Economy of Washington (state)
The northwestern U.S. state of Washington's economy grew 3.7% in 2016, nearly two and a half times the national rate. Average income per head in 2009 was $41,751, 12th among states of the U.S.
The United States' largest concentration of STEM (science, technology, engineering and math) workers reside in Washington state. The state has a large volume of seaborne foreign trade with Asia. Leading economic sectors are government, real estate and rental leasing, and information; manufacturing comes fourth (8.6% of the state's GDP). Fruit and vegetable production, and hydroelectric power, are other important sectors. Important firms based in Washington include Starbucks, Amazon, Costco, and Microsoft.
Washington does not levy a personal income tax, but raises revenue through sales tax, property tax, and a gross receipts tax on businesses.
Taxes
[edit]The state of Washington is one of only seven states that does not levy a personal income tax. The state also does not collect a corporate income tax or franchise tax. However, Washington businesses are responsible for various other state levies. One tax Washington charges on most businesses is the business and occupation tax (B & O), a gross receipts tax which charges varying rates for different types of businesses.
Washington's state base sales tax is 6.5 percent which is combined with a local sales tax which varies by locality. The combined state and local retail sales tax rates increase the taxes paid by consumers, depending on the variable local sales tax rates, generally between 7.5 and 10 percent.[1] As of March 2017, the combined sales tax rate in Seattle and Tacoma was 10.1 percent.[2] The cities of Lynnwood and Mill Creek have the highest sale tax rate in the state at 10.4 percent.[2] These taxes apply to services as well as products.[3] Most foods are exempt from sales tax; however, prepared foods, dietary supplements and soft drinks remain taxable.
An "ex" applies to certain select products such as gasoline, cigarettes, and alcoholic beverages. Property tax was the first tax levied in the state of Washington and its collection accounts for about 30% of Washington's total state and local revenue. It continues to be the most important revenue source for public schools, fire protection, libraries, parks and recreation, and other special-purpose districts.
All real property and personal property is subject to tax unless specifically exempted by law. Personal property also is taxed, although most personal property owned by individuals is exempt. Personal property tax applies to personal property used when conducting business or to other personal property not exempt by law. All property taxes are paid to the county treasurer's office where the property is located. Washington does not impose a tax on assets such as bank accounts, stocks or bonds. Neither does the state assess any tax on retirement income earned and received from another state. Washington does not collect inheritance taxes; however, the estate tax is decoupled from the federal estate tax laws, and therefore the state imposes its own estate tax.
Personal income
[edit]The per capita personal income in 2009 was $41,751, 12th in the nation.[4]
Several notable billionaires, including Jeff Bezos, former Chairman & CEO of Amazon, and Bill Gates, technology advisor and former Chairman & CEO of Microsoft, live in the state. Other state billionaires include Steve Ballmer (Microsoft), Craig McCaw (McCaw Cellular Communications), James Jannard (Oakley), Howard Schultz (Starbucks), and Charles Simonyi (Microsoft).[5][6]
Trade
[edit]
Significant amounts of trade with Asia pass through the ports of the Puget Sound. Washington is the fourth largest exporting state in the United States, after New York, California, and Texas.
The ports of Washington handle 8% of all American exports and receive 6% of the nation's imports.[7]
Industries
[edit]Washington industries by GDP value added 2011
| Industry | GDP value added $ millions 2011 | % of total GDP |
|---|---|---|
| Government | 52,757 | 14.86% |
| Real estate and rental leasing | 43,123 | 12.14% |
| Information | 31,283 | 8.81% |
| Durable good manufacturing | 30,372 | 8.55% |
| Retail trade | 25,057 | 7.06% |
| Healthcare and social assistance | 24,798 | 6.98% |
| Finance and insurance | 17,317 | 4.88% |
| Non-durable good manufacturing | 13,763 | 3.88% |
| Construction | 12,883 | 3.63% |
| Administrative and waste management | 10,403 | 2.93% |
| Accommodation and food services | 10,104 | 2.84% |
| Transportation and warehousing | 9,724 | 2.74% |
| Other services, except government | 8,023 | 2.26% |
| Arts, entertainment and recreation | 2,700 | 0.76% |
| Educational services | 2,094 | 0.59% |
| Mining | 710 | 0.19% |
| Total | 355,083 | 100% |
Manufacturing and commercial
[edit]Key businesses within the state include the design and manufacture of jet aircraft (Boeing), computer software development (Microsoft, Nintendo of America, Valve), online retailers (Amazon, Expedia, Inc.), electronics, biotechnology, aluminum production, lumber and wood products (Weyerhaeuser), mining, and tourism.
