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East Turkistan Government in Exile

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Government in Exile of the Republic of East Turkistan
شەرقىي تۈركىستان جۇمھۇرىيىتى سۈرگۈندى ھۆكۈمىتى (Uyghur)
Sherqiy Türkistan Jumhuriyiti Sürgündi Hökümiti
Motto: شەرقىي تۈركىستان ۋە ئۇنىڭ خەلقىگە ئەركىنلىك ۋە مۇستەقىللىقنى ئەسلىگە كەلتۈرۈش
"Restoring Independence for East Turkistan and its people"
Anthem: قۇرتۇلۇش مارشى
Qurtulush Yolida
"On the Path to Salvation"
The region over which the ETGE claims sovereignty as East Turkistan
The region over which the ETGE claims sovereignty as East Turkistan
StatusGovernment-in-exile
Capital
and largest city
Ürümqi (claimed)
HeadquartersSuite 500, 1325 G Street NW, Washington, D.C., United States
Official languagesUyghur (de jure)
Religion
Islam
Demonym(s)East Turkistani
TypeGovernment in exile
Government
• President
Mamtimin Ala
• Vice President
Sayragul Sauytbay
• Prime Minister
Abdulahat Nur
LegislatureParliament in Exile
EstablishmentSeptember 14, 2004
• claimed exile
December 22, 1949
Website
east-turkistan.net Edit this at Wikidata
Part of a series on
Uyghurs
Uyghurs outside of Xinjiang
Uyghur organizations

The East Turkistan Government in Exile[a] (abbreviated as ETGE or ETGIE[1]), officially the Government in Exile of the Republic of East Turkistan,[b] is a political organization established and headquartered in Washington, D.C. by Uyghurs, Kazakhs, and other peoples from East Turkistan (Xinjiang). The ETGE claims to be the sole legitimate organization and a parliamentary-based government in exile representing East Turkistan and its people on the international stage.[2][1]

Although the East Turkistan Government in Exile was declared inside Room HC-6 of the U.S. Capitol Building,[1] the East Turkistan Government in Exile and the territory it claims under East Turkistan are unrecognized by the United States.[3] The People's Republic of China has sternly opposed the East Turkistan Government in Exile since its creation in September 2004.[4]

The East Turkistan Government in Exile has been described by scholars as a prominent fringe Uyghur organization that advocates for radical methods driven by religious and ethnic motives.[5]: 5–7 [6][7][8]: 133  The organization is among several Uyghur groups that demand total independence in contrast to other organizations that advocate for more autonomy and democracy.[5]: 5 [7][8]: 133  It has been called the "most prominent Uyghur organization outside the WUC".[8]: 133 

Formation

[edit]
See also: Xinjiang conflict

Numerous Uyghur organisations representing the Uyghur movement in exile formed around the world from the 1980s to early 2000s but were disorganised and disunited.[5]: 4 [6] In April 2004, two such organizations, the Eastern Turkistan National Congress and the World Uyghur Youth Congress, merged to form the World Uyghur Congress (WUC).[5]: 5 [7]: 34 [1]: 150 

A radical pro-independence minority of the Eastern Turkistan National Congress refused to join the merger and instead established the East Turkistan Government in Exile in Washington D.C. in 2004.[5][7][9][1] They started on the fringes of Uyghur diaspora organizations (including the East Turkistan Liberation Organisation and East Turkestan Islamic Movement) that advocates for "more radical forms of ideological and armed struggle" in contrast to the more moderate methods used by the World Uyghur Congress to influence the Chinese government.[5]: 5 [7] In particular, the East Turkistan Government in Exile rejected the autonomy desired by the World Uyghur Congress and instead advocated for independence.[9]

The East Turkistan Government in Exile was formally declared on September 14, 2004, in room HC-6 of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. by members of the global East Turkistani community under the leadership of Anwar Yusuf Turani.[10] Ahmat Igambardi, who had previously been the chairman of the first East Turkistan National Congress created in Istanbul, Turkey in 1992, was elected by the delegates present as president and Turani was elected as Prime Minister.[10]

