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Red Wolf (comics)

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Red Wolf
Publication information
PublisherMarvel Comics
First appearance(Talltrees)
Avengers #80
(September 1970)
(Wakely)
Marvel Spotlight #1
(November 1971)
(Thunderhead)
Red Wolf #7
(May 1973)
(Wildrun)
Fantastic Four Annual #25 (October 1992)
Created by(Talltrees)
Roy Thomas
John Buscema
(Wakely-Thunderhead)
Gardner Fox
Syd Shores
(Wildrun)
Mark Gruenwald
Herb Trimpe
In-story information
Alter ego- Wildrun
- Johnny Wakely
- Thomas Thunderhead
- William Talltrees
Team affiliations(Wildrun)
The Anachronauts
(Wakely)
The Sensational Seven
(Talltrees)
The Rangers
Notable aliases(Talltrees)
Owayodata
Abilities(Talltrees)
Highly skilled hand-to-hand combatant
Experienced wrestler
Adept combat gymnast
Superb archer
Expert marksman with throwing weapons and tracker
Skilled animal trainer
Superhuman strength and sensory acuity

Red Wolf is a superhero identity used by several fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Those who assume the identity are Native American heroes with mystical powers and a trusted wolf companion named Lobo.[1]

Publication history

[edit]

Red Wolf is Marvel's first Native American superhero.[2] The William Talltrees version of Red Wolf first appeared in the story "The Coming of Red Wolf!" published in Avengers #80 (cover-dated Sept. 1970), and was created by Roy Thomas and John Buscema.[3] The character appeared also in the next issue.

Shortly afterward, Marvel editor-in-chief Stan Lee began prominently incorporating minorities and female characters into the Marvel lineup. According to Thomas, he and Lee both wanted Marvel to have a book with a Native American hero, but Lee didn't want it to be a modern-day character. "I guess he was trying to see if he could find a way to get a Western to sell, because everybody in the field wanted to write or draw a Western," Thomas speculated.[4] For this reason, when Red Wolf was given the starring spot in the first issue of the tryout series Marvel Spotlight (cover-dated November 1971), the character in the Red Wolf identity was 19th Century Johnny Wakely instead of the previously introduced Will Talltrees.[4]

Following his successful tryout in Marvel Spotlight, the character became the star of the nine-issue series Red Wolf (May 1972 - Sept. 1973). The stories delved into American Indian culture and were set in the Old West.[2][5] These adventures featured Johnny Wakely in issues #1-6 and Thomas Thunderhead in #7-9, both Red Wolf predecessors of William Talltrees. The Wakely version appeared in subsequent comic books about the Old West. The Thunderhead version, who lives in the 1970s, was never used again.

In 1976, writer Tony Isabella made the Talltrees version and the superheroine Tigra a team in Marvel Chillers #3, 5 and 6. In the issue #7, Jim Shooter wrote a story where the two superheroes fought the Super Skrull. Years later, in the story "You Get What You Need!" published in The Incredible Hulk vol. 2, #265 (Nov. 1981), writer Bill Mantlo and penciller Sal Buscema created the superhero team the Rangers, consisting of Western characters Bonita Juarez / Firebird, Victoria Starvin / Shooting Star, Drew Daniels / Texas Twister, Hamilton Slade / Phantom Rider, then called Night Rider, and William Talltrees, the contemporary Red Wolf.[6]

In Fantastic Four Annual #25 (Oct. 1992), writer Mark Gruenwald and penciller Herb Trimpe created the Anachronauts, Kang the Conqueror's personal guard. Among them, there was Wildrun, the first of the Red Wolves. The character appeared in subsequent comic books featuring the Anachronauts until his last appearance in Avengers Forever #3 (February 1999).[7]

