Jump to content

Timeline of modern American conservatism

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is part of a series on
Conservatism
in the United States
Schools
Principles
History
Intellectuals
Politicians
Jurists
Commentators
Activists
Literature
Parties
Think tanks
Other organizations
Media
Movements
See also
Duration: 3 minutes and 22 seconds.Subtitles available.
Ronald Reagan gives a televised address from the Oval Office outlining his plan for tax reductions in July 1981 (excerpt)

This timeline of modern American conservatism lists important events, developments and occurrences which have significantly affected conservatism in the United States. With the decline of the conservative wing of the Democratic Party after 1960, the movement is most closely associated with the Republican Party (GOP). Economic conservatives favor less government regulation, lower taxes and weaker labor unions while social conservatives focus on moral issues and neoconservatives focus on democracy worldwide. Conservatives generally distrust the United Nations and Europe and apart from the libertarian wing favor a strong military and give enthusiastic support to Israel.[1]

Although conservatism has much older roots in American history, the modern movement began to gel in the mid-1930s when intellectuals and politicians collaborated with businessmen to oppose the liberalism of the New Deal led by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, newly energized labor unions and big city Democratic machines. After World War II, that coalition gained strength from new philosophers and writers who developed an intellectual rationale for conservatism.[2]

Richard Nixon's victory in the 1968 presidential election is often considered a realigning election in American politics. From 1932 to 1968, the Democratic Party was the majority party as during that time period the Democrats had won seven out of nine presidential elections and their agenda gravely affected that undertaken by the Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower administration, but the election of 1968 reversed the situation completely. The Vietnam War split the Democratic Party. White ethnics in the North and white Southerners felt the national Democratic Party had deserted them. The white South has voted Republican at the presidential level since the 1950s and at the state and local level since the 1990s.

In the 1980s, President Ronald Reagan rejuvenated the conservative Republican ideology, with tax cuts, greatly increased defense spending, deregulation, a policy of rolling back communism, a greatly strengthened military and appeals to family values and conservative Judeo-Christian morality. His impact has led historians to call the 1980s the Reagan Era.[3] The Reagan model remains the conservative standard for social, economic and foreign policy issues. In recent years, social issues such as abortion, gun control and gay marriage have become important. Since 2009, the Tea Party movement has energized conservatives at the local level against the policies made by the presidency of Barack Obama, leading to Republican success in the 2010 and 2014 mid-term elections, and the 2016 election, in which Donald Trump was elected president.

Chronology of events[edit]

Main articles: Conservatism in the United States and History of the United States Republican Party

1930s[edit]

As the nation plunges into its deepest depression ever, Republicans and conservatives fall into disfavor in 1930, 1932 and 1934, losing more and more of their seats. Liberals (mostly Democrats with a few Republicans and independents) come to power with the landslide 1932 election of liberal Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt. In his first 100 days Roosevelt pushes through a series of dramatic economic programs known as the New Deal.[4]

The major metropolitan newspapers generally opposed the New Deal, as typified by William Randolph Hearst and his chain (Hearst had supported Roosevelt in 1932, but he parted ways in 1934.[5] Robert R. McCormick, owner of the Chicago Tribune, compared the New Deal to communism. He was also an America First isolationist who strongly opposed entering World War II to rescue the British Empire. McCormick also railed against the League of Nations, the World Court, and socialism.[6]

1934
1935
1936
1937 cartoon by Joseph L. Parrish in the Chicago Tribune warning Franklin D. Roosevelt's executive branch reorganization plan is a power grab
  • President Roosevelt calls his opponents "conservatives" as a term of abuse, they reply that they are "true liberals".[11]
  • Most publishers favor Republican moderate Alf Landon for president. In the nation's 15 largest cities the newspapers that editorially endorsed Landon represented 70% of the circulation, while Roosevelt won 69% of the actual voters.[12]
  • Roosevelt carries 46 of the 48 states and liberals gain in both the House and the Senate, thanks to newly energized labor unions, city machines, and the WPA.[13] Since 1928 the GOP has lost 178 House seats, 40 Senate seats, and 19 governorships; it retains a mere 89 seats in the House and 16 in the Senate.[14]
1937
  • Roosevelt's plan to pack the Supreme Court alienates conservative Democrats; most newspapers which supported FDR in 1936 oppose the plan, with many warning it was a prelude to dictatorship.[15]
  • Conservative Republicans (nearly all from the North) and conservative Democrats (most from the South), form the Conservative Coalition and block most new liberal proposals until the 1960s.[16]
  • The Conservative Manifesto (originally titled "An Address to the People of the United States") rallies the opposition to Roosevelt. It is drafted by Senators Josiah Bailey (D-NC) and Arthur H. Vandenberg (R-MI).[17]
  • The liberal American Federation of Labor (AFL) and more leftist Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) labor federations are both growing and both support FDR. Their bitter feud over jurisdiction, however, produces numerous strikes, angers public opinion and weakens their political power.[18]
1938
  • Opponents of conservatism weaken sharply. FDR's allies in the AFL and CIO battle each other; his court-packing plan is rejected; his attempt to purge the conservatives from the Democratic Party fails and strengthens them; the sharp recession of 1937–1938 discredits his argument that New Deal policies would lead to full recovery.[19]
  • The Republicans make major gains in the House and Senate in the 1938 elections.[20]
  • Leo Strauss (1899–1973), a refugee from Nazi Germany, teaches political philosophy at the New School for Social Research in New York (1938–49) and the University of Chicago (1949–1969). He was not an activist but his ideas have been influential.[21]
1939
Robert A. Taft
  • As Republican senator from Ohio (1939–53), Robert A. Taft leads the conservative opposition to liberal policies (apart from public housing and aid to education, which he supported). Taft opposed most of the New Deal, entry into World War II, NATO, and sending troops to the Korean War. He was not so much an "isolationist" as a staunch opponent of the ever-expanding powers of the White House. The growth of this power, Taft feared, would lead to dictatorship or at least spoil American democracy, republicanism and civil virtue.[22]

1940s[edit]

1943
  • Medical missionary Walter Judd (1898–1994) enters Congress (1943–63) and defines the conservative position on China as all-out support for the Nationalists under Chiang Kai-shek and opposition to the Communists under Mao. Judd redoubled his support after the Nationalists in 1949 fled to Formosa (Taiwan).[23]
  • The American Enterprise Institute (AEI) is founded in Washington "to defend the principles and improve the institutions of American freedom and democratic capitalism—limited government, private enterprise, individual liberty and responsibility, vigilant and effective defense and foreign policies, political accountability, and open debate."[24]
1944
Party change of House seats in 1946 showcasing GOP landslide
  • March: Friedrich Hayek, an Austrian-born British economist, publishes The Road to Serfdom, which is widely read in America and Britain. He warns that well-intentioned government intervention in the economy is a slippery slope that will lead to tight government controls over people's lives, just as medieval serfdom had done.[25]
  • The weekly magazine Human Events is founded by Frank Hanighen and Felix Morley with a significant contribution from ex-New Dealer Henry Regnery.[26][27] Ronald Reagan later says that the magazine "helped me stop being a liberal Democrat."[28]
1945
  • Ludwig von Mises (1881–1973), having fled the Nazis, becomes professor of economics at New York University (1945–1969) where he disseminates Austrian School libertarianism.[29]
1946
Cartoon book warning of Communist aggression
Warning against communism, 1947
1947
  • June: Congress passes the Taft-Hartley Act, designed by conservatives to create what they consider a proper balance between the rights of management and the rights of labor. Unions call it a slave labor law; Truman vetoes it and both houses override the veto.[33]
1948

1950s[edit]

After the war, businessmen opposed to New Deal liberalism read Hayek, fight labor unions, and fund politicized think tanks such as American Enterprise Institute (founded 1943). They promote statewide right-to-work campaigns.[38]

