Формула-1
Категория | Одноместный гоночный автомобиль Формулы с открытыми колесами |
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Страна | Международный |
Первый сезон | 1950 |
Драйверы | 20 |
Команды | 10 |
Производители шасси | 10 |
Производители двигателей | |
Tyre suppliers | Pirelli |
Drivers' champion | Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing-Honda RBPT) |
Constructors' champion | Red Bull Racing-Honda RBPT |
Official website | Official website |
Current season |
Formula One |
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Формула-1 , широко известная как Формула-1 или F1 высшего класса , — это международные гонки для одноместных гоночных автомобилей формулы с открытыми колесами, санкционированные Международной автомобильной федерацией (FIA). Чемпионат мира Формулы-1 FIA является одним из ведущих мировых видов гонок с момента его первого проведения в 1950 году . Слово «формула» в названии относится к набору правил, которым должны следовать автомобили всех участников. Сезон Формулы-1 состоит из серии гонок, известных как Гран-при . Гран-при проводятся во многих странах и континентах либо на специально построенных трассах , либо на закрытых дорогах общего пользования.
один для На Гран-при используется система начисления очков для определения двух ежегодных чемпионатов мира: гонщиков и один для конструкторов (команд). Каждый гонщик должен иметь действующую суперлицензию — гоночную лицензию высшего класса, которую выдает FIA, а гонки должны проводиться на трассах первого класса — высшей категории, которую FIA выдает для трасс.
Formula One cars are the world's fastest regulated road-course racing cars, owing to very high cornering speeds achieved by generating large amounts of aerodynamic downforce. Much of this downforce is generated by front and rear wings, which have the side effect of causing severe turbulence behind each car. The turbulence reduces the downforce the cars following directly behind generate, making it hard to overtake. Major changes made to the cars for the 2022 season have resulted in greater use of ground effect aerodynamics and modified wings to reduce the turbulence behind the cars, with the goal of making overtaking easier.[1] The cars depend on electronics, aerodynamics, suspension, and tyres. Traction control, launch control, and automatic shifting, and other electronic driving aids were first banned in 1994. They were briefly reintroduced in 2001, and have more recently been banned since 2004 and 2008, respectively.[2]
With the average annual cost of running a team—designing, building, and maintaining cars, pay, transport—at approximately £220,000,000 (or $265,000,000),[3] Formula One's financial and political battles are widely reported. The Formula One Group is owned by Liberty Media, which acquired it in 2017 from private-equity firm CVC Capital Partners for £6.4 billion ($8 billion).[4][5]
History[edit]
Formula One originated from the World Manufacturers' Championship (1925–1930) and European Drivers' Championship (1931–1939). The formula is a set of rules that all participants' cars must follow. Formula One was a formula agreed upon in 1946 to officially become effective in 1947. The first Grand Prix in accordance with the new regulations was the 1946 Turin Grand Prix, anticipating the formula's official start.[citation needed] Before World War II, a number of Grand Prix racing organisations made suggestions for a new championship to replace the European Championship, but due to the suspension of racing during the conflict, the new International Formula for cars did not become formalised until 1946, to become effective in 1947. The new World Championship was instituted to commence in 1950.[citation needed]
The first world championship race, the 1950 British Grand Prix, took place at Silverstone Circuit in the United Kingdom on 13 May 1950.[6] Giuseppe Farina, competing for Alfa Romeo, won the first Drivers' World Championship, narrowly defeating his teammate Juan Manuel Fangio. Fangio won the championship in 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, and 1957.[7] This set the record for the most World Championships won by a single driver, a record that stood for 46 years until Michael Schumacher won his sixth championship in 2003.[7]
A Constructors' Championship was added in the 1958 season. Stirling Moss, despite being regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers in the 1950s and 1960s, never won the Formula One championship.[8] Between 1955 and 1961, Moss finished second in the championship four times and third the other three times.[9][10] Fangio won 24 of the 52 races he entered—still the record for the highest Formula One winning percentage by an individual driver.[11] National championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Promoters held non-championship Formula One events for many years. Due to the increasing cost of competition, the last of these was held in 1983.[12]
This era featured teams managed by road-car manufacturers, such as Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Mercedes-Benz and Maserati. The first seasons featured prewar cars like Alfa Romeo's 158, which were front-engined, with narrow tyres and 1.5-litre supercharged or 4.5-litre naturally aspirated engines. The 1952 and 1953 seasons were run to Formula Two regulations, for smaller, less powerful cars, due to concerns over the dearth of Formula One cars.[13][14] When a new Formula One formula for engines limited to 2.5 litres was reinstated for the 1954 world championship, Mercedes-Benz introduced its W196, which featured things never seen on Formula One cars before, such as desmodromic valves, fuel injection, and enclosed streamlined bodywork. Mercedes drivers won the championship for the next two years, before the team withdrew from all motorsport competitions due to the 1955 Le Mans disaster.[15]
Technological developments[edit]
The first major technological development in the sport was Bugatti's introduction of mid-engined cars. Jack Brabham, the world champion in 1959, 1960, and 1966, soon proved the mid-engine's superiority over all other engine positions. By 1961 all teams had switched to mid-engined cars. The Ferguson P99, a four-wheel drive design, was the last front-engined Formula One car to enter a world championship race. It entered the 1961 British Grand Prix, the only front-engined car to compete that year.[16]
During 1962, Lotus introduced a car with an aluminium-sheet monocoque chassis instead of the traditional space-frame design. This proved to be the greatest technological breakthrough since the introduction of mid-engined cars.
In 1968, sponsorship was introduced to the sport. Team Gunston became the first team to run cigarette sponsorship on its Brabham cars, which privately entered in orange, brown and gold colours of Gunston cigarettes in the 1968 South African Grand Prix on 1 January 1968.[17] Five months later, the first works team, Lotus, followed this example when it entered its cars painted in the red, gold, and white colours of the Imperial Tobacco's Gold Leaf livery at the 1968 Spanish Grand Prix.
Aerodynamic downforce slowly gained importance in car design with the appearance of aerofoils during the 1968 season. In the late 1970s, Lotus introduced ground-effect aerodynamics, previously used on Jim Hall's Chaparral 2J in 1970, that provided enormous downforce and greatly increased cornering speeds. The aerodynamic forces pressing the cars to the track were up to five times the car's weight. As a result, extremely stiff springs were needed to maintain a constant ride height, leaving the suspension virtually solid. This meant that the drivers depended entirely on the tyres for any small amount of cushioning of the car and driver from irregularities of the road surface.[18]
Big business[edit]
Beginning in the 1970s, Bernie Ecclestone rearranged the management of Formula One's commercial rights; he is widely credited with transforming the sport into the multibillion-dollar business it now is.[19][20] When Ecclestone bought the Brabham team during 1971, he gained a seat on the Formula One Constructors' Association, and in 1978, he became its president.[21] Previously, the circuit owners controlled the income of the teams and negotiated with each individually; Ecclestone persuaded the teams to "hunt as a pack" through FOCA.[20] He offered Formula One to circuit owners as a package they could take or leave. In return for the package, almost all that was required was to surrender trackside advertising.[19]
The formation of the Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA) in 1979 set off the FISA–FOCA war, during which FISA and its president Jean-Marie Balestre argued repeatedly with FOCA over television revenues and technical regulations.[22] The Guardian said that Ecclestone and Max Mosley "used [FOCA] to wage a guerrilla war with a very long-term aim in view". FOCA threatened to establish a rival series and boycotted a Grand Prix, and FISA withdrew its sanction from races.[19] The result was the 1981 Concorde Agreement, which guaranteed technical stability, as teams were to be given reasonable notice of new regulations.[23] Although FISA asserted its right to the TV revenues, it gave FOCA the administration of those rights.[24]
FISA imposed a ban on ground-effect aerodynamics during 1983.[25] But by then, turbocharged engines, which Renault had pioneered in 1977, were producing over 520 kW (700 bhp) and were essential to be competitive. By 1986, a BMW turbocharged engine achieved a flash reading of 5.5 bar (80 psi) pressure, estimated[who?] to be over 970 kW (1,300 bhp) in qualifying for the Italian Grand Prix. The next year, power in race trim reached around 820 kW (1,100 bhp), with boost pressure limited to only 4.0 bar.[26] These cars were the most powerful open-wheel circuit racing cars ever. To reduce engine power output and thus speeds, the FIA limited fuel tank capacity in 1984, and boost pressures in 1988, before banning turbocharged engines completely in 1989.[27]
The development of electronic driver aids began in the 1980s. Lotus began to develop a system of active suspension, which first appeared during 1983 on the Lotus 92.[28] By 1987, this system had been perfected and was driven to victory by Ayrton Senna in the Monaco Grand Prix that year. In the early 1990s, other teams followed suit and semi-automatic gearboxes and traction control were a natural progression. The FIA, due to complaints that technology was determining races' outcomes more than driver skill, banned many such aids for the 1994 season. This resulted in cars that previously depended on electronic aids becoming very "twitchy" and difficult to drive. Observers felt the ban on driver aids was in name only, as they "proved difficult to police effectively".[29]
The teams signed a second Concorde Agreement in 1992 and a third in 1997.[30]
On the track, the McLaren and Williams teams dominated the 1980s and 1990s. Brabham was also competitive during the early 1980s, winning two Drivers' Championships with Nelson Piquet. Powered by Porsche, Honda, and Mercedes-Benz, McLaren won 16 championships (seven constructors' and nine drivers') in that period, while Williams used engines from Ford, Honda, and Renault to also win 16 titles (nine constructors' and seven drivers'). The rivalry between racers Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost became F1's central focus during 1988 and continued until Prost retired at the end of 1993. Senna died at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix after crashing into a wall on the exit of the notorious curve Tamburello. The FIA worked to improve the sport's safety standards since that weekend, during which Roland Ratzenberger also died in an accident during Saturday qualifying. No driver died of injuries sustained on the track at the wheel of a Formula One car for 20 years until the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix, where Jules Bianchi collided with a recovery vehicle after aquaplaning off the circuit, dying nine months later from his injuries. Since 1994, three track marshals have died, one at the 2000 Italian Grand Prix,[31] one at the 2001 Australian Grand Prix[31] and one at the 2013 Canadian Grand Prix.