The Wakely version of Red Wolf appeared in 2000's Blaze of Glory: The Last Ride of the Western Heroes. John Ostrander, the creator of this comic book series, remade the character as a western vigilante.[8] In 2006, Red Wolf has an entry in the Marvel Westerns: Outlaw Files (June 2006).[9] The same year, writer Karl Kesel and penciller Carmine Di Giandomenico wrote a story on the Wakely version of Red Wolf in Mighty Marvel Western - Western Legends #1 (September 2006).[10]

Johnny Wakely also appeared in 2010's Rawhide Kid: The Sensational Seven. The series includes a mix of actual, real world Western heroes and ones from Marvel continuity.[11] In an interview with Comic Book Resources, writer Ron Zimmerman revealed that Red Wolf and his canine companion Lobo would get a bit of a reinvention in the series. He pointed to Red Wolf as his favorite character in the book, next to Rawhide Kid and expressed an interest in writing a spinoff title starring the character. "Red Wolf is probably the only one on the team that is the intellectual equal of Rawhide Kid," said the writer. "I would liken him a little bit to Hank McCoy. He's incredibly well educated and very articulate. This isn't Tonto. This guy will hopefully read as funny, because he's nothing like any other Native American of that day - other than the fact that he's not crazy about white people. He's a little bit of a racist. But still, he's a hero."[12]

In a 2011 interview, writer Jason Aaron revealed that in his original outline of Astonishing Spider-Man & Wolverine, the title characters would have been stranded in the 15th century where Spider-Man would have started the New World Avengers with Sasquatch, Red Wolf and an Aztec Ghost Rider.[13]

The following year, writer Chris Yost chose the Texas team the Rangers to come into conflict with Houston's new superhero Scarlet Spider in the story "The Second Master" in Scarlet Spider #7-9.[14][15]

In 2015, a Red Wolf from an alternate universe of Earth-51920 appears in the series 1872. In this universe, the Marvel heroes lives in a Wild West environment, where Red Wolf became deputy of a town called Timely.[16][17] After Secret Wars, this Red Wolf was placed in the mainstream Marvel Universe and has a difficult time remembering his past life.[citation needed] He becomes the deputy of a Santa Rosa Police Department, but later agrees to go with Clint Barton on a cross country trip to help those in need and to find out more about himself in the Occupy Avengers book.[citation needed] The 2015 relaunch was developed by S'Klallam artist Jeffrey Veregge.[18]

Fictional character biography

[edit]

Wildrun

[edit]

Wildrun is the Red Wolf of the 19th century in the Wild West. In order for the Cheyenne to have a place to live, he drove the Sioux away from the plains. Kang the Conqueror is the only man to have defeated him in battle. As a result, Wildrun swore loyalty to Kang and became a member of his personal guard, the Anachronauts. In Avengers Forever, Libra, who somehow knows Wildrun, described him as "the first of the Red Wolves."[7][19]

Johnny Wakely

[edit]

Johnny Wakely was the adopted name of a Cheyenne man who was raised from childhood by a white couple in the late 19th century.[20] His adoptive parents were killed by Native Americans in retaliation for the U.S. Army cavalry's massacre of their own people. Some time later, a local land baron tried to buy the Wakely property; when Johnny refused to sell, the land baron's hired guns burned down the house. Trying to find his place in this world, Johnny joined the U.S. Cavalry at Fort Rango as a scout, but although accepted by the commanding officer found himself shunned and despised by the soldiers. While on a scouting mission to find a renegade Indian war party, Johnny's position was accidentally given away. Pursued by the warriors, Wakely stumbled into the burial place of a former warrior known as Red Wolf and was visited by the spirit of a Cheyenne god named Owayodata. He was given the ceremonial garb of the Red Wolf, and the coup stick, his totem of power, and became the first known recorded Red Wolf.[21] Red Wolf used his new-found great skills and prowess to promote peace between the white and Native American peoples.[22] He fought and defeated Ursa the Man Bear[23] and Devil Rider.[24]

