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Vlorë

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This article is about the city in Albania. For other uses, see Vlorë (disambiguation).
Vlorë
Municipality and city
From top to bottom, left to right: Promenade of Vlorë, Muradie Mosque, Old house on the Dhimiter Konomi Street, Old Town of Vlorë, Independence Monument and Lungomare.
Flag of Vlorë
Flag
Seal
Vlorë is located in Albania
Vlorë
Vlorë
Vlorë is located in Balkans
Vlorë
Vlorë
Vlorë is located in Europe
Vlorë
Vlorë
Coordinates: 40°28′N 19°29′E / 40.467°N 19.483°E / 40.467; 19.483
Country Albania
RegionSouthern Albania
CountyVlorë
Founded6th c. BCE (Triport site)
Government
 • TypeMayor–council
 • BodyVlorë Municipal Council
 • MayorErmal Dredha (PS)
Area
 • Municipality[1][2]616.85 km2 (238.17 sq mi)
 • Administrative unit[3]28.97 km2 (11.19 sq mi)
Elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
 (2011)
 • Municipality
130,827[a]
 • Municipality density169.9/km2 (440/sq mi)
 • Administrative unit
79,513[b]
DemonymAlbanian: Vlonjat(e)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
9400
Area code+355 (0) 33
SeaportPort of Vlorë
Motorways
Highways
Vehicle registrationVL
Websitevlora.gov.al

Vlorë (/ˈvlɔːrə/ VLOR-ə,[7][8] Albanian: [ˈvlɔɾə]; Albanian definite form: Vlora[c]) is the third most populous city of the Republic of Albania and seat of Vlorë County and Vlorë Municipality. Located in southwestern Albania, Vlorë sprawls on the Bay of Vlorë and is surrounded by the foothills of the Ceraunian Mountains along the Albanian Adriatic and Ionian Sea Coasts. It experiences a Mediterranean climate, which is affected by the Ceraunian Mountains and the proximity to the Mediterranean Sea.

The coastal area of Vlorë was one of those Illyrian sites that had experienced pre-urban activity beginning from the 11th–10th centuries BCE. The area was colonized by Ancient Greeks. A large fortified port-town that was inhabited from the 6th century BCE to the 2nd century AD is placed, now partially submerged, in Triport, northwest of present-day Vlorë. Substantial port activity in this site occurred from at least the archaic period to the medieval period. It has been suggested that a transfer of the ancient city from the site of Triport to the site of modern Vlorë occurred. The center of the modern city features archaeological remains dating from late antiquity. Aulon, from which the modern city took its name, appears in historical sources starting form the 2nd century CE. It was conquered at different periods throughout history by Romans, Byzantines, Normans, Venetians and Ottomans.

Between the 18th and 19th centuries, the Albanians gathered both spiritual and intellectual strength for national consciousness, which conclusively led to the Albanian Renaissance. Vlorë played an instrumental role in Albanian Independence as an epicenter for the founders of modern Albania, who signed the Declaration of Independence on 28 November 1912 at the Assembly of Vlorë.

Vlorë is one of the most significant cities of southern Albania and the region of Labëria which is traditionally noted for its culture, traditions and folklore. Vlorë is served by the Port of Vlorë, the SH8 highway, and the A2 motorway, collectively representing part of the Adriatic–Ionian Corridor and the Pan-European Corridor VIII.

Name

[edit]

The city took its name from Ancient Greek: Αὐλών, romanized: Aulṓn, meaning "channel, glen" that resembles an aulos instrument. It is a typical toponym in the Greek world.[10] The name of the city was first recorded in the 2nd century AD, by two Ancient Greek authors, Lucian and Ptolemy, the latter calling it "town and sea-port", which confirms that it was founded much earlier. However, Aulon has not been mentioned by earlier Ancient Greek and Roman authors, who on the other hand recorded the nearby town and seaport of Oricum. But in later sources Oricum is less encountered, while the toponym Aulon is more frequently mentioned.[11]