1950
  • The intellectual reputation of conservatism reaches a low ebb; Lionel Trilling observes that "liberalism is not only the dominant but even the sole intellectual tradition" and dismisses conservatism as a series of "irritable mental gestures which seek to resemble ideas."[39]
  • February: Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy gives a speech saying, "While I cannot take the time to name all the men in the State Department who have been named as members of the Communist Party and members of a spy ring, I have here in my hand a list of 205." The speech marks the beginning of McCarthy's anti-communist pursuits.[40]
1951
  • Political philosopher Francis Wilson in The Case for Conservatism (1951) defines conservatism as "a philosophy of social evolution, in which certain lasting values are defended within the framework of the tension of political conflict. And when given values are at stake the conservative can even become a revolutionary."[41][42]
  • William F. Buckley Jr. with publisher Henry Regnery Company release God and Man at Yale to mixed reviews.
1952
Russell Kirk
1953
  • President Eisenhower works closely with Senator Taft, the new GOP majority leader, on domestic issues; they differ on foreign policy.[47]
1955
1957
1958
Barry Goldwater
  • Vermont C. Royster (1914–1996) becomes editor of the editorial page of The Wall Street Journal (1958 to 1971). He wins two Pulitzer Prizes for his conservative interpretation of economic and political news.[52]
  • Conservatives try economic populism to appeal to blue collar workers forced to join labor unions. The GOP pushes "right-to-work" laws in California and elsewhere, but the unions counter-organize for the Democrats. Conservatives try again in 2011.[53][54]
  • November: In a deep economic recession the Democrats score a landslide victory, defeating many old-guard conservative Republicans. The new Congress has large Democratic majorities: 282 Democrats to 154 GOP in the House, 64 to 34 in the Senate. Nevertheless, the new Congress fails to pass any major liberal legislation as most committee chairs are Southern Democrats who support the Conservative Coalition.[55] Two Republicans score upsets in the face of the landslide—liberal Nelson Rockefeller as Governor of New York,[56] and Barry Goldwater as Senator from Arizona;[57] both become presidential prospects.
  • December: Businessman Robert W. Welch, Jr. (1899–1985) and twelve others found the John Birch Society, an anti-communist advocacy group with chapters across the country. Welch uses an elaborate control system that enables him to keep a very tight rein on each chapter. Its major activities are circulating petitions and supporting the local police. It becomes a favorite target of attack from the left and is disowned by many of the prominent conservatives of the day.[58]
1959
  • As late as 1959 William Buckley complains that conservatives were "bound together for the most part by negative response to liberalism," and that, philosophically, "there [is] no commonly-acknowledged conservative position."[59]

1960s[edit]

Liberalism made major gains after the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963, as Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) pushed through his liberal Great Society as well as civil rights laws. An unexpected bonanza helped conservatism in the late 1960s as liberalism came under intense attack from the New Left, especially in academe. This new element, says liberal historian Michael Kazin, worked to "topple the corrupted liberal order."[60] For the New Left "liberal" became a nasty epithet. Liberal commentator E. J. Dionne finds that, "If liberal ideology began to crumble intellectually in the 1960s it did so in part because the New Left represented a highly articulate and able wrecking crew."[61]

"A Time for Choosing" Speech
Duration: 29 minutes and 33 seconds.Subtitles available.
In support of Goldwater in 1964, Reagan delivers the TV address "A Time for Choosing", a speech which made Reagan the leader of movement conservatism
DateOctober 27, 1964 (1964-10-27)
Duration29:33
LocationLos Angeles, CA, United States
Also known as"The Speech"
TypeTelevised campaign speech
ParticipantsRonald Reagan
WebsiteVideo clip, audio, transcript

Movement conservatism emerges as grassroots activists react to liberal and New Left agendas. It develops a structure that supports Goldwater in 1964 and Ronald Reagan in 1976–80. By the late 1970s, local evangelical churches join the movement.[62][63] Liberalism faces a racial crisis nationwide. Within weeks of the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights law, "long hot summers" begin, lasting until 1970, with the worst outbreaks coming in the summer of 1967. Nearly 400 racial disorders in 298 cities saw blacks attacking shopkeepers and police, and looting stores.[64] Meanwhile, the urban crime rates shoot up. Demands for "law and order" escalate and the backlash causes disillusionment among working class whites with the liberalism of the Democratic Party.[65]

In the mid-1960s the GOP debates race and civil rights intensely. Republican liberals, led by Nelson Rockefeller, argue for a strong federal role because it was morally right and politically advantageous. Conservatives call for a more limited federal presence and discount the possibility of significant black voter support. Nixon avoids race issues in 1968.[66]

Duration: 1 minute and 8 seconds.
Highlights of the 1960 Republican convention in Chicago, Illinois
1960
Cover of Modern Age
  • Conservatives are angered when GOP presidential nominee Richard Nixon strikes a deal with liberal leader Nelson Rockefeller. Nixon agrees to put all 14 of Rockefeller's demands in the party platform, including promises that the executive branch be totally reorganized and that Rockefeller's liberal policies on economic growth, medical care for the aged and civil rights be included.[67] Led by Goldwater, conservatives vow to organize at the grass roots and take control of the GOP.[68]
  • Barry Goldwater publishes The Conscience of a Conservative. The book helps the Arizona Senator reignite the conservative movement which rallies behind the charismatic Arizona Senator.[69]
  • Fall: Frank S. Meyer's article, "Freedom, Tradition, Conservatism", is published in Modern Age, argues that traditional conservatism and libertarianism share a common philosophical heritage. The concept comes to be known as "fusionism" and unites the two strands of thought.[70]
  • September: William F. Buckley, Jr., forms a youth group called the Young Americans for Freedom; it helps Goldwater win the 1964 nomination but is otherwise ineffective and collapses in internal bickering.[71]
  • November: Nixon loses a close election to liberal Democrat John F. Kennedy.[72]
1961
1962
  • Buckley and the National Review launch denunciations of the John Birch Society; Goldwater agrees; the attack limits its influence to the conspiracy-minded.[75]
1963
Duration: 1 minute and 1 second.Subtitles available.
The controversial "Daisy" Johnson TV commercial in 1964 attacks Goldwater foreign policy as inviting nuclear war[76]
  • January: Governor of Alabama, Democrat George Wallace, electrifies the white South by proclaiming "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever!" Wallace's angry populist rhetoric appeals to the poor farmers and workers who comprise a major part of the New Deal Coalition. He does well in Democratic primaries in the industrial North as well as the rural South. He exploits distrust of government, racial fear, anti-communism and a yearning for "traditional" American values.[77]
Duration: 29 minutes and 33 seconds.Subtitles available.
In support of Goldwater, Reagan delivers the address, "A Time for Choosing", which speech launches Reagan to national prominence[78]
1964
In the 1964 presidential election, Goldwater only won his home state of Arizona and five states in the Deep South
  • Jul: George Wallace gives a speech condemning the Civil Rights Act of 1964, claiming that it would threaten individual liberty, free enterprise and private property rights and that "The liberal left-wingers have passed it. Now let them employ some pinknik social engineers in Washington, D.C., to figure out what to do with it."[80]
  • July: Goldwater defeats liberal Republicans Rockefeller to win the GOP presidential nomination and launch a conservative crusade.
  • July: Under attack as an "extremist," Goldwater lashes back in his speech accepting the GOP nomination:

    I would remind you that extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice! And let me remind you also that moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue![81]