Later, Johnny Wakely teamed up with Rawhide Kid, Kid Colt, Doc Holliday, Annie Oakley, Billy the Kid and The Two-Gun Kid to track the villainous Cristo Pike after Pike and his gang kidnap Wyatt and Morgan Earp.[25][26][27]

Thomas Thunderhead

[edit]

Thomas Thunderhead is the Red Wolf during pre-modern era, 1970s. He helped the police officer Jill Tomahawk.[28] Together, they battled King Cycle[29][30] and later Clayton Bickford.[31][32] Red Wolf was also once assisted by Gabriel, Devil Hunter and Dragonfly.[33][34]

William Talltrees

[edit]

William Talltrees is a man born in modern times, born in Wolf Point, Montana. He was the son of Rebecca and Thomas Talltrees, a Cheyenne tribal leader, and grew up hearing tales of the legendary Red Wolf.[35][36][37] William witnessed his father being intimidated into selling his property to corrupt businessman Cornelius van Lunt and his enforcer Jason Birch; that night, van Lunt's henchmen killed William's family. William swore vengeance, finding and donning the ceremonial garb of Red Wolf. Owayodata visited him and imbued the young man with his spiritual legacy, granting him superhuman powers. The new Red Wolf found a wolf cub that he named Lobo and trained to be his companion. Following the two criminals back to New York, he was able to gain vengeance on them with the aid of the Avengers.[35][38][39]

Alongside Tigra, Red Wolf battled the Super-Skrull and the Rat Pack.[40] Alongside Phantom Rider III, Firebird, Texas Twister, and Shooting Star, he battled the Hulk, and rescued Rick Jones from the Corruptor. Red Wolf joined these other four heroes as part of the first incarnation of the short-lived superhero team, the Rangers.[41] Alongside the Defenders, Red Wolf battled some trolls.[42] Alongside the Rangers again, Red Wolf battled the West Coast Avengers while under the influence of the demon Riglevio possessing Shooting Star.[43]

It was revealed that Will Talltrees was part of a squad of Marines during the Vietnam War, along with Willie Lincoln, Josh Cooper, Jim Rhodes and others named Fong and Janes. They were part of an attack on a village that resulted in the slaughter of the parents of The Bengal. As an adult, Bengal resurfaced to take vengeance on those Marines,[44] but has since turned away from his vendetta. Red Wolf suffered a crisis of faith caused by his defeat at the hands of the Bengal.[45][46]

Some time later, Red Wolf adopted a new wolf cub.[45] Alongside Doctor Strange and the Black Crow, Red Wolf stopped the Cheyenne pantheon from taking vengeance for the Cheyenne people.[47] Red Wolf later battled false eco-terrorists in the employ of Roxxon Oil Company. They tried to destroy a Roxxon pipeline crossing a Canadian and an American Blackfeet Indian Reservation, as well as to assassinate Mellisa Sparrow Bear, an Indian negotiator.[48][49]

Weeks after the conclusion to the "Civil War" storyline in 2007, Red Wolf was seen as a member of Texas' new government-sponsored superhero team, the revived Rangers, as part of the Fifty State Initiative Program.[50]

During the 2008 "Secret Invasion" storyline, a Skrull had posed as Lobo and attacked Delroy Garrett, Eric O'Grady / Ant-Man and the Rangers in a Skrull/wolf-like form. When Red Wolf asked it what they did with the real Lobo, the Skrull-Lobo says that he'll learn his wolf's fate soon enough when he shares it with him. Delroy and Red Wolf subdued the Skrull-Lobo and Shooting Star shot him.[51][52] The Rangers come into conflict with Kaine (alias Scarlet Spider) in Houston,[15][53][54] then they joined forces with him to battle a monster made of pure energy.[53][55]

Powers and abilities

[edit]

The wolf spirit Owayodata (a god of the Cheyenne pantheon) granted William Talltrees superhuman strength, and sensory acuity heightened to superhuman levels. He is also a highly skilled hand-to-hand combatant, an experienced wrestler, an adept combat gymnast, a superb archer, and an expert marksman with throwing weapons. He is an expert tracker, and a skilled animal trainer. His weapons include a coup stick (a six-foot wooden staff used as a bow or javelin), a tomahawk, a hunting knife, and a bow and arrows.