Since Senna's and Ratzenberger's deaths, the FIA has used safety as a reason to impose rule changes that otherwise, under the Concorde Agreement, would have had to be agreed upon by all the teams—most notably the changes introduced for 1998. This so-called 'narrow track' era resulted in cars with smaller rear tyres, a narrower track overall, and the introduction of grooved tyres to reduce mechanical grip. The objective was to reduce cornering speeds and produce racing similar to rainy conditions by enforcing a smaller contact patch between tyre and track. According to the FIA, this was to reduce cornering speeds in the interest of safety.[32]
Results were mixed, as the lack of mechanical grip resulted in the more ingenious designers clawing back the deficit with aerodynamic grip. This resulted in pushing more force onto the tyres through wings and aerodynamic devices, which in turn resulted in less overtaking, as these devices tended to make the wake behind the car turbulent or 'dirty'. This prevented other cars from following closely due to their dependence on 'clean' air to make the car stick to the track. The grooved tyres also had the unfortunate side effect of initially being of a harder compound to be able to hold the grooved tread blocks, which resulted in spectacular accidents in times of aerodynamic grip failure, as the harder compound could not grip the track as well.
Drivers from McLaren, Williams, Renault (formerly Benetton), and Ferrari, dubbed the "Big Four", won every World Championship from 1984 to 2008. The teams won every Constructors' Championship from 1979 to 2008, as well as placing themselves as the top four teams in the Constructors' Championship in every season between 1989 and 1997, and winning every race but one (the 1996 Monaco Grand Prix) between 1988 and 1997. Due to the technological advances of the 1990s, the cost of competing in Formula One increased dramatically, thus increasing financial burdens. This, combined with the dominance of four teams (largely funded by big car manufacturers such as Mercedes-Benz), caused the poorer independent teams to struggle not only to remain competitive but to stay in business. This effectively forced several teams to withdraw.
Manufacturers' return[edit]
Michael Schumacher and Ferrari won five consecutive Drivers' Championships (2000–2004) and six consecutive Constructors' Championships (1999–2004). Schumacher set many new records, including those for Grand Prix wins (91, since beaten by Lewis Hamilton), wins in a season (13, since beaten by Max Verstappen), and most Drivers' Championships (seven, tied with Lewis Hamilton as of 2021).[33] Schumacher's championship streak ended on 25 September 2005, when Renault driver Fernando Alonso became Formula One's youngest champion at that time (until Lewis Hamilton in 2008 and followed by Sebastian Vettel in 2010). During 2006, Renault and Alonso won both titles again. Schumacher retired at the end of 2006 after 16 years in Formula One, but came out of retirement for the 2010 season, racing for the newly formed Mercedes works team, following the rebrand of Brawn GP.
During this period, FIA frequently changed the championship rules with the intention of improving the on-track action and cutting costs.[34] Team orders, legal since the championship started during 1950, were banned during 2002, after several incidents in which teams openly manipulated race results, generating negative publicity, most famously by Ferrari at the 2002 Austrian Grand Prix. Other changes included the qualifying format, the point-scoring system, the technical regulations, and rules specifying how long engines and tyres must last. A 'tyre war' between suppliers Michelin and Bridgestone saw lap times fall, although, at the 2005 United States Grand Prix at Indianapolis, seven out of ten teams did not race when their Michelin tyres were deemed unsafe for use, leading to Bridgestone becoming the sole tyre supplier to Formula One for the 2007 season by default. On 20 December 2007 Bridgestone signed a contract that officially made it the exclusive tyre supplier for the next three seasons.[35]
During 2006, Max Mosley outlined a 'green' future for Formula One, in which efficient use of energy would be an important factor.[36]
Starting in 2000, with Ford's purchase of Stewart Grand Prix to form the Jaguar Racing team, new manufacturer-owned teams entered Formula One for the first time since Alfa Romeo's and Renault's departures in 1985. By 2006, the manufacturer teams—Renault, BMW, Toyota, Honda, and Ferrari—dominated the championship, taking five of the first six places in the Constructors' Championship. The exception was McLaren, which at the time was part-owned by Mercedes-Benz. Through the Grand Prix Manufacturers Association (GPMA), the manufacturers negotiated a larger share of Formula One's commercial profit and a greater say in the running of the sport.[37]
Manufacturers' decline and return of the privateers[edit]
In 2008 and 2009, Honda, BMW, and Toyota all withdrew from Formula One racing within a year, blaming the economic recession. This resulted in the end of manufacturer dominance of the sport. The Honda F1 team went through a management buyout to become Brawn GP, with Ross Brawn and Nick Fry running and owning the majority of the organisation. Brawn GP laid off hundreds of employees, but won the year's world championships. BMW F1 was bought out by the original founder of the team, Peter Sauber. The Lotus F1 Team[38] was another, formerly manufacturer-owned team that reverted to "privateer" ownership, together with the buy-out of the Renault team by Genii Capital investors. But a link with its previous owners still survived, with its car continuing to be powered by a Renault engine until 2014.
McLaren also announced that it was to reacquire the shares in its team from Mercedes-Benz (McLaren's partnership with Mercedes was reported to have started to sour with the McLaren Mercedes SLR road car project and tough F1 championships, which included McLaren being found guilty of spying on Ferrari). Hence, during the 2010 season, Mercedes-Benz reentered the sport as a manufacturer after it purchased Brawn GP and split with McLaren after 15 seasons with the team.
During the 2009 season, Formula One was gripped by the FIA–FOTA dispute. FIA President Max Mosley proposed numerous cost-cutting measures for the next season, including an optional budget cap for the teams;[39] teams electing to take the budget cap would be granted greater technical freedom, adjustable front and rear wings, and an engine not subject to a rev limiter.[39] The Formula One Teams Association (FOTA) believed that allowing some teams to have such technical freedom would have created a 'two-tier' championship, and thus requested urgent talks with the FIA. But talks broke down and FOTA teams announced, with the exception of Williams and Force India,[40][41] that 'they had no choice' but to form a breakaway championship series.[41]
On 24 June, Formula One's governing body and the teams reached an agreement to prevent a breakaway series. It was agreed teams must cut spending to the level of the early 1990s within two years; exact figures were not specified,[42] and Max Mosley agreed he would not stand for reelection to the FIA presidency in October.[43] Following further disagreements, after Mosley suggested he would stand for reelection,[44] FOTA made it clear that breakaway plans were still being pursued. On 8 July, FOTA issued a press release stating it had been informed it was not entered for the 2010 season,[45] and an FIA press release said the FOTA representatives had walked out of the meeting.[46] On 1 August, it was announced FIA and FOTA had signed a new Concorde Agreement, bringing an end to the crisis and securing the sport's future until 2012.[47]
To compensate for the loss of manufacturer teams, four new teams were accepted entry into the 2010 season ahead of a much anticipated 'cost-cap'. Entrants included a reborn Team Lotus—led by a Malaysian consortium including Tony Fernandes, the boss of Air Asia; Hispania Racing—the first Spanish Formula One team; and Virgin Racing—Richard Branson's entry into the series following a successful partnership with Brawn the year before. They were also joined by the US F1 Team, which planned to run out of the United States as the only non-European-based team in the sport. Financial issues befell the squad before they even made the grid. Despite the entry of these new teams, the proposed cost-cap was repealed and these teams—which did not have the budgets of the midfield and top-order teams—ran around at the back of the field until they collapsed; HRT in 2012, Caterham (formerly Lotus) in 2014 and Manor (formerly Virgin, then Marussia), having survived falling into administration in 2014, at the end of 2016.
Hybrid era[edit]
A major rule shakeup in 2014 saw the 2.4-litre naturally aspirated V8 engines replaced by 1.6-litre turbocharged hybrid power units. This prompted Honda to return to the sport in 2015 as the championship's fourth power unit manufacturer. Mercedes emerged as the dominant force after the rule shakeup, with Lewis Hamilton winning the championship closely followed by his main rival and teammate, Nico Rosberg, with the team winning 16 out of the 19 races that season. The team continued this form in the next two seasons, again winning 16 races in 2015 before taking a record 19 wins in 2016, with Hamilton claiming the title in the former year and Rosberg winning it in the latter by five points. The 2016 season also saw a new team, Haas, join the grid, while Max Verstappen became the youngest-ever race winner at age 18 in Spain.[48]
After revised aerodynamic regulations were introduced, the 2017 and 2018 seasons featured a title battle between Mercedes and Ferrari.[49][50][51][52] Mercedes ultimately won the titles with multiple races to spare and continued to dominate in the next two years,[53] eventually winning seven consecutive Drivers' Championships from 2014 to 2020 and eight consecutive Constructors' titles from 2014 to 2021. During this eight-year period between 2014 and 2021, a Mercedes driver won 111 of the 160 races,[54] with Hamilton winning 81 of these and taking six Drivers' Championships during this period to equal Schumacher's record of seven titles.[55][56][57] In 2021, the Honda-powered Red Bull team began to seriously challenge Mercedes, with Verstappen beating Hamilton to the Drivers' Championship after a season-long battle that saw the pair exchange the championship lead multiple times.