The East Turkistan Government in Exile claimed to be the "sole organ of the Eastern Turkestan Republic" just four months after the formation of the World Uyghur Congress, threatening the World Uyghur Congress's claim to being the highest Uyghur representative organization and leading to immediate tensions between the two groups.[1]: 151  Supporters of the WUC, who were suspicious of the East Turkistan Government in Exile, expressed their concerns on the bulletin board of the Uyghur American Association, which is affiliated with the World Uyghur Congress. They wrote statements accusing Anwar Yusuf Turani of acting under the instructions of the Chinese government, particularly in relation to the strategy of dividing dissident organizations."[1]: 151  Turani himself was later impeached by the ETGE's Parliament in 2006 for violating its constitution.[11]

Positions

[edit]
See also: East Turkestan independence movement

The East Turkistan Government in Exile has been described by scholars as one of several "Uyghur groups advocating radical forms of ideological and armed struggle including terrorist activities".[5]: 5 [6][8]: 133  It has become marginalized in Western politics but is still described as a prominent Uyghur organization on the fringes of the East Turkestan independence movement.[5]: 5 [7][8]: 133 

Depending on how large a particular speaker defines the named region, "East Turkistan" has been administered at least in part by the People's Republic of China (PRC) as the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, a situation that the ETGE considers an illegitimate military occupation. The position of the ETGE is that "East Turkistan and its people have a long history of independence".[12] The ETGE does not consider themselves as "separatists" because they believe that, "you can't separate from something you don't belong to."[13] The position of the PRC holds that the integration of Xinjiang into the PRC in 1949 was a "peaceful liberation", and that the region has "long been a part of China".[14]

The ETGE describes itself as democratically elected parliamentary-based exile government that seeks to end "China's occupation and colonization" of East Turkistan, which overlaps with what China calls the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, and seeks to "restore the independence of East Turkistan" which would take the form of a democratic parliamentary republic with protections for civil liberties for all people groups of the region.[15] The ETGE has convened nine General Assemblies since its creation in 2004, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2019, and 2023.[citation needed]

Leadership

[edit]
Opening Session of the 9th East Turkistan General Assembly in Washington, DC on November 10, 2023

Government leadership

[edit]

As the Government in Exile is made up of elected representatives from East Turkistani/Uyghur diaspora communities in over 13 countries, its leaders are based in a number of countries. The present leadership took office on November 12, 2023, following elections at the ETGE's 9th General Assembly in Washington, D.C.[16]

Position Name Location
President Mamtimin Ala Australia
Prime Minister Abdulahat Nur Canada
Vice President Sayragul Sauytbay Sweden
Minister of Foreign Affairs & Security Salih Hudayar USA
Interior Minister Shukur Samsak Sweden
Spokesperson (Uyghur) & Cabinet Secretary Perhat Abduweli Norway
Finance Minister Ibrahim Emin Belgium
Minister of Education & Religious Affairs Adil Ablimit Netherlands
Minister of Information & Communications Jurat Obul USA
Minister of Family, Women, Youth & Human Rights Gulvaryam Tokhtiyeva Kazakhstan

Parliamentary leadership

[edit]

The Parliament is the legislative branch of the ETGE. As the Government in Exile's Parliament is made up of 60 members representing diaspora communities in 13 countries, its leaders are based in a number of countries. The present leadership was announced on November 11, 2023, following elections at the ETGE's 9th General Assembly in Washington, D.C. The Parliament is also made up of six committees that help oversee the government's different ministries.[17][16]