  • November: In the presidential election, Goldwater is defeated in a landslide, and many GOP congressmen are defeated with him.[82]
  • December: The American Conservative Union, the oldest conservative lobbying organization in the United States, is founded by William F. Buckley, Jr.[83]
1965
1966
1967
  • New Left students hold highly publicized rallies chanting, "Hey– Hey– LBJ– How many kids did you kill today?". Their confrontational rhetoric and efforts to disrupt the draft alienates millions of voters who move to the right.[88]
  • A generational rift opens as leftist students espouse Marxism, sexual freedom, marijuana, rock music and long hair that outrages the older generation. Elite colleges and universities come under heavy pressure (but not the smaller state schools and community colleges that generally remain calm).[89]
1968 presidential election results in which red denotes states won by Nixon/Agnew, blue denotes those won by Humphrey/Muskie and orange denotes states won by Wallace/LeMay
1968
  • Liberalism collapses politically as the Democratic Party splits into five factions over issues of Vietnam, race and attacks from New Left.[92] Richard Nixon is elected president over Hubert Humphrey and George Wallace (American Independent Party), emphasizing the need for law and order.[93] The New Left denounced Humphrey as a war criminal, Nixon attacked him as the New Left's enabler—a man with "a personal attitude of indulgence and permissiveness toward the lawless."[94] Beinart observes that "with the country divided against itself, contempt for Hubert Humphrey was the one thing on which left and right could agree."[95]
1969
  • Libertarian economists, especially Milton Friedman and Walter Oi, lead the intellectual charge against the draft. Nixon abolishes it as the Vietnam War ends in 1973.[96]
  • Young Americans for Freedom splits into competing, irreconcilable factions.[97] The libertarians, influenced by Ayn Rand, split from the traditionalists and form the Society for Individual Liberty.[98]

1970s[edit]

Historians Meg Jacobs and Julian Zelizer argue that the 1970s were characterized by "a vast shift toward social and political conservatism," as well as a sharp decline in the proportion of voters who identified with liberalism.[99] Neoconservatism emerges as liberals become disenchanted with Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society welfare programs. They increasingly focus on foreign policy, especially anti-communism, and support for Israel and for democracy in the Third World.[100]

While Nixon continues to antagonize and anger liberals, many of his programs upset conservatives. His foreign policy with Henry Kissinger focuses on détente with the USSR and China, and becomes a main target of conservatives. Nixon is uninterested in tax cuts or deregulation, but he does use executive orders and presidential authority to impose price and wage controls, expand the welfare state, require Affirmative Action, grow the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Endowment for the Arts, and create the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).[101]

1970
1971
Number of Conservative Political Action Conference attendees over time
1972
  • Richard Nixon wins a landslide reelection, carrying 49 states against anti-war liberal George McGovern. Suspicious of Democratic trickery, Nixon sends agents to bug the Democratic National Headquarters, then covers up his tracks when they are caught in the Watergate scandal.
  • Phyllis Schlafly forms the "STOP (Stop Taking Our Privileges) ERA" movement; it blocks passage of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA).[106]
  • Robert L. Bartley (1937–2003) becomes editor of the editorial page of The Wall Street Journal; he retires in 2002 after writing and supervising tens of thousands of editorials taking a conservative position on economic and political issues. He is called "the most influential editorial writer" of his day.[107]
1973
1974
  • Robert Grant founds the American Christian Cause as an effort to institutionalize the Christian right as a politically active social movement.[112]
  • January: The first March for Life attracts 20,000 supporters in Washington.[113]
  • August: Conservatives, led by Goldwater, desert Nixon when the "smoking gun" is discovered that proves Nixon covered up the crimes of the Watergate scandal. Nixon resigns in disgrace, but his Secretary of State Henry Kissinger stays on in the moderately conservative administration of Gerald R. Ford.[114]
William F. Buckley Jr. (left) and Ronald Reagan. two of the most visible conservatives of the 1970s and 1980s
1976
  • Commentary, a monthly Jewish magazine on politics, foreign policy, society and cultural issues that began as a liberal voice in the 1940s moves sharply to the right in the 1970s under editor Norman Podhoretz. It becomes an influential voice for Israel, anti-communism and neoconservatism by 1976, and supports Reagan in the 1980s.[116]
  • George H. Nash publishes The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945, arguing that Buckley's National Review fused together the traditional, libertarian and anti-Communist traditions to forge a conservative intellectual movement.[117]
1977
1978
  • Robert Grant, Paul Weyrich, Terry Dolan, Howard Phillips, and Richard Viguerie found Christian Voice, to recruit, train, and organize evangelical Christians to participate in elections. Grant later ousts the others.[121]
  • June: California unleashes a tax revolt, with Proposition 13 to limit property taxes, promoted by Howard Jarvis (1903–1986), a long-time activist. The movement was backed by the United Organizations of Taxpayers, the Los Angeles Apartment Owners Association and realtors' associations.[122] Preconditions included steadily rising property taxes, "stagflation" and growing anger at government waste. California's tax revolt was followed by 30 other states.[123]
1979
  • In reaction against liberal and presidential support for the UN's International Women's Year, conservative women meet in Houston to coordinate their grass roots work. Led by Phyllis Schlafly, they block passage of the ERA and work to nominate Ronald Reagan as the Republican candidate for president.[124]
  • Beverly LaHaye and eight other women found Concerned Women for America (CWA) to oppose the Equal Rights Amendment. It later expands its scope to address socially conservative issues.[125] CWA has been described as "a key player in conservative evangelical politics" and according to CWA it is the largest women's organization in the United States.[126]
  • February: Irving Kristol is featured on the cover of Esquire under the caption, "the godfather of the most powerful new political force in America – neoconservatism."[127]
  • June: Jerry Falwell founds Moral Majority, marking the reentry of Fundamentalists into partisan politics.[128]
Washington for Jesus, 1980
Duration: 22 minutes and 6 seconds.
First inaugural address of Ronald Reagan, 1981 (audio only)

1980s[edit]

The decade is marked by the rise of the Christian right and the Reagan Revolution.[129] A priority of Reagan's administration is the rollback of Soviet communism in Latin America, Africa and worldwide.[130] Reagan bases his economic policy, dubbed "Reaganomics", on supply-side economics.[131]

1980
1981
  • Reagan promotes "supply side economics", arguing that tax cuts will stimulate the economy, which suffers high unemployment and high inflation (called "stagflation").[135]
  • Reagan forms a coalition in Congress with conservative Democrats and passes his major tax cuts and increases in defense spending. He fails to cut welfare spending.[136]
  • The Cold War heats up as Reagan pursues a rollback strategy in Latin America and Africa. He supports the anti-Communist "Contra" rebels who attempt to overthrow the pro-Communist Sandinista regime in Nicaragua.[137] Liberal Democrats in Congress try to block his moves and undercut the Contras, leading to a series of battles in the halls of Congress in which Reagan (mostly) prevails.[138] The Sandinistas are forced to hold fair elections in 1990, which they lose by 41%–55%.[139]
1982
  • June: President Reagan tells the British Parliament that "the march of freedom and democracy will leave Marxism and Leninism on the ash heap of history"[140] and calls for a "crusade for freedom."[141]
1983
"Evil Empire"
Duration: 33 minutes and 15 seconds.
Ronald Reagan delivers "Evil Empire" speech on March 8, 1983
1984
1986
  • September: Associate Justice William Rehnquist is confirmed as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.[145] Reagan chooses Rehnquist in a deliberate effort to move the Court to the right, knowing he has the conservative constitutional agenda firmly in mind.[146]
  • Replacing Rehnquist as Associate Justice, Antonin Scalia is confirmed by the Senate 90–0. He has been called "the creative, brilliant, and outspoken intellectual leader of the Court's conservative majority."[147]
  • October: Congress enacts the Tax Reform Act of 1986, the second of the "Reagan Tax Cuts". The act simplifies the tax code, reduces the marginal income tax rate on the wealthiest Americans from 50% to 28%, and increases the marginal tax rate on the lowest-earning taxpayers from 10% to 15%.[148]
  • November: the Iran Contra scandal draws national attention and threatened to derail Reagan's progress. Working with the CIA Reagan had authorized National Security Council officials to engage in a complicated sale of missiles to Iran with the goal of funding the Contras fighting Nicaragua. Blame increasingly centered on the key operative, Oliver North. However, in week-long dramatic testimony North emerges a conservative hero. North is convicted on minor counts but the conviction is reversed on appeal because he did not receive a fair trial. Reagan's reputation survives and he leaves office more popular than he began.[149]
1987
"Tear down this wall"
Duration: 26 minutes and 34 seconds.
Complete speech by Ronald Reagan at the Brandenburg Gate, June 12, 1987
1988
1989
  • November: the Berlin Wall falls as the satellite states free themselves from Soviet control. West Germany absorbs East Germany in 1990, and in late 1991 Communism collapses in Russia as the red flag is lowered for the last time. Reagan becomes a hero in Eastern Europe.[155]