This era has seen an increase in car manufacturer presence in the sport. After Honda's return as an engine manufacturer in 2015, Renault came back as a team in 2016 after buying back the Lotus F1 team. In 2018, Aston Martin and Alfa Romeo became Red Bull and Sauber's title sponsors, respectively. Sauber was rebranded as Alfa Romeo Racing for the 2019 season, while Racing Point part-owner Lawrence Stroll bought a stake in Aston Martin to rebrand the Racing Point team as Aston Martin for 2021. In August 2020, all ten F1 teams signed a new Concorde Agreement committing them to the sport until 2025, including a $145 million budget cap for car development to support equal competition and sustainable development.[58][59]
The COVID-19 pandemic forced the sport to adapt to budgetary and logistical limitations. A significant overhaul of the technical regulations intended to be introduced in the 2021 season was pushed back to 2022,[60] with constructors instead using their 2020 chassis for two seasons and a token system limiting which parts could be modified introduced.[61] The start of the 2020 season was delayed by several months,[62] and both it and 2021 seasons were subject to several postponements, cancellations, and rescheduling of races due to shifting restrictions on international travel. Many races took place behind closed doors and with only essential personnel present to maintain social distancing.[63]
In 2022, the F1 governing body announced a major rule and car design change intended to promote closer racing through the use of ground effects, new aerodynamics, larger wheels with low-profile tyres, and redesigned nose and wing regulations.[64][65] Red Bull emerged as the dominant force after the rule shakeup. The 2022 and 2023 Constructors' and Drivers' Championships were won by Red Bull and Verstappen, with multiple races to spare.[66][67][68][69]
In 2023 the FIA opened applications for new teams to enter Formula 1 in the then near future.[70] Of the teams that applied, only Andretti were approved by the FIA, with them then being rejected by Formula One Management.[71][72]
In early 2024, the Formula One landscape underwent a significant change in the sphere of team sponsorships and collaborations. Having competed for five seasons under the Alfa Romeo name, Sauber introduced a title partnership with the online casino Stake.com, resulting in the team's new identity as Stake F1 Team Kick Sauber. Sauber will hold Stake's sponsorship name until the end of 2025.[73][74]
The regulations governing Formula One are set to be revised for the 2026 season, with big changes planned to help encourage closer and more competitive racing.[75] Changes include:
- Move to fully sustainable fuels,
- MGU-K (Motor Generator Unit - Kinetic) power increased from 120 kW to 350 kW
- More stringent safety requirements
- Tighter budget caps
Racing and strategy[edit]
A Formula One Grand Prix event spans a weekend. It typically begins with two free practice sessions on Friday, and one free practice on Saturday. Additional drivers (commonly known as third drivers) are allowed to run on Fridays, but only two cars may be used per team, requiring a race driver to give up their seat. A qualifying session is held after the last free practice session. This session determines the starting order for the race on Sunday.[76][77]
Tyre rules[edit]
Each driver may use no more than thirteen sets of dry-weather tyres, four sets of intermediate tyres, and three sets of wet-weather tyres during a race weekend.[78]
Qualifying[edit]
For much of the sport's history, qualifying sessions differed little from practice sessions; drivers would have one or more sessions in which to set their fastest time, with the grid order determined by each driver's best single lap, with the fastest getting first place on the grid, referred to as pole position. From 1996 to 2002, the format was a one-hour shootout. This approach lasted until the end of 2002 before the rules were changed again because the teams were not running in the early part of the session to take advantage of better track conditions later on.[79]
Grids were generally limited to 26 cars – if the race had more entries, qualification would also decide which drivers would start the race. During the early 1990s, the number of entries was so high that the worst-performing teams had to enter a pre-qualifying session, with the fastest cars allowed through to the main qualifying session. The qualifying format began to change in the early 2000s, with the FIA experimenting with limiting the number of laps, determining the aggregate time over two sessions, and allowing each driver only one qualifying lap.
The current qualifying system was adopted in the 2006 season. Known as "knock-out" qualifying, it is split into three periods, known as Q1, Q2, and Q3. In each period, drivers run qualifying laps to attempt to advance to the next period, with the slowest drivers being "knocked out" of qualification (but not necessarily the race) at the end of the period and their grid positions set within the rearmost five based on their best lap times. Drivers are allowed as many laps as they wish within each period. After each period, all times are reset, and only a driver's fastest lap in that period (barring infractions) counts. Any timed lap started before the end of that period may be completed and will count toward that driver's placement. The number of cars eliminated in each period is dependent on the total number of cars entered into the championship.[80]
Currently, with 20 cars, Q1 runs for 18 minutes, and eliminates the slowest five drivers. During this period, any driver whose best lap takes longer than 107% of the fastest time in Q1 will not be allowed to start the race without permission from the stewards. Otherwise, all drivers proceed to the race albeit in the worst starting positions. This rule does not affect drivers in Q2 or Q3. In Q2, the 15 remaining drivers have 15 minutes to set one of the ten fastest times and proceed to the next period. Finally, Q3 lasts 12 minutes and sees the remaining ten drivers decide the first ten grid positions. At the beginning of the 2016 Formula 1 season, the FIA introduced a new qualifying format, whereby drivers were knocked out every 90 seconds after a certain amount of time had passed in each session. The aim was to mix up grid positions for the race, but due to unpopularity, the FIA reverted to the above qualifying format for the Chinese GP, after running the format for only two races.[80]
Each car is allocated one set of the softest tyres for use in Q3. The cars that qualify for Q3 must return them after Q3; the cars that do not qualify for Q3 can use them during the race.[81] As of 2022, all drivers are given a free choice of tyre to use at the start of the Grand Prix,[82] whereas in previous years only the drivers that did not participate in Q3 had free tyre choice for the start of the race. Any penalties that affect grid position are applied at the end of qualifying. Grid penalties can be applied for driving infractions in the previous or current Grand Prix, or for changing a gearbox or engine component. If a car fails scrutineering, the driver will be excluded from qualifying but will be allowed to start the race from the back of the grid at the race stewards' discretion.
2021 saw the trialling of a 'sprint qualifying' race on the Saturday of three race weekends, with the intention of testing the new approach to qualifying. The traditional qualifying would determine the starting order for the sprint, and the result of the sprint would then determine the start order for the Grand Prix.[83] The system returned for the 2022 season, now titled the 'sprint'.[84] From 2023, sprint races no longer impacted the start order for the main race, which would be determined by traditional qualifying. Sprints would have their own qualifying session, titled the 'sprint shootout';[85] such a system made its debut at the 2023 Azerbaijan Grand Prix and is set to be used throughout all sprint sessions in place of the traditional second free practice session. Sprint qualifying sessions are run much shorter than traditional qualifying, and each session required teams to fit new tyres - mediums for SQ1 and SQ2, and softs for SQ3 - otherwise they cannot participate in the session.[86]
Race[edit]
The race begins with a warm-up lap, after which the cars assemble on the starting grid in the order they qualified. This lap is often referred to as the formation lap, as the cars lap in formation with no overtaking (although a driver who makes a mistake may regain lost ground). The warm-up lap allows drivers to check the condition of the track and their car, gives the tyres a chance to warm up to increase traction and grip, and also gives the pit crews time to clear themselves and their equipment from the grid for the race start.
Once all the cars have formed on the grid, after the medical car positions itself behind the pack,[87] a light system above the track indicates the start of the race: five red lights are illuminated at intervals of one second; they are all then extinguished simultaneously after an unspecified time (typically less than 3 seconds) to signal the start of the race. The start procedure may be abandoned if a driver stalls on the grid or on the track in an unsafe position, signalled by raising their arm. If this happens, the procedure restarts: a new formation lap begins with the offending car removed from the grid. The race may also be restarted in the event of a serious accident or dangerous conditions, with the original start voided. The race may be started from behind the Safety Car if race control feels a racing start would be excessively dangerous, such as extremely heavy rainfall. As of the 2019 season, there will always be a standing restart. If due to heavy rainfall a start behind the safety car is necessary, then after the track has dried sufficiently, drivers will form up for a standing start. There is no formation lap when races start behind the Safety Car.[88]
Under normal circumstances, the winner of the race is the first driver to cross the finish line having completed a set number of laps. Race officials may end the race early (putting out a red flag) due to unsafe conditions such as extreme rainfall, and it must finish within two hours, although races are only likely to last this long in the case of extreme weather or if the safety car is deployed during the race. When a situation justifies pausing the race without terminating it, the red flag is deployed; since 2005, a ten-minute warning is given before the race is resumed behind the safety car, which leads the field for a lap before it returns to the pit lane (before then the race resumed in race order from the penultimate lap before the red flag was shown).
In the 1950s, race distances varied from 300 km (190 mi) to 600 km (370 mi). The maximum race length was reduced to 400 km (250 mi) in 1966 and 325 km (202 mi) in 1971. The race length was standardised to the current 305 km (190 mi) in 1989. However, street races like Monaco have shorter distances, to keep under the two-hour limit.
Drivers may overtake one another for position over the course of the race. If a leader comes across a backmarker (slower car) who has completed fewer laps, the back marker is shown a blue flag[89] telling them that they are obliged to allow the leader to overtake them. The slower car is said to be "lapped" and, once the leader finishes the race, is classified as finishing the race "one lap down". A driver can be lapped numerous times, by any car in front of them. A driver who fails to complete more than 90% of the race distance is shown as "not classified" in the results.