A Fortune magazine survey of the top 20 most admired companies in the US included four Washington-based companies: Starbucks, Microsoft, Costco and Nordstrom.[8]
Washington was one of eighteen states which had a government monopoly on sales of alcoholic beverages, although beer and wine with less than 20% alcohol by volume could be purchased in convenience stores and supermarkets. Liqueurs (even if under 20% alcohol by volume) and spirits could only be purchased in state-run or privately owned-state-contracted liquor stores.[9] This however was overturned by 2011's Initiative 1183 which ceased state-run liquor stores as of June 1, 2012.[10]
Agriculture
[edit]
Washington is a leading agricultural state. (The following figures are from the Washington State Office of Financial Management and the USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Washington Field Office). For 2003, the total value of Washington's agricultural products was $5.79 billion, the 11th highest in the country. The total value of its crops was $3.8 billion, the 7th highest. The total value of its livestock and specialty products was $1.5 billion, the 26th highest. In 2010, the total value of the crops was $7.93 billion.[11]
In 2004, Washington ranked first in the nation in production of red raspberries (90.0% of total U.S. production), wrinkled seed peas (80.6%), hops (75.0%), spearmint oil (73.6%), apples (58.1%), sweet cherries (47.3%), pears (42.6%), peppermint oil (40.3%), Concord grapes (39.3%), carrots for processing (36.8%), and Niagara grapes (31.6%). Washington also ranked second in the nation in production of lentils, fall potatoes, dry edible peas, apricots, grapes (all varieties taken together), asparagus (over a third of the nation's production), sweet corn for processing, and green peas for processing; third in tart cherries, prunes and plums, and dry summer onions; fourth in barley and trout; and fifth in wheat, cranberries, and strawberries.
Apples
[edit]The apple industry is of particular importance to Washington. Because of the favorable climate of dry, warm summers and cold winters of central Washington, the state has led the U.S. in apple production since the 1920s.[12] Two areas account for the vast majority of the state's apple crop: the Wenatchee–Okanogan region (comprising Chelan, Okanogan, Douglas, and Grant counties), and the Yakima region (Yakima, Benton and Kittitas counties).[13] The industry was developed by the railroads with the Northern Pacific Railway controlling the Yakima valley and the Great Northern Railway (U.S.) controlling the Wenatchee valley. Commercial apple farming was made possible by district irrigation projects.[14]
Significant early pests were the codling moth and San Jose scale.[14]
The apple industry in the Pacific Northwest distinguished itself from traditional apple growing regions in the east of the country by focusing on the quality of apples delivered to the market rather than the quantity. As a result of this growers in Washington delivered their apples to market packing in boxes as opposed to the barrels used by most established growers.[14]
The Great Depression hurt the industry greatly as widespread economic disruption caused consumers in market cities to decrease consumption. World War II saw most of the Washington apple industry's apples diverted to the war effort with only apples of secondary quality and culls left for the domestic market. This significantly hurt the reputation Washington's apple industry as apples of secondary quality and culls had not been sold on the domestic fresh fruit market before. Improvements and innovation in packaging technology during the war allowed apples to last longer in transit. The rise in commercial trucking after the war radically altered the industry as growers and packers were no longer dependent on the railroads to reach distant markets. Since World War II there has been a trend of consideration in the industry.[14]
Botrytis cinerea is a major apple disease in Washington.[15] SDHIs are commonly used, especially boscalid, which has produced a resistance problem.[15] Yin et al., 2011 provides a molecular diagnostic for a particularly common succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) mutation.[15] Using their own test they also noticed that SDH alone did not entirely determine SDHI resistance, indicating that other factors than the exact nucleotide sequence of this one enzyme are involved in the resistance problem here.[15]
Apple maggots are such a problem here that the state has erected the Apple Maggot Quarantine Area between the west and the east.
The Washington Apple Commission regulates the industry.