Vlorë developed from the ancient Aulon-a through the evolution of the phonetic system of the Albanian language with the rhotacism Vlonë > Vlorë,[12][11] which is a pre-Slavic phenomenon in Albanian. The intervocalic /n/ has regularly evolved to /r/ in Tosk Albanian, while the initial /v/ has evolved from unstressed /u/ after the disappearance of the initial unstressed /a/. The evolution /u/ > /v/ should be relatively ancient, preventing the evolution of the following intervocalic /l/ to /lː/. In Geg Albanian the toponym is pronounced Vlonë, indicating that it has been in use among northern Albanians before the appearance of rhotacism in Tosk Albanian.[11] Also the accent pattern of the name observes Albanian accent rules.[13] The name itself of the inhabitants (sing. vlonjat, pl. vlonjatë) has not undergone the rhotacism affecting the toponym (if it had, it would look something like vlorat or vlorjat).

The medieval and modern Greek name is Avlónas (Αυλώνας Aulṓnas [avˈlonas], accusative Αυλώνα Aulṓna [avˈlona]), and is the source of the Latin Aulona, the Italian Valona (also used in other languages) and of the obsolete English Avlona.[14][15] During the Ottoman era the city of Vlorë was known in Turkish as Avlonya.[16] In Medieval Latin sources and in Old Italian records it is mentioned with the forms Avalona, Avelona, Lavalona, Lavellona; and in Old Serbian sources as Avlona or Vavlona, the latter containing the Slavic preposition v "in".[11] In Aromanian, the city is known as Avlona.[17]

History

[edit]
Timeline of Vlorë
Historical affiliations

 Illyrians (Taulantii),
 Ancient Greeks
 Roman Empire, 226 BCE–286
 Byzantine Empire, 286-c. 705
 South Slavs, c. 705–784
 Byzantine Empire, 784–1204
 Despotate of Epirus, 1204-1346
 Principality of Valona, 1346–1417
League of Lezhë 1443-1478
Ottoman Empire, 1417–1691
Republic of Venice, 1691–1698
Ottoman Empire, 1698–1912
Independent Albania, 1912–1914
Principality of Albania, 1915–1917
Italian protectorate over Albania, 1917–1920
Principality of Albania, 1920–1925
Albanian Republic, 1925–1928
Albanian Kingdom, 1928–1939
Kingdom of Albania, 1939–1943
Albanian Kingdom, 1943–1944
Democratic Government of Albania, 1944–1946
People's Socialist Republic of Albania, 1946–1992
 Albania, 1992–present

Early history

[edit]

The coastal area of Vlorë was one of those Illyrian sites that had experienced pre-urban activity beginning from the 11th–10th centuries BCE.[18] During the period of Euboean colonization of the area (early 8th century BC) the bay of Vlorë was associated with several Heroic traditions and the foundation of several settlements there,[19] as the toponym Aulon suggest which is also known in local Eubean toponimity.[20]

Due to its strategic position on the Adriatic Sea, especially the Bay of Vlorë, which forms a natural harbor, Vlorë occupied a significant place in classical antiquity as a base for trade by many peoples. Vlorë is considered one of the oldest cities in Albania and the region.[d] In the Archaic era, the area was colonized by Ancient Greeks, who are traditionally believed to have founded Orikos, Thronion and Aulon on these shores.[21] A large fortified port-town that was inhabited from the 6th century BCE to the 2nd century AD is placed, now partially submerged, in Triport, northwest of present-day Vlorë. It was delimited by three walls, the first of which dating back to the late 6th century BCE.[22] The port activity in this site lasted from at least the archaic period to the medieval period.[23] It has been suggested that a transfer of the ancient city from the site of Triport to the site of modern Vlorë occurred. The center of the modern city features walls dating from the 4th to the 10th centuries CE, as well as a wall, a quadrangular tower and ruins of a huse with ceramics dating back to the 3rd–4th centuries and to the 6th-7th centuries CE.[24]

The archaeological site of Triport has been identified with ancient Thronion or Aulon.[25] Thronion was attested by Pausanias (2nd century CE) as a Locrian–Euboean colony, but also by a dedication on a monument erected in Olympia, both accounts reporting that Apollonia conquered the city around 450 BCE. Aulon, from which Vlorë took its name, was mentioned for the first time by Ptolemy (2nd century CE) among the towns of the Illyrian Taulantii.[26] Carl Patsch proposed the first location of Aulon in Triport being then transferred to the current location of Vlora, and Pierre Cabanes proposed the location of Thronion in Triport; those identifications are not in contradiction with each other.[27] Other geographical documents, such as the Tabula Peutingeriana and Hierocles' Synecdemus, also mention Aulon. The city served as an important port of the Roman Empire, when it was part of Epirus Nova.[28][29]