Wildrun displayed no superhuman abilities, but presumably had the same enhanced senses and tracking skills as his successors. His weapons are a bow, dagger and spear. Sometimes, when he was a member of the Anachronauts, he used explosive arrows.

Thomas Thunderhead was able to cause his coup stick and his wolf companion Lobo to appear from nowhere, and Lobo also possessed the power of intangibility.

Supporting cast

[edit]

Except Wildrun, the three other characters have a wolf companion named Lobo in nearly all their adventures. In Marvel Super-Heroes #2 (1990), William Talltrees used a horse named Ranger.[56]

Other characters named Red Wolf

[edit]

Apache Red Wolf

[edit]

In Rawhide Kid #27 (April 1962), writer Stan Lee and artists Jack Kirby and Dick Ayers introduced an Apache warrior named Red Wolf. This character appeared in the issue's second story, "The Girl, the Gunman, and the Apaches!". Red Wolf and other Apaches attacked a covered wagon and brought back a blonde woman to their camp, and encountered her rescuer, the Rawhide Kid.[57]

24th Century Red Wolf

[edit]

In the story "Red Wolf Stalks the Stars!" published in Hercules vol. 2, #2-4 (April–June 1984), written and pencilled by Bob Layton, the Greek-demigod superhero Hercules adventured with a character named Red Wolf (Rojahn Smythe) in an alternate reality during the 24th century. This Red Wolf has no known connection to the Native American superheroes.[58] The character had come about, Layton later said, when Marvel editor-in-chief Jim Shooter declined to commission a Red Wolf miniseries by Layton, who explained "Red Wolf was another one of those forgotten characters I spoke about — like Hercules. I really wanted to do something fun with that character."[59]

1872 Red Wolf

[edit]

During the "Secret Wars" storyline, a Wild West version of Red Wolf is a Native American of the Cheyenne tribe residing in the Battleworld domain of the Valley of Doom which is made from the remnants of Earth-51920. He tried to destroy Roxxon Dam which was blocking a river that led into the native territories and got caught by Turk Barrett and the rest of Mayor Wilson Fisk's men. Upon being tipped off by a boy, Ben Urich informed Sheriff Steve Rogers who intervened and took Red Wolf into custody so that he would stand trial for the crimes that he was accused of. Mayor Fisk objected to this and secretly sent Turk Barrett and his men to the Sheriff Department to dispose of Red Wolf which failed and resulted in Sheriff Rogers and Red Wolf killing Turk Barrett and the rest of Mayor Fisk's men.[60]

After hearing what happened during the scuffle between Red Wolf, Sheriff Rogers, and Mayor Fisk's men, Governor Roxxon sent his minions Bullseye, Elektra, Grizzly, and Otto Octavius into intimidating Judge Franklin Nelson into leaving town so that he wouldn't preside over Red Wolf's trial. Sheriff Rogers' friend Natasha Barnes was against his idea of harboring Red Wolf as she claimed that the Cheyenne killed her husband Deputy Bucky Barnes with Sheriff Rogers stating that Mayor Fisk's men framed him. When Bullseye, Elektra, Grizzly, and Otto Octavius arrive in town to help Mayor Fisk do away with Red Wolf, Sheriff Rogers undid his shackles and they fought them which resulted in Sheriff Rogers killing Octavius while Elektra and Grizzly pursued Red Wolf. While Sheriff Rogers saved Red Wolf from Grizzly, Bullseye killed Sheriff Rogers. Natasha Barnes distracted Bullseye in what direction Red Wolf ran while she secretly hid Red Wolf.[61]