Position Name Location
Speaker (chairman) of the Parliament Yarmemet Baratjan USA
Deputy Speaker (Co-chairman) of the Parliament Abduweli Adem Turkiye
Parliamentary Secretary Elijan Emet Belgium
Chairman of the Committee on Foreign and Legal Affairs Mirqedir Mirzat France
Chairman of the Committee on Diaspora and Internal Affairs Kurbanjan Hisamdin Norway
Chairwoman of the Committee on Communications, Media, and Information Fatmagul Çakan Turkiye
Chairman of the Committee on Culture, Education, Religious Affairs and Research Abdullah Khodja France
Co-Chair of the Committee on Culture, Education, Religious Affairs and Research Abdumutellip Ibrahim France
Chairwoman of the Committee on Family, Women, Youth, and Human Rights Amannissa Mukhlis USA

Previous leadership

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Opening of the ETGE's 8th General Assembly, November 10, 2019

2019 – 2023

[edit]

2015 – 2019

[edit]
Members of the East Turkistan Government in Exile Convene at the 7th East Turkistan General Assembly in Tokyo on November 11, 2015
  • Prime Minister: Ismail Cengiz; Turkiye (impeached in April 2019)[18]
  • Acting Prime Minister: Abdulahat Nur; Canada (April 2019 – November 2019)
  • President: Ahmatjan Osman; Canada (impeached in October 2018)
  • Acting President: Ghulam Osman Yaghma; Canada (October 2018 – November 2019)
  • Vice President: Hizirbek Gayretullah; Turkiye
  • Speaker of Parliament: Koresh Atahan; Germany

2009 – 2015

[edit]
  • Prime Minister: Ismail Cengiz; Turkiye
  • President: Ahmet Igemberdi; Australia
  • Vice President: Hizirbek Gayretullah; Turkiye
  • Speaker of Parliament: Sultan Mahmut Kashgari; Turkiye
The Formal Declaration of the East Turkistan Government in Exile, Held in Room HC-6 of the United States Capitol on September 14, 2004

2006 – 2009

[edit]
  • Prime Minister: Damiyan Rehmet; Australia
  • President: Ahmet Igemberdi; Australia
  • Vice President: Abdvueli Can; Turkiye
  • Speaker of Parliament: Sultan Mahmut Kashgari; Turkiye

2004 – 2006

[edit]
  • Prime Minister: Anwar Yusuf Turani; USA (impeached in 2006)
  • Acting Prime Minister: Damiyan Rehmet; Australia
  • President: Ahmet Igemberdi; Australia
  • Vice President: Abdvueli Can; Turkiye
  • Speaker of Parliament: Sultan Mahmut Kashgari; Turkiye

Activities

[edit]

On July 14, 2020, the ETGE signed onto a joint letter by 64 Canadian MPs and 20 organizations urging Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, his deputy Chrystia Freeland and Global Affairs Minister François-Philippe Champagne to sanction PRC and Hong Kong officials "directly responsible for the human rights atrocities happening in Tibet, occupied East Turkestan (Xinjiang), and Hong Kong."[19]

On August 15, 2020, Salih Hudayar the Prime Minister of the ETGE greeted India on its 74th Independence Day and said that "the decades of prolonged Chinese occupation and genocide in East Turkistan has taught us that without independence there is no way to guarantee or ensure even our most basic human rights, freedoms, and our very survival."[20] In a public demonstration, Prime Minister Hudayar urged the United States government and the United Nations to "break their silence and stand up against China."[21]

On August 28, 2020, the ETGE held a global demonstration in Adelaide, Tokyo, Frankfurt, The Hague, Paris, New York City, Washington, D.C., and Edmonton to protest what they claim are China's atrocities against Uyghurs and other Turkic peoples and urged the international community to recognize the alleged atrocities as a genocide while also recognizing "East Turkistan as an occupied country."[21]