1990s[edit]

Clarence Thomas

Conservative think tanks 1990–97 mobilize to challenge the legitimacy of global warming as a social problem. They challenge the scientific evidence, argue that global warming will have benefits, and warn that proposed solutions would do more harm than good.[156]

1991
1992
"Read my lips: no new taxes"
Duration: 41 seconds.
George H. W. Bush speaking about taxes at the 1988 Republican National Convention
1994
  • September: The Contract with America is released on the steps of the Capitol.[159] Designed by GOP House Whip Newt Gingrich, it had the effect of "nationalizing" the off-year election, as most Republican candidates endorsed it and used it as a template to promote a conservative agenda in economic policy. The Contract avoided divisive social issues.[160]
  • November: in the Republican Revolution, Republicans take control of the House of Representatives for the first time in 40 years. The Democrats lose 52 seats in the House and 8 in the Senate, giving the GOP margins of 230 to 204 and 53 to 47.[161]
1995
Legislation Result
Welfare reform Passed (Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996)
Term limits for Congressmen Did not pass (U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton)
Balanced budget amendment Did not pass
Increase rights of victims of crime Passed (Taking Back Our Streets Act)
Pro-family tax credits Passed (American Dream Restoration Act)
Decrease United States role in the United Nations Did not pass
Capital gains tax cut Passed (Job Creation and Wage Enhancement Act)
Limit punitive damages on product liability Passed, but vetoed (Product Liability Fairness Act)
1996
Fox News building on 48th Street
1997

2000s[edit]

The terror attack on September 11, 2001, reorients the administration towards foreign policy and terrorism issues, providing an opportunity for neoconservatives to have a greater influence on foreign policy. The Bush Doctrine leads to long-term interventions in Afghanistan (2001–2021) and Iraq (2003–2011).[170]

On the domestic front Bush promises compassionate conservatism and works to improve education, address poverty nationwide, increase financial aid to poor countries and help alleviate AIDS in Africa.[171]

Duration: 34 minutes and 18 seconds.
At a joint session of Congress, President Bush pledges to defend America's freedom against the fear of terrorism, a policy known as the Bush Doctrine, September 20, 2001 (audio only)
2000
2001
  • June: President Bush signed his 10-year tax cut into law; in 2000 he had promised to return the federal budget surplus through an across-the-board reduction in federal income taxes.[173]
  • September: 9-11 terrorists attacks redefine the conservative role in foreign policy.[174]
2002
2003
2004
2005
Sarah Palin addresses the 2008 Republican National Convention
2006
  • January: Samuel Alito, nominated by George W. Bush, is confirmed as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court on a party-line vote in the Senate.[179]
  • November: Democrats make major gains in off-year elections, attacking the unpopular war in Iraq and the bungling of Hurricane Katrina relief.[180][181]
photograph of a throng of people holding signs
Yes on 8 rally in Fresno, California
2007
2008
  • August: Little-known Alaska Governor Sarah Palin becomes the first woman on a national GOP ticket as nominee for Vice President.[184]
  • November: Democrat Barack Obama defeated Republican John McCain by 53% to 46%. Barack Obama was elected and officially inaugurated as president of the United States of America on January 20, 2009. He was re-elected president in November 2012 and was sworn in for a second term on January 20, 2013. The national exit poll shows self-identified conservatives comprise 34% of the voters and support McCain 78% to 20%. Liberals comprise 22% of the voters and support Obama 89% to 10%. Moderates comprise 44% of the voters and support Obama 60% to 39%.[185]
Taxpayer March on Washington
  • November: Proposition 8 which prescribes that marriage is between a man and a woman in California is passed with 52.2% of the vote.[186]
2009

2010s[edit]

Numerous historians after 1990 re-examined the role of conservatism in recent American history, according it much greater importance than before.[192] One school of thought rejects the older consensus that liberalism was the dominant ethos. Instead it argues conservatism dominated American politics since the 1920s, with the brief exceptions of the New Deal era (1933–36) and the Great Society (1963–66).[193] However Historian Julian Zelizer argues that "liberalism survived the rise of conservatism."[194]

2010
  • Supreme Court decision in Citizens United v. FEC holds that the free speech clause of the First Amendment applies to political speech during elections, making spending limits unconstitutional in certain cases. The Court majority upheld the libertarian approach to free speech, while the dissenters took an egalitarian approach.[195]
2010 House election results:dark blue denotes Democratic hold, blue denotes Democratic gain, dark red denotes Republican hold and red denotes Republican gain
  • November: in the largest GOP gain since 1938, 2010 became one of the most important elections in conservative history[196] as GOP candidates make major gains in midterm elections across the country for Congress, governorships and state legislatures. Conservative voters (self-identified) comprise 42% of the voters and support GOP House candidates 84% to 13%. Liberals comprise 20% of the voters and support Democrats 90% to 8%. Moderates comprise 38% of the voters and support the GOP 55% to 42%.[197] Republicans gain 63 seats in the House of Representatives and six seats in the U.S. Senate.
2012
  • A central concern for conservatives in the 2012 GOP primaries was whether front-runner Mitt Romney is conservative enough. Numerous other challengers on the right rose and fell, notably Herman Cain, Rick Santorum, Newt Gingrich, Rick Perry, and Michele Bachmann.[198] Romney moved sharply to the right and chose deficit hawk Representative Paul Ryan of Wisconsin as his running mate.[199] Obama, however, successfully mobilized his base and won reelection, as Democrats made small gains in the House and Senate.
2014
  • November: Republicans win majorities in both houses of Congress, and flip several governorships in the 2014 midterm elections.
2016

2017

  • April: Neil Gorsuch, nominated by Donald Trump, is confirmed as associate justice to the Supreme Court.

2018

  • October: Brett Kavanaugh, nominated by Donald Trump, is confirmed as associate justice to the Supreme Court.