In retaliation for Sheriff Rogers' death, Natasha Barnes and Red Wolf conspire against Mayor Fisk and receive help from the local apothecary Bruce Banner. As Red Wolf fights against Bullseye, Elektra, and Grizzly, he is aided by the local inventor Tony Stark in battle armor.[62] Mayor Fisk then fights Red Wolf where he managed to subdue Red Wolf. Red Wolf breaks free and points his gun at Mayor Fisk who is then killed by Natasha Barnes resulting in Sheriff Rogers' death being avenged. Following Mayor Fisk's death and the destruction of Roxxon Dam, Governor Roxxon has Carol Danvers sworn in as the new Mayor of Timely with Red Wolf becoming the new sheriff.[63]

As part of the "All-New, All-Different Marvel", Red Wolf was investigating the death of the Michaels family. He encountered their murderer in the form of the time-traveling Surveyor who was planning to get a claim on the Roxxon Silver Mines. During their battle, Red Wolf's knife struck the Surveyor's time-traveling equipment which sent the two of them to Santa Rosa on Earth-616.[64]

Following the "Civil War II" storyline, Red Wolf had an encounter with Hawkeye where they were investigating the company Oasis Spring Water which was harvesting the underground water reservoir on the property of the Sweet Medicine Indian Reservation. When they attacked the militia that was associated with Oasis Spring Water, they were swiftly defeated by Oasis Spring Water's ally Hydro-Man.[65] As they are interrogated by the unnamed boss of Oasis Spring Water, Hawkeye and Red Wolf managed to get themselves untied where Red Wolf defeated the militia while Hawkeye defeated Hydro-Man, with help from the Fireheart cousins. Afterwards, the two of them notified the authorities so that they can deal with Oasis Spring Water.[66] Later in Chicago, Hawkeye and Red Wolf team up with Nighthawk and Nightshade after finding barrels of epidurium, a synthetic skin used to build Life-Model Decoys, on a truck that was hijacked. They go to an abandoned coal factory where they end up being attacked by armed soldiers led by Nick Fury. It's later revealed, that Nick Fury, as well as Dum Dum Dugan, Gabe Jones and the other agents, are Life-Model Decoys due to their outdated knowledge and technology. They later thwart an attack by gunmen attempting to rob the base. After talking to Nick Fury Jr., Hawkeye and Red Wolf carry on with their mission, with Nightshade joining them.[67]

They later stop at Dungston, Iowa when their van breaks down. Hawkeye calls Wheels Wolinski to fix the van until it is revealed that some of the residents are Skrulls, who are being hunted down by mysterious men. While Hawkeye, Red Wolf and Nightshade are fighting, Wolinski discovers that the van has an A.I. system, who convinces him to help in the fight. It is later revealed that the attackers are also Skrulls, led by Super-Skrull. Red Wolf hears from one of the Skrulls that a number of them escaped the empire to find and live a peaceful life and had been in hiding ever since. Wolinski then manages to turn the van into a big robot and defeats Super-Skrull. Hawkeye then negotiates with Nick Fury Jr. to provide protection for the town's residents.[68]

During the "Secret Empire" storyline, while Hawkeye joins the Underground resistance following Hydra's takeover in the United States, the rest of team, along with the Fireheart cousins, gather their own resistance army to help the people in rural areas that are falling victim to Hydra's cruel treatment. While on the way to a secret bunker in South Dakota, the team is attacked by Hydra forces but they manage to survive. While arming themselves, the resistance prepares for battle until they're attacked by Hydra forces. During the battle, Red Wolf and Nightshade have an intimate moment which ends with Nightshade kissing Red Wolf, professing their mutual love. They then head out to help the resistance defeat Hydra.[69]

Red Wolf and his partner J.J. later thwart the villainous Pathmind when he broke into Life Pharmaceuticals.[70]