Throughout the race, drivers may make pit stops to change tyres and repair damage (from 1994 to 2009 inclusive, they could also refuel). Different teams and drivers employ different pit stop strategies in order to maximise their car's potential. Three dry tyre compounds, with different durability and adhesion characteristics, are available to drivers. Over the course of a race, drivers must use two of the three available compounds. The different compounds have different levels of performance and choosing when to use which compound is a key tactical decision to make. Different tyres have different colours on their sidewalls; this allows spectators to understand the strategies.
Under wet conditions, drivers may switch to one of two specialised wet weather tyres with additional grooves (one "intermediate", for mild wet conditions, such as after recent rain, one "full wet", for racing in or immediately after rain). A driver must make at least one stop to use two tyre compounds; up to three stops are typically made, although further stops may be necessary to fix damage or if weather conditions change. If rain tyres are used, drivers are no longer obliged to use both types of dry tyres.
Race director[edit]
This role involves managing the logistics of each F1 Grand Prix, inspecting cars in parc fermé before a race, enforcing FIA rules, and controlling the lights which start each race. As the head of the race officials, the race director also plays a large role in resolving disputes among teams and drivers. The race director may also refer incidents to the race stewards, who may give penalties, such as drive-through penalties (or stop-and-go penalties), demotions on a pre-race start grid, race disqualifications and fines should parties break regulations. As of 2023, the race director is Niels Wittich, with Herbie Blash as a permanent advisor.[90]
Safety car[edit]
In the event of an incident that risks the safety of competitors or trackside race marshals, race officials may choose to deploy the safety car. This in effect suspends the race, with drivers following the safety car around the track at its speed in race order, with overtaking not permitted. Cars that have been lapped may, during the safety car period and depending on circumstances permitted by the race director, be allowed to un-lap themselves in order to ensure a smoother restart and to avoid blue flags being immediately thrown upon the resumption of the race with many of the cars in very close proximity to each other. The safety car circulates until the danger is cleared; after it comes in, the race restarts with a "rolling start". Pit stops are permitted under the safety car. Since 2000, the main safety car driver has been German ex-racing driver Bernd Mayländer.[91] On the lap in which the safety car returns to the pits, the leading car takes over the role of the safety car until the timing line. After crossing this line, drivers are allowed to start racing for track position once more. Mercedes-Benz supplies Mercedes-AMG models to Formula One to use as the safety cars. From 2021 onwards, Aston Martin supplies the Vantage to Formula One to use as the safety car, sharing the duty with Mercedes-Benz.[92]
Flags[edit]
Flags specifications and usage are prescribed by Appendix H of the FIA's International Sporting Code.[93]
Flag | Name | Meaning |
---|---|---|
SC Board (Safety Car) | Shown in conjunction with a yellow flag to indicate that the Safety Car is on track. Full course yellow flag applies. Drivers must hold position and slow down. | |
VSC Board (Virtual Safety Car) | Shown in conjunction with a yellow flag to indicate that the virtual safety car is in use. During this time, the drivers are given minimum sector times that they must stay above. Full course double yellow flag applies. The car's time relative to this set time is measured at each marshalling post (approximately every 50 m), and the difference is referred to as the car's "delta" time. This delta time is reported to the driver, and must remain positive throughout the VSC period else the driver will be penalised.[94] | |
Yellow | Indicates a hazard on or near the track (waved yellows indicate a hazard on the track, frozen yellows indicate a hazard near the track). Double waved yellows inform drivers that they must slow down as marshals are working on or near to the track and drivers should be prepared to stop. | |
Green | Normal racing conditions apply. This is usually shown following a yellow flag to indicate that the hazard has been passed. A green flag is shown at all stations for the lap following the end of a full-course yellow (or safety car). A green flag is also shown at the start of a session. | |
Yellow and red striped | Slippery track, due to oil, water, or loose debris. Can be seen 'rocked' from side to side (not waved) to indicate a small animal on track. | |
Blue | A blue flag indicates that the driver in front must let faster cars behind them pass because they are being lapped. If the flag is missed 3 times, the driver could be penalised. Accompanied by the driver's number. | |
White | Indicates that there is a slow car ahead, either a race car or a course vehicle. Often waved at the end of the pit lane when a car is about to leave the pits. | |
Black and orange circle | Car is damaged or has a mechanical problem, must return to the pit lane immediately. Will be accompanied by driver's number | |
Half black half white | Warns a driver for poor sportsmanship or dangerous behaviour. Can be followed by a Black flag upon further infringement. Accompanied by the driver's number. | |
Black | Driver is disqualified. Will be accompanied by the driver's number. This can be issued after a Half Black Half White flag. | |
Red | A red flag immediately halts a race or session when conditions become too dangerous to continue. | |
Chequered flag | End of the practice, qualifying, or racing session. |
The format of the race has changed little through Formula One's history. The main changes have revolved around what is allowed at pit stops. In the early days of Grand Prix racing, a driver would be allowed to continue a race in their teammate's car should theirs develop a problem – in the modern era, cars are so carefully fitted to drivers that this has become impossible. In recent years, the emphasis has been on changing refuelling and tyre change regulations.
Since the 2010 season, refuelling – which was reintroduced in 1994 – has not been allowed, to encourage less tactical racing following safety concerns. The rule requiring both compounds of tyre to be used during the race was introduced in 2007, again to encourage racing on the track. The safety car is another relatively recent innovation that reduced the need to deploy the red flag, allowing races to be completed on time for a growing international live television audience.
Points system[edit]
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | 10th | FL* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25 | 18 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
*A driver must finish within the top ten to receive a point for setting the fastest lap of the race. If the driver who set the fastest lap finishes outside of the top ten, then the point for fastest lap will not be awarded for that race.[95]
Various systems for awarding championship points have been used since 1950. The current system, in place since 2010, awards the top ten cars points in the Drivers' and Constructors' Championships, with the winner receiving 25 points. All points won at each race are added up, and the driver and constructor with the most points at the end of the season are crowned World Champions. Regardless of whether a driver stays with the same team throughout the season, or switches teams, all points earned by them count for the Drivers' Championship.[96]
A driver must be classified in order to receive points, as of 2022[update], a driver must complete at least 90% of the race distance in order to receive points. Therefore, it is possible for a driver to receive points even if they retired before the end of the race.[97]
From some time between the 1977 and 1980 seasons to the end of the 2021 season if less than 75% of the race laps were completed by the winner, then only half of the points listed in the table were awarded to the drivers and constructors. This has happened on only five occasions in the history of the championship, and it had a notable influence on the final standing of the 1984 season. The last occurrence was at the 2021 Belgian Grand Prix when the race was called off after just three laps behind a safety car due to torrential rain.[98][99] The half points rule was replaced by a distance-dependent gradual scale system for 2022.[100]
Constructors[edit]
A Formula One constructor is the entity credited for designing the chassis and the engine.[101] If both are designed by the same company, that company receives sole credit as the constructor (e.g., Ferrari). If they are designed by different companies, both are credited, and the name of the chassis designer is placed before that of the engine designer (e.g., McLaren-Mercedes). All constructors are scored individually, even if they share either chassis or engine with another constructor (e.g., Williams-Ford, Williams-Honda in 1983).[102]
Since 1981,[103] Formula One teams have been required to build the chassis in which they compete, and consequently the distinction between the terms "team" and "constructor" became less pronounced, though engines may still be produced by a different entity. This requirement distinguishes the sport from series such as the IndyCar Series which allows teams to purchase chassis, and "spec series" such as Formula 2 which require all cars be kept to an identical specification. It also effectively prohibits privateers, which were common even in Formula One well into the 1970s.
The sport's debut season, 1950, saw eighteen teams compete, but due to high costs, many dropped out quickly. In fact, such was the scarcity of competitive cars for much of the first decade of Formula One that Formula Two cars were admitted to fill the grids. Ferrari is the oldest Formula One team, the only still-active team which competed in 1950.
Early manufacturer involvement came in the form of a "factory team" or "works team" (that is, one owned and staffed by a major car company), such as those of Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, or Renault. Ferrari holds the record for having won the most Constructors' Championships (sixteen).
Companies such as Climax, Repco, Cosworth, Hart, Judd and Supertec, which had no direct team affiliation, often sold engines to teams that could not afford to manufacture them. In the early years, independently owned Formula One teams sometimes also built their engines, though this became less common with the increased involvement of major car manufacturers such as BMW, Ferrari, Honda, Mercedes-Benz, Renault, and Toyota, whose large budgets rendered privately built engines less competitive. Cosworth was the last independent engine supplier.[104] It is estimated the major teams spend between €100 and €200 million ($125–$225 million) per year per manufacturer on engines alone.[105]
In the 2007 season, for the first time since the 1981 rule, two teams used chassis built by other teams. Super Aguri started the season using a modified Honda Racing RA106 chassis (used by Honda the previous year), while Scuderia Toro Rosso used the same chassis used by the parent Red Bull Racing team, which was formally designed by a separate subsidiary. The usage of these loopholes was ended for 2010 with the publication of new technical regulations, which require each constructor to own the intellectual property rights to their chassis,[106][107] The regulations continue to allow a team to subcontract the design and construction of the chassis to a third-party, an option used by the HRT team in 2010 and Haas currently.
Although teams rarely disclose information about their budgets, it is estimated they range from US$66 million to US$400 million each.[108]
Entering a new team in the Formula One World Championship requires a $200 million up-front payment to the FIA, which is then shared equally among the existing teams.[109] As a consequence, constructors desiring to enter Formula One often prefer to buy an existing team: BAR's purchase of Tyrrell and Midland's purchase of Jordan allowed both of these teams to sidestep the large deposit and secure the benefits the team already had, such as TV revenue.
