantations of the Dutch colony of Berbice in present-day Guyana. In 1763, he led a major slave revolt of more than 3,800 slaves against the colonial regime. Today, he is a national hero in Guyana.[1]

Berbice Rebellion

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Main article: Berbice Rebellion

Coffij lived in Lilienburg, a plantation on the Berbice River, as a house-slave for a cooper (barrel maker). He was owned by the widow Berkey.[2] On 23 February 1763, slaves on plantation Magdalenenberg on the Canje River rebelled, protesting harsh and inhumane treatment. They torched the plantation house,[3] and made for the Courantyne River where Caribs and troops commanded by Governor Wigbold Crommelin [nl] of Suriname attacked, and killed them.[4] On 27 February 1763, a revolt took place on the Hollandia plantation next to Lilienburg.[4] Coffij is said to have organized the slaves into a military unit, after which the revolt spread to neighbouring plantations.[5] When Dutch Governor Wolfert Simon Van Hoogenheim sent military assistance to the region, the rebellion had reached the Berbice River and was moving steadily towards the Berbice capital, Fort Nassau. They took gunpowder and guns from the attacked plantations.[6]

By 3 March, the rebels were 600 in number. Led by Cossala,[7] they tried to take the brick house of Peerenboom.[6] They agreed to allow the whites to leave the brick house, but as soon they left, the rebels killed many and took several prisoners, among them Sara George, the 19-year-old daughter of the Peerenboom Plantation owner,[8] whom Coffij kept as his wife.[9]

Coffij was soon accepted by the rebels as their leader and declared himself Governor of Berbice. Doing so he named Captain Accara as his deputy in charge of military affairs, and tried to establish discipline over the troops.[10] Accara was skilful in military discipline. They organized the farms in order to provide food supplies.[11]

Defeat of the rebellion

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Wolfert Simon van Hoogenheim committed himself to retake the colony. Accara attacked the whites three times without permission from Coffij, and eventually the colonists were driven back.[6] Thus began a dispute among the two rebels. On 2 April 1763, Coffij wrote to Van Hoogenheim saying that he did not want a war against the whites and proposed a partition of Berbice with the whites occupying the coastal areas and the blacks the interior.[12][13][14] Van Hoogenheim delayed his decision replying that the Society of Berbice in Amsterdam had to make that decision and that it would take three to four months.[15] He was waiting for support from neighboring colonies; a ship from Suriname had already arrived,[6] and reinforcements from Barbados and Sint Eustatius soon followed.[11] Coffij then ordered his forces to attack the whites in May 1763,[16] but in so doing had many losses. The defeat opened a division among the rebels and weakened their organization. Accara became the leader of a new faction opposed to Coffij and led to a civil war among themselves. On 19 October 1763, it was reported to the governor that Captains Atta had revolted against Coffij, and that Coffij had committed suicide.[6][17] In the meantime, the colonists had already been strengthened by the arrival of soldiers. On 15 April 1764 Captain Accabre, the last of the insurgents, was captured.[6]

National hero

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The anniversary of the Berbice Rebellion, 23 February, has been Republic Day in Guyana since 1970. Coffij is commemorated in the 1763 Monument in the Square of the Revolution in the capital Georgetown.[1]

This statue is called the 1763 Monument or the Cuffy Monument. The statue was designed by the Guyanese sculptor Philip Moore. It stands at 15 feet tall and weighs two and a half tons.  

The figure of Coffij standing on top has many symbols. His pouting mouth symbolizes his defiance, the face on his chest forms a symbolic breastplate that gives protection during battle, and the honed faces on his thighs represent revolutionaries from Guyanese history. He holds in his hands a dog and a pig, both being throttled with the dog representing covetousness and greed while the pig represents ignorance.  [18]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Ramsay, Rehanna (28 July 2013). "'Cuffy' – a symbol of struggle and freedom". Kaieteur News. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  2. ^ Hartsinck 1770, p. 382.
  3. ^ Thompson, Alvin O., "The Berbice Revolt 1763-64", in Winston F. McGowan, James G. Rose and David A. Granger (eds), Themes in African-Guyanese History, London: Hansib, 2009. p. 80.
  4. ^ a b "2013 anniversaries". Stabroek News. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  5. ^ Cleve McD. Scott, "Berbice Slave Revolt (1763)", in Junius P. Rodriguez, Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion, Vol. 1, Westport, Ct: Greenwood Press, 2007, pp. 55–56.
  6. ^ a b c d e f "Berbice Uprising in 1763". Slavenhandel MCC (Provincial Archives of Zeeland). Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  7. ^ Hartsinck 1770, p. 374.
  8. ^ Blair, Barbara L. (1984). "Wolfert Simon van Hoogenheim in the Berbice slave revolt of 1763-1764". Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia. 140 (1). Brill Publishers: 20. doi:10.1163/22134379-90003427.
  9. ^ Netscher 1888, p. 200.
  10. ^ Kars, Marjoleine (2016). "Dodging Rebellion: Politics and Gender in the Berbice Slave Uprising of 1763". The American Historical Review. 121 (1): 39–69. doi:10.1093/ahr/121.1.39. ISSN 0002-8762.
  11. ^ a b "History: The Berbice uprising, 1763 (Sixth Instalment)". Stabroek News. 30 October 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  12. ^ Ishmael, Odeen (2005). The Guyana Story: From Earliest Times to Independence (1st ed.). Retrieved 6 July 2008.
  13. ^ "The Collapse of the Rebellion". Guyana.org. Retrieved 7 August 2020. Coffy, Governor of the Negroes of Berbice, and Captain Akara send greetings and inform Your Excellency that they seek no war; but if Your Excellency wants war, the Negroes are likewise ready (...) The Governor will give Your Excellency one half of Berbice, and all the Negroes will go high up the river, but don't think they will remain slaves. Those Negroes that Your Excellency has on the ships – they can remain slaves.
  14. ^ Hartsinck 1770, p. 404. Original in Dutch: "Coffy Gouverneur van de Negers van de Berbice en Capitein Accara laat U Ed. Groet, laat U Ed. weet dat geen Oorlog zoek, maar als UEd. zoek Oorlog de Negers zyn ook klaar.(...) de Gouverneur sal U Ed. geefe de half Berbice en zy luye zal almaal na boven gaan, maar moet niet denke dat de Negers weer Slaven wil zyn, maar de Neger die U Ed. heb op de Scheepe die kan zyn U Ed. Slaven."
  15. ^ Hartsinck 1770, p. 405.
  16. ^ Hartsinck 1770, p. 418.
  17. ^ Hartsinck 1770, p. 451.
  18. ^ "1763 monument". SearchGuyana. Retrieved 13 May 2022.

Bibliography

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