Aulon (Avlona) became an episcopal see in the 5th century. Among the known bishops are Nazarius in 458 and Soter in 553 (Daniele Farlati, Illyricum sacrum, VII, 397–401). The diocese at that time belonged to the papal Pentarchy. In 733, it was annexed with the eastern Illyricum, to the Patriarchate of Constantinople, and yet it is not mentioned in any Notitiae Episcopatuum of that Church. The bishopric had probably been suppressed for though the Bulgarians had been in possession of this country for some time, Avlona is not mentioned in the "Notitiae episcopatuum" of the Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid.

During the Roman period, a Latin see was established and Eubel (Hierarchia catholica medii aevi, I, 124) mentions several of its bishops.[28]

View of Vlorë
The Port of Vlorë in 1688 by Vincenzo Coronelli
Drawings of the fortifications of Vlorë fortresses and Kaninë fortress

Aulon, no longer being a residential bishopric, is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see, a suffragan bishop of Durrës, being distinguished from a Greek titular see called Aulon by the use for it of the adjective Aulonitanus, while the adjective regarding the Aulon in Euboea (Ionian Greece) is Aulonensis.[30] The diocese was nominally restored as Latin titular bishopric Aulon, or Valona in Curiate Italian; from 1925 it was (als) named Aulona in Latin and/or Italian, since 1933 it's only Aulon in Latin, Aulona in Italian. It was a bishopric from the fifth century until Bulgarian rule.

Middle Ages

[edit]
See also: Sanjak of Avlona and Principality of Valona

In the 11th and 12th century, Vlorë played an instrumental role in the conflicts between the Byzantine Empire and Norman Kingdom of Sicily.[15] Following Norman occupation, they ruled for only four years and established a Latin church episcopal see in Vlorë.[15][31] In 1321 the city being under Byzantine control was attacked by a Venetian fleet under Giovanni Michiel as a result costing the lives of many of its Greek inhabitants.[32] Vlorë served as capital of the Principality of Valona, initially a Serbian vassal state and later, independent Christian state from 1346 to 1417.[33][34]

The Ottoman Empire captured the city in 1417, while in 1432, Albanian rebels freed Vlorë and expelled the Ottomans from the area.[35][36] As part of the Ottoman Empire, Vlorë became a sanjak centre in Rumelia Eyalet under the name Avlonya.[when?] Later it become a Venetian possession in 1690 and the city was restored to the Ottomans in 1691, becoming a kaza of the Sanjak of Avlona in the vilayet (province) of Janina. At the time the city had about 10,000 inhabitants; there was a Catholic parish, which belonged to the Archdiocese of Durrës. During the early period of Ottoman rule, Vlorë became an international port centered on a high volume of trade between western Europe and the Ottoman state.[37]

Map of Simon Pinargenti Valona in 1573

In 1426, the Ottomans supported the settlement of a Jewish community involved in mercantile activities.[35] The community underwent population growth in subsequent decades with Jews migrating from Corfu, Venetian ruled lands, Naples, France, and the Iberian Peninsula.[35] Around seventy Jewish families from Valencia, including former conversos, settled in Vlorë between 1391 and 1492.[38] Following the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492, the Ottoman state resettled additional Jewish exiles in Vlorë toward the end of the fifteenth century.[35] Ottoman censuses for 1506 and 1520 recorded the Jewish population as consisting of 528 families and some 2,600 people in Vlorë.[35] The Jews of Vlorë were involved in trade and the city imported items from Europe and exported spices, leather, cotton fabrics, velvets, brocades, and mohair from the Ottoman cities of Istanbul and Bursa.[35] The Vlorë Jewish community took an active role in the welfare of other Jews such as managing to attain the release of war related captives present in Durrës in 1596.[35] After the Battle of Lepanto (1571) and the deterioration of security along the Ottoman controlled Adriatic and Ionian coasts, the numbers of Jews within Vlorë decreased.[35]

Drawing of Kanina Castle and Vlora Castle

Albanian Renaissance

[edit]
Ismail Qemali is regarded as the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and founding father of the modern Albanian nation.