Seven out of the ten teams competing in Formula One are based close to London in an area centred around Oxford. Ferrari have both their chassis and engine assembly in Maranello, Italy. The RB Formula One Team is based close to Ferrari in Faenza, whilst Sauber Motorsport is based near Zurich in Switzerland.[110][111]
Drivers[edit]
Every team in Formula One must run two cars in every session in a Grand Prix weekend, and every team may use up to four drivers in a season.[77] A team may also run two additional drivers in Free Practice sessions,[77] which are often used to test potential new drivers for a career as a Formula One driver or gain experienced drivers to evaluate the car.[112][113] Most drivers are contracted for at least the duration of a season, with driver changes taking place in-between seasons, in comparison to early years when drivers often competed on an ad hoc basis from race to race. Each competitor must be in the possession of a FIA Super Licence to compete in a Grand Prix,[114] which is issued to drivers who have met the criteria of success in junior motorsport categories and having achieved 300 kilometres (190 mi) of running in a Formula One car. Drivers may also be issued a Super Licence by the World Motor Sport Council if they fail to meet the criteria.[114] Although most drivers earn their seat on ability, commercial considerations also come into play with teams having to satisfy sponsors and financial demands.
Teams also contract test and reserve drivers to stand in for regular drivers when necessary and develop the team's car; although with the reduction on testing the reserve drivers' role mainly takes places on a simulator,[115] such as rFactor Pro,[116][117] which is used by most of the F1 teams.[118][119]
Each driver chooses an unassigned number from 2 to 99 (excluding 17 which was retired following the death of Jules Bianchi)[120] upon entering Formula One and keeps that number during their time in the series. The number one is reserved for the reigning Drivers' Champion, who retains their previous number and may choose to use it instead of the number one.[121] At the onset of the championship, numbers were allocated by race organisers on an ad hoc basis from race to race.[122]
Permanent numbers were introduced in 1973 to take effect in 1974, when teams were allocated numbers in ascending order based on the Constructors' Championship standings at the end of the 1973 season. The teams would hold those numbers from season to season with the exception of the team with the World Drivers' Champion, which would swap its numbers with the one and two of the previous champion's team. New entrants were allocated spare numbers, with the exception of the number 13 which had been unused since 1976.[123]
As teams kept their numbers for long periods of time, car numbers became associated with a team, such as Ferrari's 27 and 28.[122] A different system was used from 1996 to 2013: at the start of each season, the current Drivers' Champion was designated number one, their teammate number two, and the rest of the teams assigned ascending numbers according to previous season's Constructors' Championship order.[124]
As of 2024[update], a total of 34 separate drivers have won the World Drivers' Championship, with Michael Schumacher and Lewis Hamilton holding the record for most championships with seven. Lewis Hamilton achieved the most race wins, too, in 2020. Jochen Rindt is the only posthumous World Champion, after his points total was not surpassed despite his fatal accident at the 1970 Italian Grand Prix, with 4 races still remaining in the season. Drivers from the United Kingdom have been the most successful in the sport, with 20 championships among 10 drivers, and 310 wins.[125]
Feeder series[edit]
Most F1 drivers start in kart racing competitions, and then come up through traditional European single-seater series like Formula Ford and Formula Renault to Formula 3, and finally the GP2 Series. GP2 started in 2005, replacing Formula 3000, which itself had replaced Formula Two as the last major stepping-stone into F1. GP2 was rebranded as the FIA Formula 2 Championship in 2017. Most champions from this level graduate into F1, but 2006 GP2 champion Lewis Hamilton became the first F2, F3000 or GP2 champion to win the Formula One drivers' title in 2008.[126]
Drivers are not required to have competed at this level before entering Formula One. British F3 has supplied many F1 drivers, with champions, including Nigel Mansell, Ayrton Senna and Mika Häkkinen having moved straight from that series to Formula One, and Max Verstappen made his F1 debut following a single season in European F3. More rarely a driver may be picked from an even lower level, as was the case with 2007 World Champion Kimi Räikkönen, who went straight from Formula Renault to F1.[127]
American open-wheel car racing has also contributed to the Formula One grid. CART champions Mario Andretti and Jacques Villeneuve became F1 World Champions, while Juan Pablo Montoya won seven races in F1. Other CART (also known as ChampCar) champions, like Michael Andretti and Alessandro Zanardi won no races in F1. Other drivers have taken different paths to F1; Damon Hill raced motorbikes, and Michael Schumacher raced in sports cars, albeit after climbing through the junior single-seater ranks. Former F1 driver Paul di Resta raced in DTM until he was signed with Force India in 2011.
Grands Prix[edit]
The number of Grands Prix held in a season has varied over the years. The inaugural 1950 World Championship season comprised only seven races, while the 2021, 2022 and 2023 seasons each contained 22 races, the highest number of World Championship races in one season.[128] There were no more than 11 Grands Prix per season during the early decades of the championship, although a large number of non-championship Formula One events also took place. The number of Grands Prix increased to an average of 16 to 17 by the late 1970s, while non-championship events ended in 1983. More Grands Prix began to be held in the 2000s, and recent seasons have seen an average of 21 races. 24 races are scheduled for the 2024 season.
Six of the original seven races took place in Europe; the only non-European race that counted towards the World Championship in 1950 was the Indianapolis 500, which was held to different regulations and later replaced by the United States Grand Prix. The F1 championship gradually expanded to other non-European countries. Argentina hosted the first South American Grand Prix in 1953, and Morocco hosted the first African World Championship race in 1958. Asia and Oceania followed (Japan in 1976 and Australia in 1985), and the first race in the Middle East was held in 2004. The 19 races of the 2014 season were spread over every populated continent except for Africa, with 10 Grands Prix held outside Europe.
Some of the Grands Prix pre-date the formation of the World Championship, such as the French Grand Prix and were incorporated into the championship as Formula One races in 1950. The British and Italian Grands Prix are the only events to have been held every Formula One season; other long-running races include the Belgian, German, and French Grands Prix. The Monaco Grand Prix was first held in 1929 and has run continuously since 1955 (with the exception of 2020) and is widely considered to be one of the most important and prestigious automobile races in the world.[129]
All Grands Prix have traditionally been run during the day, until the inaugural Singapore Grand Prix hosted the first Formula One night race in 2008,[130] which was followed by the day–night Abu Dhabi Grand Prix in 2009 and the Bahrain Grand Prix which converted to a night race in 2014. Other Grands Prix in Asia have had their start times adjusted to benefit the European television audience.[131]
Contracted Grands Prix[edit]
The following twenty-four Grands Prix, all of which appeared on the 2024 schedule, have a contract to be hosted at the listed circuits for the 2025 season:
- The Saudi Arabian Grand Prix will move to a purpose built circuit in Qiddiya in 2028.
- The Spanish Grand Prix will move to a street circuit in Madrid in 2026.
Returning additions (2008–present)[edit]
Bold denotes the Grands Prix scheduled as part of the 2024 season.
- European Grand Prix at Valencia Street Circuit (2008–2012)
- United States Grand Prix at Circuit of the Americas (2012–2019, 2021–present)
- Austrian Grand Prix at Red Bull Ring (2014–present)
- Mexican Grand Prix at Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez (2015–2019); renamed Mexico City Grand Prix (2021–present)[156]
- European Grand Prix at Baku City Circuit (2016; renamed the Azerbaijan Grand Prix for 2017–2019, 2021–present)
- French Grand Prix at Circuit Paul Ricard (2018–2019, 2021–2022)
- Portuguese Grand Prix at Algarve International Circuit (2020–2021)[a]
- Imola Circuit with the Emilia Romagna Grand Prix (2020–2022, 2024–present; previously hosted the Italian Grand Prix and the San Marino Grand Prix)[b]
- Dutch Grand Prix at Circuit Zandvoort (2021–present)
New Locations Initiative (2008–present)[edit]
Bold denotes the Grands Prix scheduled as part of the 2024 season.