In other media

[edit]

References

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  1. ^ Misiroglu, Gina Renée; Roach, David A. (2004). The Superhero Book: The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Comic-book Icons and Hollywood Heroes. Visible Ink Press. p. 562. ISBN 978-1-57859-154-1. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
  2. ^ a b Comic Book Nation: The Transformation of Youth Culture in America
  3. ^ Multicultural Comics: From Zap to Blue Beetle
  4. ^ a b Buttery, Jarrod (April 2014). "Ready for the Spotlight". Back Issue! (71). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing: 6.
  5. ^ Raphael, Jordan; Spurgeon, Tom (2004). Stan Lee and the Rise and Fall of the American Comic Book. Chicago Review Press. p. 141. ISBN 9781556525414. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
  6. ^ Green, Paul (14 October 2009). Encyclopedia of Weird Westerns: Supernatural and Science Fiction Elements in Novels, Pulps, Comics, Films, Television and Games. McFarland. p. 168. ISBN 9780786458004. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
  7. ^ a b Ettlinger, Markus Raimund. "Anachronauts". marvunapp.com. the Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
  8. ^ Native Americans in Comic Books: A Critical Study, p.34-35
  9. ^ Outlaw Files at marvunapp.com
  10. ^ Weiland, Jonah (June 27, 2006). "Marvel Previews for 7/19: "Captain America," "New X-Men" & More!". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
  11. ^ Tuesday Q&A: Ron Zimmerman
  12. ^ Mahadeo, Kevin (April 16, 2010). "Zimmerman Rides Again with The Rawhide Kid". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
  13. ^ Tramountanas, George A. (May 31, 2011). "X-POSITION: Aaron Talks X-Men and Inner Turmoil". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
  14. ^ "Preview: Scarlet Spider #8". Comic Book Resources. August 2, 2012. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
  15. ^ a b West, Scott (11 August 2012). "Comic Book Review: 'Scarlet Spider' #8". sciencefiction.com. SF. Retrieved December 2, 2013.
  16. ^ "Secret Wars" Launches Marvel Western "1872" From Duggan, Shaner
  17. ^ Preview: 1872 #1
  18. ^ Constant, Paul (2024-04-23). "Jeffrey Veregge, who blended Native art traditions, pop culture, dies at 50". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2024-05-05.
  19. ^ Avengers Forever #3. Marvel Comics.
  20. ^ Native Americans in Comic Books: A Critical Study, p.29
  21. ^ Marvel Spotlight #1 (November 1971). Marvel Comics.
  22. ^ Red Wolf #1-6 (May 1972-March 1973). Marvel Comics.
  23. ^ Christiansen, Jeff. "Ursa the Man Bear". marvunapp.com. the Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
  24. ^ Christiansen, Jeff. "Devil Rider". marvunapp.com. the Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
  25. ^ Preview: The Rawhide Kid #2
  26. ^ McElhatton, Greg. Rawhide Kid: The Sensational Seven Comic Book Resources
  27. ^ Western a fumetti? Su alcune pubblicazioni statunitensi e italiane p.3
  28. ^ Riemer, Marc. "Jill Tomahawk". marvunapp.com. the Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
  29. ^ Gardner Fox (w), Syd Shores (p), Chic Stone (i), Shelly Leferman (let). "King Cycle Deals Death!" Red Wolf, no. 8 (July 1973). New York, NY: Marvel Comics.
  30. ^ Christiansen, Jeff. "King Cycle". marvunapp.com. the Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