2020s[edit]

2020

2021

2022

See also[edit]

Timelines

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ Michael T. Thomas (2007). American policy toward Israel: the power and limits of beliefs Archived 2023-01-18 at the Wayback Machine. Routledge. pp. 42–43.
  2. ^ Patrick Allitt (2009). The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities Throughout American History. Yale University Press. ch 1–6 covers the story down to 1945.
  3. ^ Sean Wilentz The Age of Reagan: A History, 1974–2008. (2009); John Ehrman The Eighties: America in the Age of Reagan. (2008) pp. 3–8.
  4. ^ Anthony J. Badger (2009). FDR: the first hundred days. Hilland Wang. pp. 3–22, 74.
  5. ^ Graham J. White (1979). FDR and the Press. University of Chicago Press. pp. 51–52. ISBN 978-0226895123.
  6. ^ Richard Norton Smith (2003). The Colonel: The Life and Legend of Robert R. McCormick, 1880–1955. Northwestern University Press. p. 349. ISBN 978-0810120396. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  7. ^ Rudolph Frederick (1950). "The American Liberty League, 1934–1940". American Historical Review. 56 (1): 19–33. doi:10.2307/1840619. JSTOR 1840619.
  8. ^ George Wolfskill (1962). The Revolt of the Conservatives: A History of the American Liberty League, 1934–1940. Houghton Mifflin. p. 249.
  9. ^ Kim Phillips-Fein (2010). Invisible Hands: The Businessmen's Crusade Against the New Deal. W. W. Norton. p. 15. ISBN 978-0393337662. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  10. ^ Gordon Lloyd and David Davenport, The New Deal and Modern American Conservatism: A Defining Rivalry (2013) excerpt and text search Archived 2023-01-18 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ Brendon O'Connor (2004). A Political History of the American Welfare System: When Ideas Have Consequences. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 38. ISBN 978-0742526686. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  12. ^ Charles W. Smith Jr. (1939). Public Opinion in a Democracy. Prentice-Hall. pp. 85–86.
  13. ^ Sternsher, Bernard (1984). "The New Deal Party System: A Reappraisal". Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 15 (1): 53–81. doi:10.2307/203594. JSTOR 203594.
  14. ^ Michael Kazin, eta al, eds. (2011). The Concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History. Princeton University Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-0691152073. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Jeff Shesol (2011). Supreme Power: Franklin Roosevelt Vs. The Supreme Court. W. W. Norton. pp. 299, 301–303. ISBN 978-0393338812. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  16. ^ Patterson, James T. (1966). "A Conservative Coalition Forms in Congress, 1933–1939". Journal of American History. 52 (4): 757–772. doi:10.2307/1894345. JSTOR 1894345.
  17. ^ John Robert, Moore (1965). "Senator Josiah W. Bailey and the "Conservative Manifesto" of 1937". Journal of Southern History. 31 (1): 21–39. doi:10.2307/2205008. JSTOR 2205008.
  18. ^ Walter Galenson (1960). The CIO challenge to the AFL. Harvard University Press. p. 542.
  19. ^ William E. Leuchtenburg (1963). Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal: 1932–1940. HarperCollins. pp. 231–274.
  20. ^ Milton Plesur, "The Republican Congressional Comeback of 1938," Review of Politics, Oct 1962, Vol. 24 Issue 4, pp. 525–562 in JSTOR Archived 2023-01-18 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ John P. East, "Leo Strauss and American Conservatism," Modern Age, (1977) 21:1 pp. 2–19 online Archived 2012-01-11 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ Geoffrey Matthews, "Robert A. Taft, the Constitution and American Foreign Policy, 1939–53," Journal of Contemporary History, July 1982, Vol. 17 Issue 3, pp. 507–522
  23. ^ Lee Edwards (1990). Missionary for Freedom: The Life and Times of Walter Judd. Paragon House. p. 210.
  24. ^ Murray L. Weidenbaum (2009). The competition of ideas: the world of the Washington think tanks. Transaction Publishers. p. 23.
  25. ^ F. A. Hayek (1944; 2nd ed. 2010). The Road to Serfdom. University of Chicago Press. 2nd ed. by Bruce Caldwell with prepublication reports on Hayek's manuscript, and forewords to earlier editions by John Chamberlain, Milton Friedman, and Hayek himself.
  26. ^ Robert McG. Thomas Jr. (June 23, 1996). "Henry Regnery, 84, Ground-Breaking Conservative Publisher". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 26, 2009. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
  27. ^ Richard V. Allen (June 2, 2008). "Turning the Tide". National Review Online. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
  28. ^ Lee Edwards (February 5, 2011). "Reagan's Newspaper". Human Events. Archived from the original on February 7, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
  29. ^ Israel M. Kirzner (2001). Ludwig von Mises: the man and his economics. ISI Books. p. 25.
  30. ^ He retired in 1977 and moved to the Hoover Institution at Stanford. Milton and Rose Friedman (1999). Two Lucky People: Memoirs. University of Chicago Press. p. 559.
  31. ^ Alan O. Ebenstein (2009). Milton Friedman: A Biography Palgrave Macmillan. p. 259.
  32. ^ Susan M. Hartmann (1971). Truman and the 80th Congress. University of Missouri Press. p. 7.
  33. ^ James T. Patterson (1972). Mr. Republican: a biography of Robert A. Taft. Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 352–368.
  34. ^ Kari A. Frederickson (2000). The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South, 1932–1968. The University of North Carolina Press. passim.
  35. ^ Fred D. Young (1995). Richard M. Weaver, 1910–1963: a life of the mind. University of Missouri. p. 9.
  36. ^ Michael Bowen (2011). The Roots of Modern Conservatism: Dewey, Taft, and the Battle for the Soul of the Republican Party. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 66.
  37. ^ "The Nation: Independence Day". Time. 1948-11-08. Archived from the original on July 3, 2009. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
  38. ^ Kim Phillips-Fein (2009). Invisible Hands: The Businessmen's Crusade Against the New Deal. W. W. Norton & Company. ch 2.
  39. ^ Russell Kirk (2001). The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Eliot. Regnery. p. 476. ISBN 978-0895261717. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  40. ^ "'Communists in Government Service', McCarthy Says". United States Senate. Archived from the original on October 19, 2019. Retrieved March 9, 2007.
  41. ^ Charles W. Dunn; J. David Woodard (1991). American conservatism from Burke to Bush: an introduction. Madison Books. p. 29. ISBN 978-0819180698. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  42. ^ Francis Graham Wilson (2011). The Case for Conservatism. Transaction Publishers. p. 2. ISBN 978-1412842341. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  43. ^ James T. Patterson Mr. Republican: A Biography of Robert A. Taft. (1972). ch 32–35.
  44. ^ William Lee Miller (2012). Two Americans: Truman, Eisenhower, and a Dangerous World. Random House Digital. p. 272. ISBN 978-0307957542. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  45. ^ Reba N. Sofer (2009). History, historians, and conservatism in Britain and the United States. Oxford University Press. p. 232.
  46. ^ Lee Edwards (2003). Educating for Liberty: The first Half-century of the Intercollegiate Studies Institute Regnery. ch 1.
  47. ^ Clarence E. Wunderlin (2005). Robert A. Taft: Ideas, Tradition, and Party in U.S. Foreign Policy. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 191. ISBN 978-0742544901. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  48. ^ John B. Judis (1990). William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives. Simon & Schuster. pp. 121–124, 152.
  49. ^ James T. Kloppenberg, "Review: In Retrospect: Louis Hartz's The Liberal Tradition in America," Reviews in American History Vol. 29, No. 3 (Sept 2001), pp. 460–478 in JSTOR Archived 2023-01-18 at the Wayback Machine
  50. ^ Burns, Jennifer (2004). "Godless Capitalism: Ayn Rand and the Conservative Movement". Modern Intellectual History. 1 (3): 359–385. doi:10.1017/S1479244304000216. S2CID 145596042.
  51. ^ Jennifer Burns (2009). Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right. Oxford University Press. pp. 174–176.