Since 2008, the Formula One Group has been targeting new "destination cities" to expand its global reach, with the aim to produce races from countries that have not previously been involved in the sport. This initiative started with the 2008 Singapore Grand Prix.[157]
Race | Years | Circuit | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Singapore Grand Prix | 2008–2019, 2022– | Marina Bay Street Circuit | First race to take place outside of daylight hours. 2020 and 2021 races cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic. |
Abu Dhabi Grand Prix | 2009– | Yas Marina Circuit | |
Korean Grand Prix | 2010–2013 | Korea International Circuit | Discontinued due to poor attendance figures. |
Indian Grand Prix | 2011–2013 | Buddh International Circuit | Discontinued due to local government tax classification dispute. |
Russian Grand Prix | 2014–2021 | Sochi Autodrom | Planned to move to Igora Drive from 2023. 2022 event cancelled and contract terminated following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[158] |
Azerbaijan Grand Prix | 2017–2019, 2021– | Baku City Circuit | Previously called the European Grand Prix in 2016. 2020 race cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic. |
Saudi Arabian Grand Prix | 2021– | Jeddah Corniche Circuit | |
Qatar Grand Prix | 2021, 2023– | Lusail International Circuit | Called in last minute to replace the Australian Grand Prix. Has a ten-year contract from 2023. Was originally due to be held at a new venue from 2023 onwards, although this did not transpire. |
Miami Grand Prix | 2022– | Miami International Autodrome | |
Las Vegas Grand Prix | 2023– | Las Vegas Street Circuit |
Circuits[edit]
Formula One races must be held on grade one tracks, the highest grade-rating issued by the FIA for tracks.[159]
A typical circuit features a stretch of straight road on which the starting grid is situated. The pit lane, where the drivers stop for tyres, aerodynamic adjustments and minor repairs (such as changing the car's nose due to front wing damage) during the race, retirements from the race, and where the teams work on the cars before the race, is normally located next to the starting grid. The layout of the rest of the circuit varies widely, although in most cases the circuit runs in a clockwise direction. Those few circuits that run anticlockwise (and therefore have predominantly left-handed corners) can cause drivers neck problems due to the enormous lateral forces generated by F1 cars pulling their heads in the opposite direction to normal. A single race requires hotel rooms to accommodate at least 5,000 visitors.[160]
Most of the circuits currently in use are specially constructed for competition. The current street circuits are Monaco, Melbourne, Singapore, Baku, Miami,[citation needed] Jeddah, and Las Vegas although races in other urban locations come and go (Detroit, for example) and proposals for such races. The glamour and history of the Monaco race are the primary reasons why the circuit is still in use, even though it does not meet the strict safety requirements imposed on other tracks. Three-time World champion Nelson Piquet famously described racing in Monaco as "like riding a bicycle around your living room".[161]
Circuit design to protect the safety of drivers is becoming increasingly sophisticated, as exemplified by the Bahrain International Circuit, added in 2004 and designed – like most of F1's new circuits – by Hermann Tilke. Several of the new circuits in F1, especially those designed by Tilke, have been criticised as lacking the "flow" of such classics as Spa-Francorchamps and Imola. His redesign of the Hockenheim circuit in Germany for example, while providing more capacity for grandstands and eliminating extremely long and dangerous straights, has been frowned upon by many who argue that part of the character of the Hockenheim circuits was the long and blinding straights into dark forest sections. These newer circuits, however, are generally agreed to meet the safety standards of modern Formula One better than the older ones.
The Circuit of the Americas in Austin, the Sochi Autodrom in Sochi and the Baku City Circuit in Azerbaijan have all been introduced as brand new tracks since 2012. In 2020, Algarve International Circuit debuted on the F1 calendar as the venue of the Portuguese Grand Prix, with the country having last hosted a race in 1996.[a] In 2021, Circuit Zandvoort returned to the F1 calendar as the Dutch Grand Prix, having last hosted a race in 1985. The Las Vegas Grand Prix entered the sport in 2023.[162]
Cars and technology[edit]
Modern Formula One cars are mid-engined, hybrid, semi-open cockpit, open-wheel single-seaters. The chassis is made largely of carbon-fibre composites, rendering it light but extremely stiff and strong. The whole car, including the driver but not fuel, weighs only 795 kg (1,753 lb) – the minimum weight set by the regulations.[163] If the construction of the car is lighter than the minimum, it can be ballasted up to add the necessary weight. The race teams take advantage of this by placing this ballast at the extreme bottom of the chassis, thereby locating the centre of gravity as low as possible in order to improve handling and weight transfer.[164]
The cornering speed of Formula One cars is largely determined by the aerodynamic downforce that they generate, which pushes the car down onto the track. This is provided by "wings" mounted at the front and rear of the vehicle, and by ground effect created by low air pressure under the flat bottom of the car. The aerodynamic design of the cars is very heavily constrained to limit performance. The previous generation of cars sported a large number of small winglets, "barge boards", and turning vanes designed to closely control the flow of the air over, under, and around the car.
The other major factor controlling the cornering speed of the cars is the design of the tyres. From 1998 to 2008, the tyres in Formula One were not "slicks" (tyres with no tread pattern) as in most other circuit racing series. Instead, each tyre had four large circumferential grooves on its surface designed to limit the cornering speed of the cars.[165] Slick tyres returned to Formula One in the 2009 season. Suspension is double wishbone or multilink front and rear, with pushrod operated springs and dampers on the chassis – one exception being that of the 2009 specification Red Bull Racing car (RB5) which used pullrod suspension at the rear, the first car to do so since the Minardi PS01 in 2001. Ferrari used a pullrod suspension at both the front and rear in their 2012 car.[166] Both Ferrari (F138) and McLaren (MP4-28) of the 2013 season used a pullrod suspension at both the front and the rear. In 2022, McLaren (MCL36) and Red Bull Racing (RB18) switched to a pullrod front suspension and push rod rear suspension.[167][168]
Carbon-carbon disc brakes are used for reduced weight and increased frictional performance. These provide a very high level of braking performance and are usually the element that provokes the greatest reaction from drivers new to the formula.
In 2022, the technical regulations changed considerably in order to reduce the turbulence (commonly referred to as "dirty air") produced by the aerodynamics of the car. This includes a redesigned front and rear wing, larger wheels with a lower tyre profile, wheel covers, small winglets, the banning of barge boards, and the reintroduction of Ground effect downforce production. These have been changed to promote racing, meaning cars lose less downforce when following another car. It allows cars to follow another at a much closer distance, without extending the gap due to the turbulent air.[169] (See 2022 Formula One World Championship Technical regulations)
Formula One cars must have four wheels made of the same metallic material, which must be one of two magnesium alloys specified by the FIA.[170] Magnesium alloy wheels made by forging are used to achieve maximum unsprung rotating weight reduction.[171] As of 2022, the wheels are covered with "spec" (Standardised) Wheel Covers, the wheel diameter has increased from 13 inches to 18 inches (reducing the "tyre profile"), and small winglets have been placed over the front tyres.[172]
Starting with the 2014 Formula 1 season, the engines have changed from a 2.4-litre naturally aspirated V8 to turbocharged 1.6-litre V6 "power-units".[173] These get a significant amount of their power from electric motors. In addition, they include a lot of energy recovery technology. Engines run on unleaded fuel closely resembling publicly available petrol.[174] The oil which lubricates and protects the engine from overheating is very similar in viscosity to water. The 2006 generation of engines spun up to 20,000 rpm and produced over 580 kW (780 bhp).[175] For 2007, engines were restricted to 19,000 rpm with limited development areas allowed, following the engine specification freeze since the end of 2006.[176] For the 2009 Formula One season the engines were further restricted to 18,000 rpm.[177]
A wide variety of technologies – including active suspension[178] are banned under the current regulations. Despite this the current generation of cars can reach speeds in excess of 350 km/h (220 mph) at some circuits.[179] The highest straight line speed recorded during a Grand Prix was 372.6 km/h (231.5 mph), set by Juan Pablo Montoya during the 2005 Italian Grand Prix.[180] A BAR-Honda Formula One car, running with minimum downforce on a runway in the Mojave Desert achieved a top speed of 415 km/h (258 mph) in 2006. According to Honda, the car fully met the FIA Formula One regulations.[181]
Even with the limitations on aerodynamics, at 160 km/h (99 mph) aerodynamically generated downforce is equal to the weight of the car, and the oft-repeated claim that Formula One cars create enough downforce to "drive on the ceiling", while possible in principle, has never been put to the test. Downforce of 2.5 times the car's weight can be achieved at full speed. The downforce means that the cars can achieve a lateral force with a magnitude of up to 3.5 times that of the force of gravity (3.5g) in cornering.[182] Consequently, the driver's head is pulled sideways with a force equivalent to the weight of 20 kg in corners. Such high lateral forces are enough to make breathing difficult and the drivers need supreme concentration and fitness to maintain their focus for the one to two hours that it takes to complete the race. A high-performance road car like the Enzo Ferrari only achieves around 1g.[183]
As of 2019[update], each team may have no more than two cars available for use at any time.[184] Each driver may use no more than four engines during a championship season unless they drive for more than one team. If more engines are used, they drop ten places on the starting grid of the event at which an additional engine is used. The only exception is where the engine is provided by a manufacturer or supplier taking part in its first championship season, in which case up to five may be used by a driver.[185] Each driver may use no more than one gearbox for six consecutive events; every unscheduled gearbox change requires the driver to drop five places on the grid unless they failed to finish the previous race due to reasons beyond the team's control.[186]
As of 2019[update], each driver is limited to three power units per season, before incurring grid penalties.
Revenue and profits[edit]
This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Needs update to account for the ban in private testing and cost caps..(September 2021) |
In March 2007, F1 Racing published its annual estimates of spending by Formula One teams.[187] The total spending of all eleven teams in 2006 was estimated at $2.9 billion US. This was broken down as follows: Toyota $418.5 million, Ferrari $406.5 m, McLaren $402 m, Honda $380.5 m, BMW Sauber $355 m, Renault $324 m, Red Bull $252 m, Williams $195.5 m, Midland F1/Spyker-MF1 $120 m, Toro Rosso $75 m, and Super Aguri $57 million.