International Criminal Court case

[edit]
See also: Persecution of Uyghurs in China and Xinjiang internment camps

On July 6, 2020, the New York Times and The Wall Street Journal reported that the East Turkistan Government in Exile and the East Turkistan National Awakening Movement filed a complaint with the International Criminal Court, urging it to investigate and prosecute PRC officials for genocide and other crimes against humanity.[22][23] The complaint is the first attempt to use an international legal forum to challenge China over allegations of extensive human rights abuses against Muslim Turkic people in East Turkistan.[24][25] The ETGE's Prime Minister, Salih Hudayar, told Radio Free Asia's Chinese service that "for too long we have been oppressed by China and its Communist Party and we have suffered so much that the genocide of our people can be no longer ignored."[26]

On July 9, 2020, the US government sanctioned 3 senior PRC officials including Xinjiang Communist Party Secretary Chen Quanguo and Zhu Hailun, who were among the 30 officials mentioned in the complaint to the ICC.[27] ETGE Prime Minister Salih Hudayar told Radio Free Asia that the ETGE welcomed the sanctions and that Uyghurs wanted real justice. He stated that the PRC officials should be tried for human rights abuses by an international court, citing the example the Nuremberg Trials of high-ranking Nazi Party officials after World War II.[28]

Recognition of China's human rights abuse as genocide

[edit]

The East Turkistan National Awakening Movement and the East Turkistan Government in Exile were the first Uyghur groups to refer to China's mass surveillance and internment of the inhabitants of Xinjiang/East Turkistan as a genocide. They have actively lobbied for the U.S. and other countries to declare the policies in Xinjiang as genocide.[29] ETGE and ETNAM held numerous demonstrations, press conferences, and other events urging the world to recognize China's genocide in East Turkistan (Xinjiang).[30][31] The East Turkistan National Awakening Movement and the East Turkistan Government in Exile filed a complaint urging the International Criminal Court to investigate and prosecute Chinese officials for genocide.[22][23] The ETGE also successfully lobbied the U.S. Senate to introduce a genocide resolution and urged the U.S. Government to recognize the genocide.[32]

On January 11, 2021, the ETGE made a press statement urging the Trump Administration to recognize China's actions against Uyghurs and other Turkic peoples in East Turkistan as a genocide before January 20, 2021.[33] On January 19, 2021, the U.S. State Department formally designated China's actions against Uyghurs and other Turkic peoples as genocide.[34][35] Salih Hudayar, the Prime Minister of the East Turkistan Government in Exile, told The Wall Street Journal that the ETGE had been pushing for the designation for two years and that the ETGE hopes that this designation will lead to real, strong actions to hold China accountable and bring an end to China's genocide.[36]

The ETGE also called on the U.S. Justice Department to enact 18 U.S. Code Section 1091 and prosecute Chinese diplomats, specifically Chinese Ambassador Cui Tiankai, for genocide.[37] The ETGE further urged countries to follow suit and recognize the genocide, it also urged the Biden Administration to "take a more active approach to resolve the East Turkistan issue" by recognizing East Turkistan as an Occupied Country, boycotting the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing[38] and meeting with the East Turkistan Government in Exile like the Trump Administration met with the Tibetan Government in Exile.[32]

Recognition of East Turkistan

[edit]

The East Turkistan Government in Exile has actively called on the U.S. and other governments and organizations across the globe to recognize East Turkistan as an occupied country.[33] The ETGE also denounces the use of the Chinese term "Xinjiang".[32] On February 20, 2024, the ETGE spearheaded a joint letter from 61 Uyghur organizations around the world addressed to the U.S. Congress. The letter urged the U.S. Congress to pass the Uyghur Policy Act, appoint a Special Coordinator for East Turkistani Issues, and recognize East Turkistan, as well as to resist China's attempts to erase East Turkistan.[39][40][41] Notably, the signatures of pro-autonomy groups like the World Uyghur Congress and its affiliates were absent from this joint letter.