  52. ^ Richard J. Tofel (2009). Restless Genius: Barney Kilgore, The Wall Street Journal, and the Invention of Modern Journalism. Macmillan. p. 157. ISBN 978-0312536749. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  53. ^ Kim Phillips-Fein, "'As Great an Issue as Slavery or Abolition': Economic Populism, the Conservative Movement, and the Right-to-Work Campaigns of 1958," Journal of Policy History, (Oct 2011), 23:4 pp. 491–512 online
  54. ^ Nelson Lichtenstein and Elizabeth Tandy Shermer, eds. (2012). The American Right and U.S. Labor: Politics, Ideology and Imagination. University of Pennsylvania Press. ch. 1.
  55. ^ Congress and the Nation: 1945–1964 (1965). Congressional Quarterly. pp. 28–34.
  56. ^ "People & Events: Nelson A. Rockefeller, 1908–1979". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  57. ^ "Our Campaigns – AZ Senate Race, Nov 04, 1958". OurCampaigns.com. Archived from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  58. ^ Jonathan Schoenwald (2002). A Time for Choosing: The Rise of Modern American Conservatism. Oxford University Press. pp. 62–99.
  59. ^ Hyrum S. Lewis (2007). Sacralizing the Right: William F. Buckley Jr., Whittaker Chambers, Will Herberg and the Transformation of Intellectual Conservatism, 1945–1964. p. 8. ISBN 978-0549389996.
  60. ^ Michael Kazin (1998). The populist persuasion: an American history. Cornell University Press. p. 197.
  61. ^ E. J. Dionne (2004). Why Americans Hate Politics. Simon and Schuster. p. 37. ISBN 978-0743265737. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  62. ^ Rick Perlstein, "Thunder on the Right: The Roots of Conservative Victory in the 1960s," OAH Magazine of History, Oct 2006, Vol. 20 Issue 5, pp. 24–27
  63. ^ James A. Hijiya, "The Conservative 1960s," Journal of American Studies, Aug 2003, Vol. 37 Issue 2, pp. 201–228
  64. ^ Michael Omi and Howard Winant (1994). Racial formation in the United States: from the 1960s to the 1990s Archived 2023-01-18 at the Wayback Machine. Routledge. p. 196.
  65. ^ Michael W. Flamm (2007). Law and Order: Street Crime, Civil Unrest, and the Crisis of Liberalism in the 1960s Archived 2023-01-18 at the Wayback Machine. Columbia University Press. ch. 9.
  66. ^ Thurber, Timothy N. (2007). "Goldwaterism Triumphant? Race and the Republican Party, 1965–1968". Journal of the Historical Society. 7 (3): 349–384. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5923.2007.00221.x.
  67. ^ Theodore H. White (1961). The Making of the President 1960. HarperCollins. pp. 197–199. ISBN 978-0061900600. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  68. ^ Laura Jane Gifford (2009). The Center Cannot Hold: The 1960 Presidential Election and the Rise of Modern Conservatism. Northern Illinois Univ Press. p. 17.
  69. ^ Robert Alan Goldberg (1995). Barry Goldwater. Yale University Press. pp. 138–143, 179.
  70. ^ John R. E. Bliese (2002). The Greening Of Conservative America. Westview Press. pp. 4–5.
  71. ^ Gregory L. Schneider (1998). Cadres for Conservatism: Young Americans for Freedom and the Rise of the Contemporary Right. NYU Press. pp. 154, 167, 172.
  72. ^ W. J. Rorabaugh (2002). Kennedy and the Promise of the Sixties. Cambridge U.P. p. 18. ISBN 978-0521816175. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  73. ^ David Marley (2007). Pat Robertson: an American life. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 97.
  74. ^ Sean P. Cunningham (2010). Cowboy Conservatism: Texas and the Rise of the Modern Right. University Press of Kentucky. p. 53. ISBN 978-0813125763. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  75. ^ William F. Buckley, Jr., "Goldwater, the John Birch Society, and Me". Commentary (March 2008) online Archived 2012-11-30 at the Wayback Machine
  76. ^ Kurson, Ken (November 5, 2011). "Book Review: Daisy Petals and Mushroom Clouds". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  77. ^ Dan T. Carter (2000). The politics of rage: George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics LSU Press. p. 12.
  78. ^ "'A Time for Choosing' (October 27, 1964)". Miller Center. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
  79. ^ Robert D. Loevy (1997). The Civil Rights Act of 1964: the passage of the law that ended racial segregation. State University of New York Press. p. 359.
  80. ^ Wallace, George C. (July 4, 1964). The Civil Rights Movement: Fraud, Sham, and Hoax (Speech). Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
  81. ^ William Safire (2008). Safire's Political Dictionary. Oxford U.P. p. 229. ISBN 978-0195343342. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  82. ^ Rick Perlstein (2004). Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus. Hill and Wang. ch. 22.
  83. ^ "Our History". American Conservative Union. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  84. ^ Jonathan Schoenwald (2002). A Time for Choosing: The Rise of Modern American Conservatism. Oxford University Press. pp. 162–189.
  85. ^ Laurence Zuckerman (December 18, 1999). "How 'Firing Line' Transformed the Battleground". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
  86. ^ Draper, Alan (Winter 1989). "Labor and the 1966 Elections". Labor History. 30 (1): 76–92. doi:10.1080/00236568900890031.
  87. ^ Matthew Dallek (2004). The Right Moment: Ronald Reagan's First Victory and the Decisive Turning Point in American Politics. Oxford University Press. p. ix.
  88. ^ Steven M. Gillon (2008). The Pact: Bill Clinton, Newt Gingrich, and the Rivalry That Defined a Generation. Oxford U.P. pp. 20–22. ISBN 978-0199886579. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  89. ^ John T. Bethell (1998). Harvard observed: an illustrated history of the university in the twentieth century. Harvard U.P. pp. 218–232. ISBN 978-0674377332.
  90. ^ R. Emmett Tyrrell, Jr. ed. (1987). Orthodoxy: The American Spectator's 20th Anniversary Anthology. Harper & Row. ch. 1.
  91. ^ Ford, Lynne E. (2010). Encyclopedia of Women and American Politics. Infobase Publishing. p. 158. ISBN 978-1438110325. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
  92. ^ Lewis L. Gould (1993). 1968: The Election That Changed America. Ivan R. Dee. pp. 7–30.
  93. ^ Michael Flamm, "Politics and Pragmatism: The Nixon Administration and Crime Control," White House Studies, Feb 2006, 6:2 pp. 151–62
  94. ^ Rick Perlstein (2008). Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America. Simon and Schuster. p. 349. ISBN 978-0743243025. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  95. ^ Peter Beinart (2008). The Good Fight: Why Liberals – and Only Liberals – Can Win the War on Terror and Make America Great Again. HarperCollins. p. 49. ISBN 978-0060841607. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  96. ^ Bernard Rostker (2006). I want you!: the evolution of the All-Volunteer Force. RAND Corporation. pp. 66–70, 749.
  97. ^ Kenneth J. Heineman (2001). Put your bodies upon the wheels: student revolt in the 1960s. Ivan R. Dee. p. 160.
  98. ^ Jennifer Burns (2009). Goddess of the market: Ayn Rand and the American Right. Oxford University Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-0195324877. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  99. ^ Jacobs, Meg; Zelizer, Julian E. (2008). "Comment: Swinging Too Far to the Left". Journal of Contemporary History. 43 (4): 689–693. doi:10.1177/0022009408095423. JSTOR 40543230. S2CID 155052711.
  100. ^ Justin Vaïsse (2010). Neoconservatism: The Biography of a Movement Harvard University Press. passim.
  101. ^ Joan Hoff (1995). Nixon Reconsidered. Basic Books. p. 118. ISBN 978-0465051052.
  102. ^ Sullivan, Timothy J. (2009). New York State and the rise of modern conservatism: redrawing party lines. State University of New York Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0791476437.
  103. ^ Justin Vaïsse (2010). Neoconservatism: The Biography of a Movement. Harvard U.P. p. 298. ISBN 978-0674050518. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  104. ^ see his article[permanent dead link]
  105. ^ Walker, Jesse (June 13, 2011). "John Hospers, RIP". Reason. Archived from the original on January 17, 2019. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
  106. ^ Donald T. Critchlow (2005). Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism: A Woman's Crusade. Princeton University Press. pp. 212–242.
  107. ^ Robert D. Novak (January 13, 2003). "Who Is Robert Bartley?". Weekly Standard. Archived from the original on December 18, 2004. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
