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Environmental impact of Apple Inc.

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Apple Inc. has received both praise and criticism for its environmental practices, the former for its usage reduction of hazardous chemicals in its products and transition to clean energy supplies, and the latter for its wasteful use of raw materials in manufacturing, its vigorous opposition to right to repair laws, and the amount of e-waste created by its products.

Timeline

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1990s

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In 1990, Apple officially released and implemented its environmental policy, while in 1991, a phase-out of lead in batteries began.

In 1992, Apple officially became a founding member of the U.S. EPA Energy Star program, which was developed to identify and promote energy-efficient computers and monitors. During this time, there was also a phase-out of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in Apple manufacturing, which are substances that deplete the ozone layer.

In 1994, there was also a phase-out of nickel-cadmium batteries, while in 1995, PVC in packaging materials was phased out as well. The first Apple manufacturing site in Sacramento, California became ISO 14001 certified.[1][2] ISO 14001:2004 set the criteria for an environmental management system, mapping out a framework that a company or an organization can use. If one chooses to use ISO 14001:2004, it can provide assurance to company management and employees as well as external stakeholders that environmental impact is being measured and improved. The benefits of using ISO 14001:2004 are reduced cost of waste management, saving in consumption of energy and materials, lower distribution costs, and improved corporate image among regulators, customers, and the public.[3]

In 1997, the first Apple products were tested for conformity to TCO Certified standards. TCO Certified standards involve requirements that cover a variety of issues: environment, ergonomics, usability, emission of electrical and magnetic fields, and energy consumption, and electrical fire safety. For example, environmental demands restrict the use of heavy metals, chlorinated solvents, and other various things. Mainly, products that are labeled must meet these environmental demands. Two years after Apple agreed to meet TCO Certified's standards, in 1999, Apple introduced "Apple Product Environmental Specifications (APES) files", in which lead and cadmium in cables were restricted. Shortly after, in 2000, all of Apple's manufacturing sites became ISO 14001 certified worldwide. This accredited that Apple had a structured environmental management system (EMS) in order to manage the environmental impact of their operations.[1]

2000s

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In 2001, Apple computers and displays first met Energy Star requirements,[1] in which they voluntarily phased out tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in all their plastic enclosure parts greater than 25 grams. They also began to purchase 100 percent of electricity for the Austin facility from renewable sources, called Austin's "Green Choice" Power Program.[4] In 2002, Apple continued to build a more environmentally friendly effort. For example, Apple signed the European Union Code of Conduct on Power Supplies, which encourages manufacturers to design power supplies that minimize energy consumption in "off" mode.

In 2004, there was a phaseout of substances included in the European Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive was initiated. Importantly noted, The Apple Supplier Code of Conduct was implemented in 2005, and in 2006, Apple was the first computer manufacturer to replace CRT displays with material-efficient and energy-efficient LCDs.[1]

In June 2006, Apple temporarily stopped selling the eMac desktop computer and the AirPort wireless router in Europe, as they were non-compliant with the European Union's directive on harmful substances.[5]

In 2007, Apple shareholders voted on a proposal to eliminate persistent and Bioaccumulative toxic chemicals, speed up the phase-out of toxic chemicals such as Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), and adopt a stronger e-waste "take-back" and recycling program.[6] Shortly afterwards, Steve Jobs published an open letter claiming that "Apple is ahead of, or will soon be ahead of, most of its competitors in these areas".[7] Apple was fined in 2007 by the Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management Districts $43,200 for air quality violations at their Elk Grove facility in 2006.[8][9]

In 2008, Apple introduced the unibody MacBook and MacBook Pro, which are made with recyclable aluminum and glass enclosures with arsenic and mercury-free displays.[1] It is also made with PVC-free internal components. The MacBook Air was the first Mac to use Mercury free backlight technology with arsenic-free LCD display glass. Along with that, the iPhone 3G shipped with PVC-free handset, headphones, and USB cables; BFR-free printed circuit boards; and a mercury and arsenic-free display. Apple achieved a recycling rate of 41.9%.[1]

In 2009, Apple revealed a complete life cycle analysis of greenhouse gas emissions, which set a new standard for full environmental disclosure. Apple is the only company in the industry that publishes the environmental footprint of each of its products. Other companies only report on a fraction of their emissions. All of their products became BFR-free with shipping and mercury-free LED-backlit displays with arsenic-free display glass. The Mac mini, iMac, and Mac Pro met the Energy Star 5.0 specification.[1]