Recognition of the Circassian genocide

[edit]

On May 18, 2023, the East Turkestan Government in Exile announced its recognition of the Circassian genocide.[42][43]

See also

[edit]

Notes

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  1. ^ Uyghur: شەرقىي تۈركىستان سۈرگۈندى ھۆكۈمىتى, romanized: Sherqiy Türkistan Sürgündi Hökümiti
  2. ^ Uyghur: شەرقىي تۈركىستان جۇمھۇرىيىتى سۈرگۈندى ھۆكۈمىتى, romanized: Sherqiy Türkistan Jumhuriyiti Sürgündi Hökümiti

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g Bovingdon, Gardner (2010). The Uyghurs: Strangers in their own land. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 150–151. ISBN 9780231519410. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
  2. ^ "About the ETGE". East Turkistan Government in Exile. Archived from the original on January 16, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2021.
  3. ^ "China – No Recognition of Any East Turkestan Government in Exile (Taken Question)". U.S. Department of State. November 22, 2004. Archived from the original on November 17, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2021. The U.S. Government does not recognize any East Turkestan government-in-exile, nor do we provide support for any such entity.
  4. ^ "China Protests Establishment of Uighur Government-in-Exile in Washington". Voice of America. September 21, 2004. Archived from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Özkan, Güner (2023), "The Uyghur Movement in Exile", in Shei, Chris; Chen, Jie (eds.), Routledge Resources Online – Chinese Studies, Routledge, doi:10.4324/9780367565152-RECHS60-1
  6. ^ a b c Chen, Yu-Wen (2013). The Uyghur Lobby. Routledge. ISBN 9781315885421.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Reed, J. Todd; Raschke, Diana (2010). "The Contemporary and Historical Contexts of Uyghur Separatism". The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 17–41. ISBN 9780313365416.
  8. ^ a b c d e Kourtelis, Christos; Irrera, Daniela; Charountaki, Marianna (2024). Non-State Actors and Foreign Policy Agency: Insights from Area Studies. Springer Nature. ISBN 9783031518850.
  9. ^ a b Shichor, Yitzhak (December 19, 2006). "Changing the Guard at the World Uyghur Congress". China Brief. 6 (25). The Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on April 18, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2021. Yet, a minority of Uyghurs rejected the moderate stance of the WUC and was unwilling to compromise on what they viewed as the fundamental goal of independence. Rather than join the WUC, in October 2004 the radical minority formed the Republic of East Turkestan Government-in-Exile (ETGE), headed by Yusuf Anwar, in Washington, D.C.
  10. ^ a b "Voice of America Report on Chinese Opposition of ETGIE". Voice of America News. September 14, 2004. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
  11. ^ "Statement Concerning Persons Undermining The East Turkistan Government-In-Exile". East Turkistan Government in Exile. September 16, 2019. Retrieved April 23, 2022.
  12. ^ "Uyghurs urge US Congress to recognize East Turkistan as an Occupied Country". East Turkistan Government in Exile. May 28, 2020. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  13. ^ Fink, Kathryn (December 23, 2019). "'For Their Own Good': The Detention Of Muslim Ethnic Groups In China". NPR. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  14. ^ "China issues white paper on historical matters concerning Xinjiang". State Council Information Office. Xinhua News. July 21, 2019. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  15. ^ "Government Policy Statement". East Turkistan Government in Exile. Archived from the original on January 16, 2020. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
  16. ^ a b "Government Leadership". East Turkistan Government in Exile. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  17. ^ "Parliament Composition". East Turkistan Government in Exile. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  18. ^ "Statement Concerning Persons Undermining The East Turkistan Government-In-Exile". East Turkistan Government in Exile. ETGE. September 16, 2019. Retrieved September 16, 2019.
  19. ^ Smith, Marie-Danielle (July 14, 2020). "60 MPs urge sanctions against Chinese officials". Maclean's. Archived from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