  108. ^ Link, William A. (2008). Righteous Warrior: Jesse Helms and the Rise of Modern Conservatism. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312356002.
  109. ^ Judis, John B. (1988). William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 356–357. ISBN 0743217977.
  110. ^ Gregory L. Schneider (2009). The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 125. ISBN 978-0742542853. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  111. ^ Critchlow, Donald T. (1995). The politics of abortion and birth control in historical perspective. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 140. ISBN 0271015705.
  112. ^ Glenn H. Utter and John Woodrow Storey (2001). The religious right: a reference handbook Archived 2023-01-18 at the Wayback Machine. Grey House Publishing. p. 88.
  113. ^ "About Us". March For Life. 2012. Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
  114. ^ John W. Dean; Barry M. Goldwater, Jr. (2009). Pure Goldwater. Macmillan. pp. 296–298. ISBN 978-0230611337. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  115. ^ Michael Kazin; Rebecca Edwards; Adam Rothman, eds (2011). The Concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History. Princeton U.P. p. 222. ISBN 978-0691152073. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31. {{cite book}}: |author3= has generic name (help)
  116. ^ Benjamin Balint (2010). Running Commentary: The Contentious Magazine That Transformed the Jewish Left Into the Neoconservative Right. PublicAffairs. passim.
  117. ^ Burns, Jennifer (2004). "In Retrospect: George Nash's The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945". Reviews in American History. 32 (3): 447–462. doi:10.1353/rah.2004.0053. S2CID 26303899.
  118. ^ Dan Gilgoff (2008). The Jesus Machine: How James Dobson, Focus on the Family, and Evangelical America Are Winning the Culture War. Macmillan. p. 19. ISBN 978-0312378448. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  119. ^ James McEnteer (2006). Shooting the truth: the rise of American political documentaries. Praeger. p. 146.
  120. ^ Roger Chapman, ed. (2010). Culture wars: an encyclopedia of issues, viewpoints, and voices. M. E. Sharpe. vol. 1, p. 55.
  121. ^ Glenn H. Utter and John Storey, eds. (2001). The religious right: a reference handbook. ABC-Clio Inc. p. 123.
  122. ^ Smith, D. A. (1999). "Howard Jarvis, Populist Entrepreneur: Reevaluating the Causes of Proposition 13" (PDF). Social Science History. 23 (2): 173–210. doi:10.1017/s0145553200018058. JSTOR 1171520. S2CID 148178213. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2019-09-02.
  123. ^ Campbell, Ballard C. (1998). "Tax Revolts and Political Change". Journal of Policy History. 10 (1): 153–178. doi:10.1017/S089803060000556X. S2CID 155129127.
  124. ^ Spruill, Marjorie J. (2008). "Gender and America's Right Turn". In Schulman, Bruce J.; Zelizer, Julian E. (eds.). Rightward Bound: Making America Conservative in the 1970s. Harvard University Press. pp. 71–89. ISBN 978-0674027572.
  125. ^ Sarah Slavin (1995). U.S. Women's Interest Groups: Institutional Profiles. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 138. ISBN 0313250731.
  126. ^ Aberbach, Joel D., ed. (2011). Crisis of Conservatism?: The Republican Party, the Conservative Movement, and American Politics After Bush. Oxford University Press. Ch. 7. ISBN 978-0199831364. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved April 22, 2012.
  127. ^ Tyrrell, R. Emmett (2010). After the Hangover: The Conservatives' Road to Recovery. Thomas Nelson. p. 36. ISBN 978-1595552723.
  128. ^ Harding, Susan (2001). The book of Jerry Falwell: fundamentalist language and politics. Princeton University Press. p. 285. ISBN 0691059896.
  129. ^ Michael Kazin; Rebecca Edwards; Adam Rothman, eds. (2009). The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History. Princeton U.P. p. 288. ISBN 978-0691129716. {{cite book}}: |author3= has generic name (help)
  130. ^ Eric J. Schmertz eds.; et al. (1997). President Reagan and the World. Greenwood. p. 146. ISBN 978-0313301155. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  131. ^ Niskanen, William A.; Moore, Stephen (1996). "Supply-Side Tax Cuts and the Truth about the Reagan Economic Record". Cato Institute. p. 1. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved April 21, 2002.
  132. ^ Daniel K. Williams (2010). God's Own Party: the making of the Christian right. Oxford University Press. pp. 181–182.
  133. ^ Skinner, Kiron K.; Kudelia, Serhiy; Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce; Rice, Condoleezza (September 15, 2007). "Politics Starts at the Water's Edge". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  134. ^ Kenneth F. Warren (2008). Encyclopedia of U.S. Campaigns, Elections, and Electoral Behavior. SAGE. p. 100. ISBN 978-1412954891. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  135. ^ Bruce S. Jansson (2011). The Reluctant Welfare State: Engaging History to Advance Social Work Practice in Contemporary Society. Cengage Learning. pp. 332–333. ISBN 978-0840034403. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  136. ^ Karl Gerard Brandt (2009). Ronald Reagan and the House Democrats: gridlock, partisanship, and the fiscal crisis. U. of Missouri Press. pp. 10–15. ISBN 978-0826218353.
  137. ^ Michael Kort (2001). The Columbia Guide to the Cold War. Columbia U.P. pp. 79–80. ISBN 978-0231107730. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  138. ^ Mary Beth Norton (2009). A People and a Nation: A History of the United States. Since 1865. Cengage. p. 862. ISBN 978-0547175607. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  139. ^ Tim Merrill (1994). "3". Nicaragua: a country study. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 2015-07-08. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
  140. ^ Pipes, Richard (June 3, 2002). "Ash Heap of History: President Reagan's Westminster Address 20 Years Later". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on September 17, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2007.
  141. ^ Andrew Busch (2001). Ronald Reagan and the politics of freedom. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0742520530. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  142. ^ James Mann (2010). The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War. Penguin. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-0143116790. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  143. ^ Goldman, Ralph Morris (2002). The Future Catches Up: Transnational Parties and Democracy. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 418. ISBN 978-0595228881.
  144. ^ Gil Troy (2005). Morning in America: how Ronald Reagan invented the 1980s. Princeton University Press. pp. 147–174.
  145. ^ Steven F. Hayward (2010). The Age of Reagan: The Conservative Counterrevolution: 1980–1989. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 417. ISBN 978-1400053582. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  146. ^ Mark V. Tushnet (2005). A Court Divided: The Rehnquist Court and the Future of Constitutional Law. W. W. Norton. p. 13. ISBN 978-0393327571.
  147. ^ Christopher E. Smith (1993). Justice Antonin Scalia and the Supreme Court's Conservative Moment. ABC-CLIO. p. 20. ISBN 978-0275947057. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  148. ^ Jeffrey H. Birnbaum; Alan S. Murray (1988). Showdown at Gucci Gulch: Lawmakers, Lobbyists, and the Unlikely Triumph of Tax Reform. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 3–22. ISBN 978-0394758114. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  149. ^ William E. Pemberton (1998). Exit With Honor: The Life and Presidency of Ronald Reagan. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 172–190. ISBN 978-0765600967.
  150. ^ Romesh Ratnesar (2009). Tear down this wall: a city, a president, and the speech that ended the Cold War. Simon & Schuster. p. 6.
  151. ^ Rusher, William (July 5, 2007). "Back to the Fairness Doctrine?". Townhall.com. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
  152. ^ David Harrell Jr. (2010). Pat Robertson: A Life and Legacy. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. passim.
  153. ^ Joseph Turow (4th ed. 2011). Media Today. Routledge. p. 376.
  154. ^ "1988: Bush wins with 'no new taxes' promise". BBC News Online: On This Date. November 9, 1988. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