2010s

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In 2010, all displays that were offered by Apple became mercury-free and used arsenic-free display glass.[1] Apple introduced the Apple Battery charger for rechargeable batteries, which reduces battery waste by 78% and the carbon footprint by 63% over a four-year period. Also, Apple introduced the Mac mini, which was the world's most energy-efficient desktop computer, because it can operate on 10 watts of electricity (which is less power than a single energy-efficient CFL lightbulb). By this time, Apple also began to build facilities in Cork, Ireland; Austin, Texas; and Sacramento, California, and converted to using 100% renewable energy.[1]

In 2011, Apple introduced iTunes cards that use 100% recyclable paper, and they also introduced the Mac App Store in 123 countries. Delivering digital downloads reduces the environmental impact of delivering software by eliminating the packaging and transportation. Apple also eliminates restored DVDs that were previously included in Mac product packaging.[1]

In 2011, Greenpeace called on Apple to power its data centers with renewable energy.[10][11] In early 2013, Apple announced it was now using 100% renewable energy to power their data centers, and that 75% of the company's overall power use came from renewable sources.[12] That same year, the Chinese environmental group Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs (IPE) accused Apple's Chinese suppliers of discharging polluted waste and toxic metals into surrounding communities and threatening public health.[13][14][15]

In 2012, Apple launched the redesigned iMac, using 68% less material and generating 67% fewer carbon emissions than earlier generations. Also, the aluminum stand on the iMac is made using 30% recycled content. Meanwhile, at their headquarters in Cupertino, energy use was cut by over 30%, and Apple provided a biogas-powered fuel cell and built rooftop solar photovoltaic systems. They introduced their redesigned AirPort Express with an enclosure containing bio-based polymers derived from industrial-grade rapeseed and post-consumer recycled PC-ABS plastic.[1]

In June 2012, Apple withdrew its product line from the global registry for greener electronics program, Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT), reporting the line no longer qualified for EPEAT's ratings for green certification;[16] the San Francisco Department of Environment then notified its agencies that Apple computers no longer qualified for city purchase funds.[17] The line of products has since been added back.[18]

In December 2016, Apple agreed to pay the California Environmental Protection Agency a $450,000 settlement in what they said was "an oversight in paperwork" for operating and closing 803,000 pounds of electronic waste at two hazardous-waste processing plants in Cupertino and Sunnyvale without filing the proper paperwork.[19][20]

In April 2017, Vice obtained documents via FOIA requests, showing that Apple's recycling program forbade the salvage and reuse of parts. A report written by John Yeider, Apple's recycling program manager at the time, said "All hard drives are shredded in confetti-sized pieces. The pieces are then sorted into commodities grade materials. After sorting, the materials are sold and used for production stock in new products. No reuse. No parts harvesting. No resale."[21]

In June 2017, the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality fined Apple $40,000 for violations in its Maiden data center against the state's solid waste disposal laws. Apple had contracted Bloom Energy to dispose of its hazardous materials properly.[22]

In April 2018, Apple announced that its retail stores, offices, data centers and co-located facilities are running on clean energy, mostly from solar panels and wind.[23]

In October 2018, the Italian government fined Apple €10 million for planned obsolescence after they admitted to installing software updates on iPhones that deliberately lowered their performance to force users to replace their devices sooner than necessary, creating extraneous e-waste.[24]

2020s

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In June 2020, the Supreme Court of Norway validated Apple's usage of trademark law to prevent repair shops from using refurbished parts.[25]

In June 2024, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a report about an electronic computer manufacturing facility leased by Apple in 2015 in Santa Clara, California, code named Aria.[26][27] The EPA report stated that Apple was potentially in violation of federal regulations under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).[26] According to a report from Bloomberg in 2018, the facility is used to develop microLED screens under the code name T159.[28][26][29] The inspection found that Apple was potentially mistreating waste as only subject to California regulations and that they had potentially miscalculated the effectiveness of Apple's activated carbon filters, which filter volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the air. The EPA inspected the facility in August 2023 due to a tip from a former Apple employee who posted the report on X.[26]

Planned obsolescence

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The Apple company has often been accused of planned obsolescence – the idea that it deliberately manufactures its devices so that they seem obsolete before this is the case, typically with the intent of selling a 'new and improved' version.[30][31][32][33][34] A class action lawsuit alleging planned obsolescence in the iOS 9 update was filed in New York state in December 2015.[35][36] An online petition created by consumer group SumOfUs in July 2016 accused Apple of "sabotaging" devices with software upgrades designed to slow down older models.[37][38] Another SumOfUs petition that reached over 300,000 signees in September 2016 also accused Apple of planned obsolescence by removing the standard headphone jack in the iPhone 7.[39][40][non-primary source needed]