Costs vary greatly from team to team. Honda, Toyota, McLaren-Mercedes, and Ferrari were estimated to have spent approximately $200 million on engines in 2006, Renault spent approximately $125 million and Cosworth's 2006 V8 was developed for $15 million.[188] In contrast to the 2006 season on which these figures are based, the 2007 sporting regulations banned all performance-related engine development.[189]
Formula One teams pay entry fees of $500,000, plus $5,000 per point scored the previous year or $6,000 per point for the winner of the Constructors' Championship. Formula One drivers pay a FIA Super Licence fee, which in 2013 was €10,000 plus €1,000 per point.[190]
There have been controversies with the way profits are shared among the teams. The smaller teams have complained that the profits are unevenly shared, favouring established top teams. In September 2015, Force India and Sauber officially lodged a complaint with the European Union against Formula One questioning the governance and stating that the system of dividing revenues and determining the rules is unfair and unlawful.[191]
The cost of building a brand-new permanent circuit can be up to hundreds of millions of dollars, while the cost of converting a public road, such as Albert Park, into a temporary circuit is much less. Permanent circuits, however, can generate revenue all year round from leasing the track for private races and other races, such as MotoGP. The Shanghai International Circuit cost over $300 million[192] and the Istanbul Park circuit cost $150 million to build.[193]
A number of Formula One drivers earn the highest salary of any drivers in auto racing. The highest-paid driver in 2021 is Lewis Hamilton, who received $55 million in salary from Mercedes AMG Petronas F1 – a record for any driver.[194] The very top Formula One drivers get paid more than IndyCar or NASCAR drivers; however, the earnings immediately fall off after the top three F1 drivers, and the majority of NASCAR racers will make more money than their F1 counterparts.[195] Most top IndyCar drivers are paid around a tenth of their Formula One counterparts.[194]
In the second quarter of 2020, Formula One reported a loss revenue of $122 million and an income of $24 million. This was a result of the delay of the racing championship start as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The company grossed revenues of $620 million for the same quarter the previous year.[196]
Future[edit]
The expense of Formula One has seen the FIA and the Formula One Commission attempt to create new regulations to lower the costs for a team to compete in the sport.[197][198]
Following their purchase of the commercial rights to the sport in 2017, Liberty Media announced their vision for the future of Formula One at the 2018 Bahrain Grand Prix. The proposal identified five key areas, including streamlining the governance of the sport, emphasising cost-effectiveness, maintaining the sport's relevance to road cars and encouraging new manufacturers to enter the championship whilst enabling them to be competitive.[199] Liberty cited 2021 as their target date as it coincided with the need to renew commercial agreements with the teams and the end of the seven-year cycle[original research?] of engine development that started in 2014.
19 августа 2020 года было объявлено, что все 10 команд подписали новое Соглашение Согласия. [200] This came into effect at the start of the 2021 season and changed how prize money and TV revenue is distributed.[201]
Воздействие окружающую на среду
Формула-1 запустила план по достижению углеродно-нейтральной политики к 2030 году. К 2025 году все мероприятия должны стать «устойчивыми», включая отказ от одноразового пластика и обеспечение повторного использования, переработки или компостирования всех отходов. [202]
По оценкам отчета, проведенного Формулой-1, в сезоне 2019 года на эту серию пришлось 256 000 тонн выбросов углекислого газа , при этом выяснилось, что 45% выбросов приходится на логистику и только 0,7% приходится на выбросы самих автомобилей. [203] [204]
В январе 2020 года FIA и Формула-1 подписали программу ООН «Спорт для борьбы с изменением климата». После объявления о подписании президент FIA Жан Тодт заявил: «Как международная федерация, состоящая из 244 членов в 140 странах и лидер в области автоспорта и развития мобильности, мы полностью привержены глобальной защите окружающей среды. Подписание этого соглашения ООН «Спорт для климата» Программа действий усиливает импульс, который набирал силу в нашей Федерации на протяжении многих лет. С момента внедрения гибридной силовой установки в Формуле-1 до создания Комиссии по окружающей среде и устойчивому развитию все сообщество FIA инвестирует время, энергию и финансовые ресурсы в это. преимущества экологических инноваций. Мы стремимся способствовать повышению осведомленности и передовому опыту в области стандартов устойчивого развития автоспорта». [205]
С сезона 2021–2022 годов все автомобили увеличат содержание биокомпонента в топливе, используя топливо E10 , а не 5,75% этанола, используемого в настоящее время. Ожидается, что в будущем этот процент снова вырастет. [206] В декабре 2020 года FIA заявила, что разработала топливо со 100% экологичностью, которое будет использоваться в Формуле-1 с 2025 или 2026 года, когда вступят в силу новые правила в отношении двигателей. [207]
неравенство Социальное
Перед началом чемпионата мира Формулы-1 2020 года Формула-1 объявила и запустила инициативу #WeRaceAsOne. [208] Инициатива в первую очередь фокусируется на видимом проявлении солидарности в борьбе с расизмом в выходные дни Гран-при, а также на создании оперативной группы Формулы 1, которая «будет выслушивать людей со всего паддока [...] и делать выводы по поводу ситуации». действия, необходимые для улучшения разнообразия и возможностей в Формуле 1 на всех уровнях». [208] Этот шаг вызван растущими вопросами о расизме и глобальном неравенстве, увековечиваемом этим видом спорта. За 70-летнюю историю чемпионата мира доминировали европейские и белые гонщики, причем первый (и единственный) чернокожий гонщик Льюис Хэмилтон участвовал в чемпионате мира с 2007 года. [209]
Помимо общеорганизационных мер, отдельные команды также признали недостатки культурной и политической активности в этом виде спорта. В сезоне 2020 года команда Mercedes-AMG Petronas F1 провела исследование своего расового состава и обнаружила, что примерно 95% ее сотрудников составляют белые. [210] По результатам исследования команда изменила окраску автомобиля для продвижения антирасистских посланий, а также запустила программу Accelerate 25. Программа обещает, что до 2025 года примерно 25% всех новых сотрудников команды будут принадлежать к меньшинствам, недостаточно представленным в спорте. [211]
20 гонщиков на старте также неоднократно выражали солидарность в борьбе с расизмом как на трассе, так и за ее пределами. После убийства Джорджа Флойда летом 2020 года все двадцать водителей были одеты в футболки с надписью «Покончим с расизмом» и приняли участие в организованной акции протеста против расизма во время предгоночных формальностей. [212] В течение года Льюис Хэмилтон по-прежнему высказывался в своей предгоночной одежде, а другие гонщики время от времени носили одежду, требующую перемен. [ нужна ссылка ]
Освещение СМИ в
Формула-1 транслируется в прямом эфире или с задержкой почти во всех странах и территориях и привлекает одну из крупнейших мировых телевизионных аудиторий. Сезон 2008 года привлек мировую аудиторию в 600 миллионов человек на гонку. [213] Совокупная телевизионная аудитория в сезоне 2001 года оценивалась в 54 миллиарда человек и транслировалась на 200 территорий. [214]
В начале 1990-х годов Formula One Group создала ряд товарных знаков, официальный логотип, официальный пакет телевизионной графики, а в 2003 году - официальный веб-сайт этого вида спорта, пытаясь придать ему фирменный стиль.
Все телеканалы используют так называемую «World Feed», исторически производимую либо «ведущей телекомпанией», либо Управлением Формулы-1 (FOM). У принимающей телекомпании был либо один канал для всех, либо два отдельных канала – канал для местных зрителей и канал для международных зрителей. Подход «один размер подходит всем» означал, что во время мероприятия наблюдалась предвзятость к определенной команде или гонщику, что приводило к тому, что зрители пропускали более важные действия и инциденты, в то время как подход с двумя подачами означал, что повторы (например, при возвращении из рекламы перерыв), и действие местной предвзятости может быть наложено на местный канал, в то время как международный канал останется неизменным.
Единственной станцией, которая отличалась от этой системы, была «DF1» (переименованная в «Premiere», а затем в «Sky Deutschland») - немецкий канал, который предлагает все сеансы в прямом эфире и в интерактивном режиме, с такими функциями, как бортовой канал и пит-лейн. каналы. Эта услуга была куплена Берни Экклстоуном в конце 1996 года и стала F1 Digital Plus, которая стала более широко доступной по всей Европе до конца 2002 года, когда стоимость цифровой интерактивной услуги стала считаться слишком высокой.
примет формат HD . 12 января 2011 года Формула-1 объявила, что в сезоне 2011 года [215]
29 июля 2011 года было объявлено, что Sky Sports и BBC объединятся, чтобы показывать гонки Формулы-1 с 2012 по 2018 год. Sky запустила специальный канал Sky Sports F1 , который транслировал все гонки в прямом эфире без коммерческих перерывов, а также прямые тренировки. и квалификационные сессии, а также программы Формулы-1, включая интервью, архивные мероприятия и журнальные показы. [216] В 2012 году BBC транслировала в прямом эфире половину гонок сезона. [217] BBC расторгла свой телевизионный контракт после сезона 2015 года, на три года раньше, чем планировалось. [218] Права на бесплатное вещание приобрел «4 канал» до конца сезона 2018 года. [219] Освещение Sky Sports F1 осталось без изменений, а освещение BBC Radio 5 Live и 5 Sports Extra было продлено до 2021 года. [220] По состоянию на 2022 год права на такое освещение имеют BBC Radio 5 Live и 5 Sports Extra до 2024 года. [221]
Хотя Sky Sports и Channel 4 являются двумя основными вещателями Формулы-1, другие страны показывают гонки Формулы-1. Многие используют комментарии Sky Sports или Channel 4. В большинстве стран Азии (за исключением Китая) к двум основным вещателям Формулы-1 относятся сеть Fox и Star Sports (в Индии). В Соединенных Штатах ESPN владеет официальными правами на трансляцию этого вида спорта, в то время как ABC также владеет правами на бесплатное вещание некоторых гонок под баннером ESPN на ABC . В Германии, Австрии и Швейцарии двумя основными вещательными компаниями являются RTL Germany и n-TV. В Китае есть несколько каналов, которые транслируют Формулу-1, включая CCTV, Tencent, Guangdong TV и Shanghai TV. [222] В настоящее время во Франции единственным каналом, транслирующим Формулу-1, является платный телеканал Canal+ , который продлил свои права на вещание до 2024 года. [223]
На официальном сайте Формулы-1 есть временные диаграммы, которые можно использовать во время гонки, чтобы следить за таблицей лидеров в режиме реального времени. Официальное приложение доступно в Apple App Store с 2009 года. [224] и в Google Play с 2011 года, [225] который показывает пользователям в режиме реального времени информацию о позициях водителей, времени и комментариях. [226] 26 ноября 2017 года Формула-1 представила новый логотип, который заменил предыдущий «летающий», использовавшийся с 1993 года. [227]
В марте 2018 года FOM объявила о запуске F1 TV, потоковой платформы OTT , которая позволяет зрителям одновременно смотреть несколько видеопотоков и экранов хронометража в дополнение к традиционным съемкам гонок и комментариям. [228] В апреле 2024 года FOM запустил бесплатный канал потокового телевидения (FAST), поддерживаемый рекламой, известный в США как канал Формулы 1, на котором транслируются классические Гран-при, документальные фильмы и анализ прошлых гонок. [229]
чемпионатом мира Разница и между гонками Формулы- 1
В настоящее время термины «гонка Формулы-1» и «гонка чемпионата мира» фактически являются синонимами. С 1984 года каждая гонка Формулы-1 засчитывается в чемпионат мира, и каждая гонка чемпионата мира проводится в соответствии с правилами Формулы-1. Однако эти два термина не являются взаимозаменяемыми.