  155. ^ Charles W. Dunn (2009). The Enduring Reagan. University Press of Kentucky. p. 100. ISBN 978-0813125527. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  156. ^ Aaron M. McCright and Riley E. Dunlap, "Defeating Kyoto: The Conservative Movement's Impact on U.S. Climate Change Policy," Social Problems, Aug 2003, Vol. 50 Issue 3, pp. 348–373 in JSTOR Archived 2023-01-18 at the Wayback Machine
  157. ^ Dan Thomas, Craig McCoy and Allan McBride, "Deconstructing the Political Spectacle: Sex, Race, and Subjectivity in Public Response to the Clarence Thomas/Anita Hill "Sexual Harassment" Hearings," American Journal of Political Science Vol. 37, No. 3 (Aug., 1993), pp. 699–720 in JSTOR
  158. ^ Joel D. Aberbach and Gillian Peele (2011). Crisis of Conservatism?: The Republican Party, the Conservative Movement and American Politics After Bush. Oxford University Press. p. 31.
  159. ^ Gary Donaldson (2007). Modern America: a documentary history of the nation since 1945. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 308–310 for original text. ISBN 978-0765615374. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  160. ^ Nicol C. Rae (1998). Conservative reformers: the Republican freshmen and the lessons of the 104th Congress. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 37–39. ISBN 978-0765601292.
  161. ^ James W. Ceaser; Andrew Busch (1997). Losing to win: the 1996 elections and American politics. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 6–12. ISBN 978-0847684069. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  162. ^ Peter B. Levy (2002). Encyclopedia of the Clinton presidency. Greenwood. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0313312946.
  163. ^ "William Kristol". The Weekly Standard. Terry Eastland. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  164. ^ Boot, Max (December 30, 2002). "What the Heck Is a 'Neocon'?". The Wall Street Journal. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 24 April 2012.[permanent dead link]
  165. ^ Savage, David G. (26 June 2013). "Gay marriage ruling: Supreme Court finds DOMA unconstitutional". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  166. ^ Stephen L. Vaughn, ed. (2009). Encyclopedia of American Journalism. Routledge. pp. 76, 177–178.
  167. ^ Jump up to: a b "Profile: Matt Drudge – Webmaster of pork pies". Scotsman.com. Johnston Publishing Ltd. March 1, 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  168. ^ Sappell, Joel (August 4, 2007). "Hot links served up daily". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 11, 2008. Retrieved 2007-08-04.
  169. ^ Dick Morris and Eileen McGann (2006). Condi Vs. Hillary: The Next Great Presidential Race. HarperCollins. pp. 194–195. ISBN 978-0060859848. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  170. ^ Heiko Meiertöns (2010). The Doctrines of Us Security Policy: An Evaluation Under International Law. Cambridge University Press. pp. 182–187. ISBN 978-0521766487. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  171. ^ "Fact Sheet: Compassionate Conservatism" (Press release). The White House. April 30, 2002. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved April 22, 2012.
  172. ^ Richard A. Posner (2001). Breaking the Deadlock: The 2000 Election, the Constitution, and the Courts. Princeton University Press. passim.
  173. ^ Wattenberg, Martin P. (2004). "Elections: Tax Cut Versus Lockbox: Did the Voters Grasp the Tradeoff in 2000?". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 34 (4): 838–848. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2004.00227.x.
  174. ^ Aberbach, Joel D.; Peele, Gillian (2011). Crisis of conservatism?: the Republican Party, the conservative movement and American politics after Bush. Oxford University Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0199764013.
  175. ^ Adam L. Fuller (2011). Taking the Fight to the Enemy: Neoconservatism and the Age of Ideology. Lexington Books. p. 264.
  176. ^ Dorothy E. McBride (2008). Abortion in the United States: a reference handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 185.
  177. ^ John C. Green, Mark J. Rozell and Clyde Wilcox (2006). The Values Campaign?: The Christian Right and the 2004 Elections. Georgetown University Press. ch. 1.
  178. ^ Alec Gallup; Frank Newport (2007). The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion – 2005. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 130. ISBN 978-0742552586. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  179. ^ Babington, Charles (February 1, 2006). "Alito Is Sworn In On High Court: Senators Confirm Conservative Judge Largely on Party Lines". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 25, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
  180. ^ David B. Magleby and Kelly D. Patterson, eds. (2008). The Battle for Congress: Iraq, Scandal, and Campaign Finance in the 2006 Election. Paradigm. ch. 1.
  181. ^ Schier, Steven E. (2006). "Frustrated Ambitions: The George W. Bush Presidency and the 2006 Elections". Forum. 4 (3): 1–8. doi:10.2202/1540-8884.1142. S2CID 144847778.
  182. ^ "Rev. Jerry Falwell dies at age 73". CNN. 15 May 2007. Archived from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
  183. ^ Currie, Duncan (2008-01-22). "Beyond the Border". The Weekly Standard.
  184. ^ Daniel J. Balz; Haynes Johnson (2009). The Battle for America 2008: The Story of an Extraordinary Election. Penguin. p. 288. ISBN 978-0670021116. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  185. ^ See Exit Poll details Archived 2010-04-22 at the Wayback Machine
  186. ^ Stanley D. Brunn, et al. eds. (2011). Atlas of the 2008 Elections. Rowman and Littlefield. p. 265.
  187. ^ Mark Meckler; Jenny Beth Martin (2012). Tea Party Patriots: The Second American Revolution. Macmillan. p. 9. ISBN 978-1429942690. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  188. ^ Scott Rasmussen and Doug Schoen (2010). Mad As Hell: How the Tea Party Movement Is Fundamentally Remaking Our Two-Party System. Harper. ch. 1.
  189. ^ Williams, Juan (May 10, 2011). "Juan Williams: The Surprising Rise of Rep. Ron Paul". Fox News. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  190. ^ Skocpol, Theda; Williamson, Vanessa (2012). The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–82. ISBN 978-0199832637.
  191. ^ Scott Rasmussen; Doug Schoen (2010). Mad As Hell: How the Tea Party Movement Is Fundamentally Remaking Our Two-Party System. HarperCollins. p. 228. ISBN 978-0062016720.
  192. ^ Phillips-Fein, Kim (2011). "Conservatism: A State of the Field". Journal of American History. 98 (3): 723–743. doi:10.1093/jahist/jar430., with commentary by Wilfred M. McClay, Alan Brinkley, Donald T. Critchlow, Martin Durham, Matthew D. Lassiter, and Lisa McGirr, and response by Phillips-Fein, pp. 744–773 online
  193. ^ Labor historians Jefferson Cowie, and Nick Salvatore, "The Long Exception: Rethinking the Place of the New Deal in American History," International Labor & Working-Class History, (2008) 74:3–32, argue the New Deal was a short-term response to depression and did not mark a permanent commitment to a welfare state because America has always been too individualistic and too hostile to labor unions
  194. ^ Zelizer, Julian E. (2010). "Reflections: Rethinking the History of American Conservatism". Reviews in American History. 38 (2): 367–392, quote p. 380. doi:10.1353/rah.0.0217. S2CID 144740051.
  195. ^ Dawood, Yasmin (2015). "Campaign Finance and American Democracy". Annual Review of Political Science. 18: 329–348. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-010814-104523. SSRN 2528587.
  196. ^ Skocpol, Theda; Williamson, Vanessa (2012). The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism. Oxford University Press. pp. 138, 149. ISBN 978-0199832637.
  197. ^ "Election Center". CNN. Turner Broadcasting System. Archived from the original on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  198. ^ James Hohmann (February 12, 2012). "Romney doubles down, wins CPAC, Maine caucuses". Politico. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
  199. ^ Murray, Sarah; Nelson, Colleen McCain; O'Connor, Patrick (August 12, 2012). "Romney Picks Ryan as Vice-Presidential Running Mate". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2012-08-15.

Bibliography[edit]

Videos
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism&oldid=1208219984"