  20. ^ Shukla, Manish (August 16, 2020). "East Turkistan Government in Exile Prime Minister Salih Hudayar wishes India on Independence Day". Zee News. Archived from the original on August 22, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  21. ^ a b Kashgarian, Asim (August 29, 2020). "Washington, New York Protesters Call for Recognition of Uighur Abuses as Genocide". Voice of America. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
  22. ^ a b Simons, Marlise (July 6, 2020). "Uighur Exiles Push for Court Case Accusing China of Genocide". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 10, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
  23. ^ a b Areddy, James T. (July 6, 2020). "Representatives of China's Uighurs File Evidence to International Criminal Court". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on July 21, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
  24. ^ Sewell, Tia (July 21, 2020). "Unpacking the Recent Uighur ICC Complaint Against Chinese Leaders". Lawfare. Archived from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
  25. ^ Smith, Samuel (July 10, 2020). "ICC urged to investigate Chinese leaders for genocide abuses against Uighur Muslims". The Christian Post. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
  26. ^ Tang, Jane (July 15, 2020). "Uyghur Exile Groups Seek International Criminal Court Probe of Chinese Officials For 'Genocide'". Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
  27. ^ Riechmann, Deb (July 9, 2020). "US sanctions Chinese officials over repression of minorities". Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
  28. ^ 唐家婕 (July 10, 2020). "美制裁四新疆官员后 中国外交部要对等反击" (in Chinese). Radio Free Asia – Chinese Service. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
  29. ^ Lepeska, David (January 19, 2019). "Uighurs accuse Turkey of betrayal, seek new friends". Ahval. Archived from the original on October 14, 2019. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  30. ^ Magnier, Mark (January 16, 2020). "Chinese protesters angle for Liu He's attention as his motorcade whizzes past". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  31. ^ Pasquini, Elaine (December 2020). "East Turkistan Uyghurs Fear Annihilation by China". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs (November/December 2020): 52. Archived from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  32. ^ a b c Burnett, Rebecca (December 10, 2020). "East Turkistan Government in Exile protests outside Capitol on International Human Rights Day". WDVM-TV. Archived from the original on February 18, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  33. ^ a b Conklin, Lisa (January 13, 2021). "East Turkistan to the US: Remember China's Atrocities". The Taiwan Times. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  34. ^ Buckley, Chris (January 19, 2021). "U.S. Says China's Repression of Uighurs Is 'Genocide'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  35. ^ Kusmer, Anna (January 19, 2021). "US says Chinese govt is 'committing genocide' against Uighurs". PRI – The World. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  36. ^ Xiao, Eva. "U.S. Says China Is Committing Genocide Against Uighur Muslims". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  37. ^ Chang, Gordon (January 21, 2021). "'Worst-Ever Secretary of State' Declares China a Genocidal Regime | Opinion". Newsweek. Archived from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  38. ^ Conklin, Lisa (January 20, 2021). "U.S. Says China's Repression of Uyghurs Is 'Genocide'". Taiwan Times. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  39. ^ "Doğu Türkistan teşkilâtlarından tarihi adım! [Historic step from East Turkestan organizations!]". Qirim Haber Ajansi [Crimean News Agency]. February 21, 2024. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
  40. ^ "Doğu Türkistanlı 61 kuruluştan ortak çağrı: Doğu Türkistan'ı "işgal edilmiş ülke" olarak tanıyın! [Joint call from 61 organizations from East Turkestan: Recognize East Turkestan as an "occupied country"!]". Haber Nida [Nida News]. February 21, 2024. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
  41. ^ "Victims of Chinese Genocide Urge Congress to Declare Uyghur Heartland an Occupied Country". Turkistan Press. February 22, 2024. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
  42. ^ Serbez, Yasemin (May 18, 2023). "Sürgündeki Doğu Türkistan Hükümeti'nden 'Çerkes Soykırımı' kararı". Kayseri Anadolu Haber.
  43. ^ "ETGE Recognizes Circassian Genocide". United Circassia. Retrieved May 18, 2023.
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