- Первая гонка Формулы-1 состоялась в 1946 году. [230] тогда как чемпионат мира начался только в 1950 году. [230]
- В 1950-х и 1960-х годах было много гонок Формулы-1, которые не учитывались в чемпионате мира; [231] в 1950 году всего было проведено двадцать две гонки Формулы-1, из которых только шесть засчитались в чемпионат мира. [230] Количество гонок Формулы-1, не относящихся к чемпионату, уменьшилось на протяжении 1970-х и 1980-х годов до такой степени, что последней гонкой Формулы-1, не относящейся к чемпионату, стала Гонка чемпионов 1983 года . [231]
- Чемпионат мира не всегда состоял исключительно из соревнований Формулы-1:
- Чемпионат мира изначально был создан как «Чемпионат мира среди пилотов», то есть без термина «Формула-1» в названии. Официально чемпионатом мира Формулы-1 он стал только в 1981 году.
- С 1950 по 1960 год гонка Индианаполис 500 засчитывалась в чемпионат мира. [231] Эта гонка проводилась в соответствии с Американской автомобильной ассоциации , а затем и Автомобильного клуба США , правилами чемпионата автомобилей а не правилами Формулы-1. Только один из постоянных игроков чемпионата мира, Альберто Аскари в 1952 году , стартовал в Индианаполисе в этот период. [232]
- С 1952 по 1953 год все гонки, засчитываемые в чемпионат мира (кроме Индианаполиса 500), проводились в соответствии с правилами Формулы-2. [231] Формула-1 в этот период не была заменена на Формулу-2; Правила Формулы-1 остались прежними, и за это время было проведено множество гонок Формулы-1, не относящихся к чемпионату. [233] [234]
Это различие наиболее актуально при рассмотрении карьерных обзоров и списков за все время. Например, в пилотов Формулы-1 Списке Клементе Биондетти показан с единственной гонкой против своего имени. Биондетти фактически участвовал в четырех гонках Формулы-1 в 1950 году. [235] но только один из них засчитался на чемпионат мира.
В более ранней истории Формулы-1 многие гонки проводились за пределами чемпионата мира, а также проводились местные чемпионаты, соответствующие правилам Формулы-1. Эти соревнования часто проходили на трассах, которые не всегда подходили для чемпионата мира, и в них участвовали местные автомобили и гонщики, а также участники чемпионата. [12]
вне чемпионата Европы Гонки
В первые годы существования Формулы-1, до учреждения чемпионата мира, с конца весны до начала осени в Европе проводилось около двадцати гонок, хотя не все из них считались значимыми. Наиболее конкурентоспособные автомобили были произведены в Италии, особенно Alfa Romeo . После старта чемпионата мира эти внечемпионские гонки продолжились. В 1950-х и 1960-х годах было много гонок Формулы-1, которые не учитывались в чемпионате мира; в 1950 году всего было проведено двадцать две гонки Формулы-1, из которых только шесть засчитывались в чемпионат мира. [230] В 1952 и 1953 годах, когда чемпионат мира проводился в соответствии с правилами Формулы-2, соревнования, не относящиеся к чемпионату, были единственными гонками Формулы-1, которые проводились.
В некоторых гонках, особенно в Великобритании, включая « Гонку чемпионов» , Международный золотой кубок Оултон-Парка и Международный трофей , приняли участие большинство претендентов на звание чемпиона мира. Другие более мелкие соревнования регулярно проводились в местах, не являющихся частью чемпионата, такие как Гран-при Сиракуз и Дании , хотя они привлекали лишь небольшое количество команд чемпионата и полагались на частные заявки и автомобили Формулы более низкого уровня для составления сетки. [12] В 1970-е годы они стали менее распространенными, а в 1983 году состоялась последняя гонка Формулы-1, не относящаяся к чемпионату; Гонка чемпионов 1983 года в Брэндс-Хэтче, которую выиграл действующий чемпион мира Кеке Росберг на автомобиле Williams-Cosworth в рукопашной схватке с американцем Дэнни Салливаном . [12]
Чемпионат Южной Африки - 1 Формулы
Процветающий внутренний чемпионат Формулы-1 в Южной Африке длился с 1960 по 1975 год. Лидирующие автомобили этой серии недавно сошли с чемпионата мира, хотя существовал также значительный выбор машин местного производства или модифицированных машин.
чемпионат Формулы 1 - Британский
DFV помог сделать возможным проведение внутреннего чемпионата Формулы- 1 в Великобритании в период с 1978 по 1980 год. Как и в Южной Африке десятью годами ранее, подержанные автомобили таких производителей, как Lotus и Fittipaldi Automotive, были в порядке вещей, хотя некоторые из них, такие как March 781 , были построены специально для этой серии. В 1980 году в сериале южноафриканка Дезире Уилсон стала единственной женщиной, выигравшей гонку Формулы-1, одержав победу в Брэндс-Хэтче на Wolf WR3 . [236]
См. также [ править ]
Примечания [ править ]
- ↑ Перейти обратно: Перейти обратно: а б Гран-при Португалии включен в календарь на 2020 год после отмены мероприятий из-за пандемии COVID-19. Он был включен в календарь на 2021 год по причинам, не связанным с пандемией.
- ↑ Гран-при Эмилии-Романьи включено в календарь на 2020 год после отмены мероприятий из-за пандемии COVID-19. Позже его продлили до 2025 года.
Ссылки [ править ]
- ^ «10 вещей, которые вам нужно знать о совершенно новой машине Формулы-1 2022 года» . www.formula1.com . Архивировано из оригинала 25 мая 2022 года . Проверено 21 апреля 2022 г.
- ^ «Формула-1 запрещает трекшн-контроль в 2008 году» . Би-би-си Спорт . Би-би-си Спорт. 30 марта 2007 г. Архивировано из оригинала 3 января 2020 г. . Проверено 3 января 2020 г.
- ^ Зюльт, Кристиан (20 апреля 2020 г.). «Ожидается, что сокращение бюджета Формулы-1 приведет к сокращению 1600 рабочих мест» . Дейли Телеграф . Архивировано из оригинала 14 июня 2022 года . Проверено 14 июня 2022 г.
- ^ «Берни Экклстоун отстранен от должности, поскольку Liberty Media завершает поглощение за 8 миллиардов долларов» . Би-би-си Спорт . 23 января 2017 г. Архивировано из оригинала 26 февраля 2020 г. . Проверено 23 января 2017 г.
Берни Экклстоун был отстранен от должности руководителя Формулы-1, поскольку американский гигант Liberty Media завершил поглощение этого вида спорта стоимостью 8 миллиардов долларов (6,4 миллиарда фунтов стерлингов).
- ^ «Корпорация Liberty Media завершает приобретение Формулы-1» . Корпорация Либерти Медиа . Архивировано из оригинала 12 декабря 2019 года . Проверено 7 декабря 2018 г.
- ^ «Факты о трассе Сильверстоун и ее месте в календаре Формулы-1, которые вы, возможно, не знали» . Музей Сильверстоуна . 27 мая 2021 г. Архивировано из оригинала 18 мая 2023 г. Проверено 18 мая 2023 г.
- ↑ Перейти обратно: Перейти обратно: а б «Михаэль Шумахер превосходит своих соперников и обгоняет Хуана Мануэля Фанхио» . Мир . 13 октября 2003 г. Архивировано из оригинала 18 мая 2023 г. Проверено 18 мая 2023 г.
- ^ Лоутон, Джеймс (18 сентября 2011 г.). «Гамильтон все еще на пути к величию» . Независимый . Лондон. Архивировано из оригинала 25 мая 2022 года . Проверено 2 ноября 2021 г.
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- ^ Бэмси, Ян; Бенцинг, Энрико; Стэннифорт, Аллан; Лоуренс, Майк (1988). Автомобили Гран-при мощностью 1000 л.с. Издательство Гильдии. стр. 8–9. ISBN 978-0-85429-617-0 . Выступление BMW на Гран-при Италии является самым высоким квалификационным показателем, полученным в Бэмси. Цифры предоставлены Хейни Мадером , который обслуживал двигатели для команды Benetton , хотя значения максимальной мощности за этот период обязательно были приблизительными; BMW Например, динамометр мог измерять мощность только до 820 кВт (1100 л.с.). Более высокие значения оцениваются на основе показаний давления в камере сгорания двигателя. Мощность в гоночной комплектации в то время была ниже, чем в квалификации, из-за необходимости большей надежности и топливной экономичности во время гонки.
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