  31. ^ Mike Friedrich (w), Dick Ayers (p), Vince Collet (i), Janice Cohen (col), Charlotte Jetter (let), Roy Thomas (ed). "A Legend Reborn!" Red Wolf, no. 9 (September 1973). New York, NY: Marvel Comics.
  32. ^ Hoskin, Michael. "Clayton Bickford". marvunapp.com. the Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
  33. ^ Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe #9
  34. ^ Dragonfly at marvunapp.com
  35. ^ a b Avengers #80-81. Marvel Comics.
  36. ^ Thomas Talltrees at marvunapp.com
  37. ^ Rebecca Talltrees at marvunapp.com
  38. ^ Taurus (Cornelius van Lunt) at marvunapp.com
  39. ^ Jason Birch at marvunapp.com
  40. ^ Marvel Chillers #3, 5-7. Marvel Comics.
  41. ^ Sal Buscema (plot), Bill Mantlo (plot, script) (w), Sal Buscema (p), Sal Buscema (i). "You Get What You Need!" Incredible Hulk, The, no. 265 (November 1981). Marvel Comics.
  42. ^ Defenders #139. Marvel Comics.
  43. ^ Steve Englehart (w), Al Milgrom (p), Joe Sinnott (i). "A Bird In The Hand" West Coast Avengers, vol. 2, no. 8 (May 1986). Marvel Comics.
  44. ^ Daredevil #258. Marvel Comics.
  45. ^ a b Marvel Comics Presents #15
  46. ^ Bengal at marvunapp.com
  47. ^ Doctor Strange Vol. 3 #25. Marvel Comics.
  48. ^ Marvel Comics Presents #107. Marvel Comics.
  49. ^ Mellisa Sparrow Bear at marvunapp.com
  50. ^ Mark Millar (w), Steve McNiven (p), Dexter Vines (i). Civil War, vol. 1, no. 7 (January 2007). Marvel Comics.
  51. ^ Dan Slott (w), Stefano Caselli (a), "V-S Day", Avengers: The Initiative #19 (January, 2009). Marvel Comics.
  52. ^ "Preview: Avengers: The Initiative #19". Comic Book Resources. December 11, 2008. Retrieved December 2, 2013.
  53. ^ a b Chris Yost (w), Khoi Pham (p), Tom Palmer, Chris Sotomayor, Rick Ketcham (i), Edgar Delgado, Antonio Fabela, Chris Sotomayor (col), Joe Caramagna, Clayton Cowles (let), Tom Brennan (ed). "The Second Master" Scarlet Spider, vol. 2, no. 7-9 (September–November 2012). New York, NY: Marvel Comics.
  54. ^ Zawisza, Doug (August 10, 2012). "Review: Scarlet Spider #8". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved December 2, 2013.
  55. ^ Schedeen, Jesse (September 12, 2012). "Scarlet Spider #9 Review: Kaine plays the reluctant hero once more". uk.ign.com. IGN. Retrieved December 2, 2013.
  56. ^ Cowboy horses of the Old West
  57. ^ Red Wolf (Apache, Rawhide Kid foe) at marvunapp.com
  58. ^ Red Wolf (Rojahn Smythe) at marvunapp.com
  59. ^ Chat Transcript: Bob Layton
  60. ^ 1872 #1. Marvel Comics.
  61. ^ 1872 #2. Marvel Comics.
  62. ^ 1872 #3. Marvel Comics.
  63. ^ 1872 #4. Marvel Comics.
  64. ^ Red Wolf Vol. 2 #1. Marvel Comics.
  65. ^ Occupy Avengers #1. Marvel Comics.
  66. ^ Occupy Avengers #2. Marvel Comics.
  67. ^ Occupy Avengers #3-4. Marvel Comics.
  68. ^ Occupy Avengers #5-7. Marvel Comics.
  69. ^ Occupy Avengers #8-9. Marvel Comics.
  70. ^ Werewolf by Night Vol. 3 #1. Marvel Comics.
  71. ^ Lego Marvel Super Heroes characters at IGN
  72. ^ "Behind the Voice Actors".
  73. ^ 86th Floor Comics January 2009 Orderform Spotlight Merchandise Archived 2013-12-14 at the Wayback Machine
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Character biographies

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Character bibliographies

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Series

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