Between the 18th and 19th centuries, cultural developments, widely attributed to Albanians having gathered both spiritual and intellectual strength, conclusively led to the Albanian Renaissance with Vlorë becoming an epicenter of the movement in 1912. In 1833, Vlorë was captured by Albanian rebels forcing the Ottoman government to abolish taxes and comply to rebel requests.[39] In 1851 it suffered severely from an earthquake.[15] The Jewish community of Yanina renewed the Jewish community of Vlorë in the nineteenth century.[35]

On November 28, 1912, Ismail Qemali head the Albanian Declaration of Independence in Vlorë, during the First Balkan War. The city became Albania's first capital following its independence, but was invaded by Italy in 1914, during the World War I. The city remained occupied by Italian forces until an Albanian rebellion forced the Italians out of Albania in 1920. Italy invaded Vlorë again in 1939. The city remained under Italian occupation until Italy surrendered to the allies in 1943. Subsequently, Nazi Germany occupied the city until 1944. The city was liberated in 1944 by communist forces under Enver Hoxha.

Communist Albania

[edit]

During the World War II, Sazan Island became the site of a German and Italian submarine base and naval installations; these installations were heavily bombed by the Allies.

After World War II, with Albania ruled by a Communist Party, the port was leased out to the Soviet Union for use as a submarine base. During 1960 and 1961 it served as a theater in the aftermath of the decision of Enver Hoxha to denounce Nikita Khrushchev's reforms.[40][page needed] In April 1961 the Soviet Union, resenting being pushed out after considerable investment in the naval facilities at nearby Pasha Liman Base, threatened to occupy Vlora with Soviet troops, and cut off all Soviet economic, military and technical aid to Albania. The threat was not carried out, as a result of the simultaneous international developments; most notably the Cuban Missile Crisis. Hoxha, realizing the vulnerability of Albania after the 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, ordered the construction of hundreds of thousands of concrete bunkers.[41] Under Hoxha, Vlorë served as an important recruiting centre for the Sigurimi; the Albanian state security, intelligence and secret police service.[42]

In 1997, Vlorë was the center of the 1997 Albanian civil unrest after the collapse of several fraudulent investment schemes that led to the downfall of the Sali Berisha administration.

Geography

[edit]
View of the promenade of Vlorë and the Ceraunian Mountains in the hinterlands

Vlorë is situated on the Bay of Vlorë along the Albanian Adriatic and Ionian Sea Coasts in the eastern part of the Strait of Otranto surrounded by the foothills of the Ceraunian Mountains. Defined in an area of 647.94 km2 (250.17 sq mi), Vlorë Municipality is encompassed in Vlorë County as part of the Southern Region of Albania and consists of the adjacent administrative units of Novoselë, Orikum, Qendër Vlorë, Shushicë and Vlorë.[1][4][5] The municipality stretches from the mouth of Vjosë in the north along the Narta Lagoon to the Llogara Pass in the south.[1] It also encloses the Karaburun Peninsula and Sazan Island in the west with the Shushica-Vlorë River forming its eastern border.[1] Protected areas include the Karaburun-Sazan Marine Park, Llogara National Park and Vjosa Wild River National Park.[43] Valonia oak, the mass name for acorn cups obtained in the neighboring oak forests and used by tanners, derives its name from Valona, the ancient name of Vlorë.

Climate

[edit]

According to the Köppen climate classification, Vlorë falls under the periphery of the hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) zone with an average annual temperature of 16.9 °C (62.4 °F).[44] Summers in Vlorë are dry and hot while winters experience moderate temperatures and changeable, rainy weather.[45] The warmest month is August with an average temperature rising to 26.8 °C (80.2 °F). By contrast, the coldest month is January with an average temperature falling to 7.9 °C (46.2 °F).[44] Vlorë has a sunny climate with an average of 2,745.2 hours of sunshine annually, making it one of the sunniest areas in the Eastern Mediterranean.[46][47][48] July is the sunniest month of the year with an average of about 12 hours of sunshine a day.[44] By contrast, the average hours of sunshine are less than 7 hours per day in January.[44]