Upon its release, Apple stated that the iOS 10.2.1 update contained fixes to address unexpected shutdowns reported by some users, particularly on iPhone 6 and 6S models when they had 30% battery life remaining.[41] In December 2017, Apple admitted that these changes included new power management routines that throttle the CPUs on older iPhone models (beginning with the first-generation iPhone SE and iPhone 6 series, and extended to the iPhone 7 series on iOS 11) in order to preserve system stability. Apple explained that the devices' batteries "become less capable of supplying peak current demands when in cold conditions, have a low battery charge or as they age over time, which can result in the device unexpectedly shutting down to protect its electronic component", and stated that these measures were part of efforts to "deliver the best experience for customers, which includes overall performance and prolonging the life of their devices".[42]

Apple subsequently announced that through most of 2018, it would offer battery replacements at a discounted price (US$29, $50 cheaper than the normal cost for an out-of-warranty battery replacement) for existing iPhone models. The iOS 11.3 update would add a "Battery health" area to the system settings menu, allowing users to view the effective capacity of their device's battery, whether "performance management" had been enabled in order to preserve battery health and stability, and suggests when a battery replacement should be obtained.[43][44] In January 2019, Apple CEO Tim Cook stated in a shareholder letter that over 11 million battery replacements had been made under the discount program.[45]

The iPhone 12 and 12 Pro gained controversy in 2020 when it was discovered by iFixit and Australian tech YouTuber Hugh Jeffreys that a number of key components such as the cameras malfunction or display warnings if they are replaced with new ones or those taken from an otherwise identical donor unit.[46] Internal Apple documents also mention that, beginning with the iPhone 12 and subsequent models, authorized technicians would have to run the phones through an internal System Configuration tool to reprogram repaired units in order to account for hardware changes. While Apple has yet to comment on the issue, the inability to replace key system components have raised concerns about right to repair and planned obsolescence.[47]

Criticism by Greenpeace

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See also: Criticism of Greenpeace § Greener Electronics campaign

Greenpeace[48] has criticized Apple for having products that they saw as unfriendly to the environment. In 2007, Greenpeace wrote an article explaining the hazardous materials that have been found in the iPhone, such as vinyl (PVC) plastic with phthalates, along with brominated compounds.[49] Greenpeace also mentions in a different article from 2004 that Apple had refused to take the step of phasing out toxic chemicals in all of their products. They argued that Sony was removing toxins from their TVs, and that Samsung, Nokia, and Puma had also announced to phase out toxic chemicals in all of their products, yet Apple was not playing their part in the issue.[50]

Because of Greenpeace's concern, they published a ranking guide in 2006 to improve policies and practices regarding the process of "going green".[51] Greenpeace reached out to Apple's fans and consumers in attempt to gain the attention of Steve Jobs in September 2006. In order to do this, they launched a "Green my Apple" website that was designed to look like Apple's site. The caption on the site was, "I love my Mac. I just wish it came in green." They called this the "Green my Apple" campaign. Ultimately, their campaign was successful. Steve Jobs spoke of the company's desire to become greener in 2007.[52]

Much later, in November 2012, Greenpeace created a ranking of companies in their progression toward greener products and waste management [53] Apple moved up to number six (out of sixteen), just behind Dell. Number one was Wipro, and number sixteen was RIM. Apple scored a six due to the company's lack of transparency on GHG emission reporting, clean energy advocacy, further information on its management of toxic chemicals, and details on post-consumer recycled plastic use.[54] Despite that Apple lost points on Greenpeace's e-waste criteria, Apple exceeded its 70% goal of global recycling in 2010. Greenpeace argues that the company can increase its score by setting an ambitious goal for boosting its renewable energy use by 2020. Apple also did not plan to phase out antimony or beryllium in their products, but overall, score well on the product criteria. For example, the MacBook Pro has been known for easy recycling.