Energy
[edit]
Washington is the leading producer of hydroelectric power in the U.S. Hydroelectricity makes up over half of electricity state's electric generation and nearly 35% of its total energy consumption.[16]
Employment
[edit]Employment by industry in Washington[17]
| Industry | Employment thousands March 2013 | Percent of total employment |
|---|---|---|
| Trade, transportation and utilities | 548.2 | 18.84% |
| Government | 540.9 | 18.59% |
| Education and health services | 392.2 | 13.4% |
| Professional and business services | 352.0 | 12.10% |
| Manufacturing | 288.0 | 9.90% |
| Leisure and hospitality | 281.7 | 9.65% |
| Financial activities | 142.3 | 4.89% |
| Other services | 112.4 | 3.86% |
| Information | 104.7 | 3.60% |
| Mining, lodging and construction | 6.1 | 0.21% |
| Total | 2,909.5 | 100% |
Real estate
[edit]At $43 billion, real estate and rental leasing forms 12.14% of total GDP in Washington. (see above)
On December 4, 2016 Bloomberg compared the cost of housing between Vancouver, British Columbia and Seattle. There has been a 50 per cent increase in home prices in Seattle in the past five years, but the median home value is still less than in San Francisco and Los Angeles. As in Vancouver some of the increase in home prices is attributed to Chinese investors.[18][19] On December 9, 2016, The Seattle Times mentioned proposed legislation to allow more and larger mother-in-law apartments and backyard cottages in neighborhoods zoned for single-family houses in Seattle.[20]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Local Sales and Use Tax Rates by City/County" (PDF). Washington State Department of Revenue. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
- ^ a b "Sound Transit 3 sales-tax increase takes effect Saturday". The Seattle Times. 2017-03-31. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
- ^ "Retail sales tax". Washington State Department of Revenue. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
- ^ https://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/spi/2010/pdf/spi0310.pdf Archived 2012-09-21 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2010-17-7
- ^ Ahrens, Frank (September 22, 2006). "No news here ... Gates still richest". The Seattle Times. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
- ^ "Jeff Bezos and Bill Gates got even richer in 2017". Bloomberg News. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
- ^ http://www.washingtonports.org/issues_areas/economic_development/trade_statistics.asp Archived 2010-04-14 at the Wayback Machine Trade Statistics. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ "Top 20 Most Admired Companies". Fortune Magazine. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
- ^ "Washington State Liquor Control Board". Washington State Liquor Control Board. Archived from the original on 2007-06-27. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
- ^ "Washington State Liquor Control Board". Washington State Liquor Control Board. Archived from the original on 2012-05-27. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
- ^ Dininny, Shannon (2011-10-24). "State ag sees a banner year in 2010, promises of more in 2011". Yakima Herald-Republic. Archived from the original on 2012-04-07. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
- ^ Schotzko, Thomas R.; Granatstein, David (2005), A Brief Look at the Washington Apple Industry: Past and Present (PDF), Pullman, WA: Washington State University, p. 1, retrieved 2008-05-09
- ^ Lemons, Hoyt; Rayburn, D. Tousley (July 1945). "The Washington Apple Industry. I. Its Geographic Basis". Economic Geography. 21 (3). Clark University: 161–162, 166. doi:10.2307/141294. JSTOR 141294.
- ^ a b c d Van Lanen, Amanda L. (2022). The Washington Apple. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-9066-2.
- ^ a b c d
- Lucas, John A.; Hawkins, Nichola J.; Fraaije, Bart A. (2015). "The Evolution of Fungicide Resistance". Advances in Applied Microbiology. Vol. 90. Elsevier. pp. 29–92. doi:10.1016/bs.aambs.2014.09.001. ISBN 9780128022757. ISSN 0065-2164. PMID 25596029. S2CID 8176124.
- Sierotzki, Helge; Scalliet, Gabriel (2013). "A Review of Current Knowledge of Resistance Aspects for the Next-Generation Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor Fungicides". Phytopathology. 103 (9). American Phytopathological Society: 880–887. doi:10.1094/phyto-01-13-0009-rvw. ISSN 0031-949X. PMID 23593940. S2CID 21624948.
- Yin, Y. N.; Kim, Y. K.; Xiao, C. L. (2011). "Molecular Characterization of Boscalid Resistance in Field Isolates of Botrytis cinerea from Apple". Phytopathology. 101 (8). American Phytopathological Society: 986–995. doi:10.1094/phyto-01-11-0016. ISSN 0031-949X. PMID 21469935. S2CID 46385225.
- ^ "U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis". www.eia.doe.gov. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ "Washington Economy at a Glance". www.bls.gov.
- ^ "Vancouver Tax Pushes Chinese to $1 Million Seattle Homes". Bloomberg.com. 4 December 2016 – via www.bloomberg.com.
- ^ "Vancouver's housing mess: Could it happen here?". crosscut.com.
- ^ "Ruling expected on attempt to block Seattle's expansion of mother-in-law units". seattletimes.com. 9 December 2016.