Apple has been making progress since 2006 regarding greener tactics and products. Presently in 2013, Apple states that they achieve to power every Apple facility with energy from renewable sources. They have already achieved this goal at facilities in Austin, Cork, Munich, and at the Infinite Loop campus in Cupertino. Currently, Apple's corporate facilities worldwide are at 75% renewable energy.[54]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Apple Inc. "Environmental Progress". Apple Inc. Apple Inc. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
  2. ^ International Organization for Standardization. "ISO 14000-Environmental Management". International Organization for Standardization. ISO. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
  3. ^ The Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees (TCO). "Ecology, Energy, Ergonomics and Emissions" (PDF). The Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees. Apple Computer, Inc. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
  4. ^ Austin Energy. "Greenchoice Renewable Energy". Austin Energy. Austin Energy. Archived from the original on November 29, 2013. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
  5. ^ Mullins, Robert, Apple product hazards put to shareholder vote, IDG News Service, MacCentral, Macworld, April 23, 2007. Accessed March 26, 2012.
  6. ^ Dalrymple, Jim, Environmental issues on Apple shareholder agenda, Macworld, MacCentral, March 22, 2007. Accessed March 26, 2012.
  7. ^ Jobs, Steve. "A Greener Apple". Apple. Archived from the original on 2007-05-04. Retrieved 2022-12-03.
  8. ^ Mortensen, Pete. "Apple Fined $43,200 For Air Quality Violation". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2024-06-27.
  9. ^ Turner, Melanie (April 16, 2017). "Apple fined for air quality violation in Elk Grove". Business Journals. Retrieved 2024-06-27.
  10. ^ "Dirty Data Report Card" (PDF). Greenpeace. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
  11. ^ McMillan, Robert. "After Greenpeace Protests, Apple Promises to Dump Coal Power". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2022-12-03.
  12. ^ Burrows, Peter (March 21, 2013). "Apple Says Data Centers Now Use 100% Renewable Energy". BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  13. ^ The Other Side Of Apple II: Pollution Spreads Through Apple's Supply Chain Archived March 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs, August 31, 2011. Accessed March 29, 2012.
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  16. ^ Dragani, Rachelle, Mac News: iPad: With Proview in the Rearview, iPad Cruises Into China Archived 2013-11-11 at the Wayback Machine, macnewsworld.com, July 11, 2012. Accessed July 25, 2012.
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  18. ^ Mansfield, Bob, Apple - Environment - A letter from Bob Mansfield Archived August 20, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, apple.com, July 13, 2012. Accessed November 5, 2012.
  19. ^ "Apple pays $450,000 for alleged hazardous waste violations". AP News. 2016-12-07. Retrieved 2024-06-27.
  20. ^ Nellis, Stephen (December 6, 2016). "California EPA says settled with Apple on hazardous waste claims". Reuters.
  21. ^ Koebler, Jason (2017-04-20). "Apple Forces Recyclers to Shred All iPhones and MacBooks". Vice. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
  22. ^ Carrington, Don (2017-10-06). "Apple clean energy project fined for environmental violations". Carolina Journal. Retrieved 2024-06-27.
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  24. ^ Vinocur, Nicholas (2018-10-24). "Italy hits Apple, Samsung with fines over 'planned obsolescence'". POLITICO. Retrieved 2024-06-27.
  25. ^ Maja, Van der Velden (2020-06-11). "Apple uses trademark law to strengthen its monopoly on repair". Right to Repair Europe. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
  26. ^ a b c d Roscoe, Jules (2024-06-25). "California Apple Manufacturing Facility Has 19 'Potential Violations' of EPA Regulations". 404 Media. Retrieved 2024-06-27.
  27. ^ Donato-Weinstein, Nathan (April 11, 2016). "Zeus, Medusa, Pegasus, Athena: Inside Apple's mysterious Silicon Valley industrial projects". Business Journals. Archived from the original on March 16, 2023. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
  28. ^ Gurman, Mark (March 19, 2018). "Apple Is Said to Develop Gadget Displays in Secret Facility". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on April 30, 2018. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
  29. ^ Ma, Wayne (March 6, 2023). "How Apple's Need for Cutting Edge Screens Kept Tech's Unhappiest Marriage Alive". The information. Retrieved July 4, 2024.
  30. ^ Stiles, Jackson (18 April 2016). "This is how long your Apple iPhone will last". The New Daily. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  31. ^ Tsukayama, Hayley. "The problem with Apple's war on this age-old design". The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
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  33. ^ "Planned Obsolescence, as Myth or Reality". The New York Times. 31 October 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  34. ^ Jones, Brad (22 May 2016). "Planned Obsolescence Has Led to Ridiculous Product Cycles, and It's Time to Say Enough is Enough". Digital Trends. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  35. ^ "IOS 9 Slows iPhone 4S Complaint". Retrieved 30 August 2016.
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  39. ^ Abbany, Zulfikar. "iPhone 7 petition: Apple 'screwing customers and planet' with headphone jack". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
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  41. ^ Tung, Liam. "iPhone 6, 6s sudden shutdown? We've almost fully cured issue with iOS 10.2.1, says Apple". ZDNet. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
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  43. ^ Patel, Nilay (December 27, 2019). "Apple apologizes for iPhone slowdown drama, will offer $29 battery replacements for a year". The Verge. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
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  46. ^ O'Donnell, Deirdre (2020-11-27). "The iPhone 12 proves extremely repair-unfriendly in a new video". Notebookcheck. Retrieved 2020-11-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  47. ^ "Is This the End of the Repairable iPhone?". iFixit. 2020-11-27. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
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  49. ^ Greenpeace. "Hazardous Materials Found in Apple's iPhone: Chemicals Include those Banned in Children's Toys in EU". Greenpeace International. Greenpeace. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
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