During the 1961–1990 period, on average per year, there were 82 days with more than 1 mm (0.039 in) of rainfall, 26 days with thunders, five days with hail, and one day of snowfall.[46]

Climate data for Vlorë
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 13.2
(55.8) 		13.9
(57.0) 		15.9
(60.6) 		19.0
(66.2) 		23.2
(73.8) 		27.0
(80.6) 		29.7
(85.5) 		29.8
(85.6) 		27.0
(80.6) 		22.8
(73.0) 		18.2
(64.8) 		14.5
(58.1) 		21.2
(70.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 10
(50) 		10
(50) 		12
(54) 		15
(59) 		19
(66) 		22
(72) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		22
(72) 		19
(66) 		15
(59) 		12
(54) 		17
(63)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4.8
(40.6) 		5.3
(41.5) 		6.6
(43.9) 		9.6
(49.3) 		13.2
(55.8) 		16.6
(61.9) 		18.4
(65.1) 		18.3
(64.9) 		15.9
(60.6) 		12.5
(54.5) 		9.5
(49.1) 		6.3
(43.3) 		11.4
(52.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 113.5
(4.47) 		86.3
(3.40) 		90.4
(3.56) 		65.3
(2.57) 		56.8
(2.24) 		19.1
(0.75) 		12.4
(0.49) 		21.1
(0.83) 		69.2
(2.72) 		124.1
(4.89) 		138.4
(5.45) 		145.0
(5.71) 		941.6
(37.08)
Average precipitation days 13 12 14 11 9 6 3 3 5 10 17 17 120
Mean monthly sunshine hours 133.3 147.9 173.6 225.0 272.8 318.0 368.9 344.1 279.0 210.8 117.0 99.2 2,689.6
Mean daily sunshine hours 4 5 5 7 8 10 11 11 9 6 3 3 7
Mean daily daylight hours 9 10 11 13 14 15 14 13 12 11 9 9 12
Source 1: NOAA[46]
Source 2: [45][49]

Economy

[edit]
View of a ship in the Port of Vlorë

The city of Vlorë remains a major seaport and commercial centre, with a significant fishing and industrial sector. The surrounding region produces petroleum, natural gas, bitumen and salt. The city is also the location of important installations of the Albanian Navy. It has grown in importance as an agricultural center with a very large-scale planting of olive and fruit trees, and as a center of the food processing, oil, and bitumen export industries. Historically, the surrounding district was mainly agricultural and pastoral, producing oats, maize, cotton, olive oil, cattle, sheep, skins, hides, and butter.[15] These commodities are exported.

Vlorë is a vibrant coastal city with a well-developed and modern housing infrastructure. The city offers a variety of residential areas ranging from the coast and going inland. Vlorë is divided into three economic zones.[50] The Free Economic Zone TEDA Vlorë has a strategic location, some 151 kilometres (94 miles) away from the capital Tirana. The Land and Environmental Information is located in a flat, saline land, partially covered by Soda Forest. The area is suitable for industrial and environmentally friendly development. The Industrial development inside the zone eligible activities that can be developed in TEDA are: industrial, processing, commercial, goods storage, light industry, electronics, auto parts manufacturing, and port related activities. The Labor market: Official data from 2014 reported the employable labor force in Vlora at 125,954, of which 84,836 are currently employed. 35% of the labor force in Vlora has a high school degree, while 17% has a university degree.

According to the World Bank, Vlorë has made significant steps in the economy rankings in 2016. Vlorë ranks 7th among 22 cities in Southeastern Europe in rankings conducted by the World Bank Group.[51] ahead of the capital of Albania, Tirana, and also Belgrade, Serbia and Sarajevo, in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Tourism which has always been a driving force for the city's economy has become a major industry in recent years, with many hotels, recreational centers, and vast beaches. The city has a good view over the Bay of Vlorë, which is considered the frontier between the Adriatic Sea and the Ionian Sea. The Island of Sazan is in front of the city, at the entrance of the bay. Italy is just 80 kilometres (50 miles) away. Beaches close to the city include Palasë, Dhermi, Vuno, Himara, Qeparo, and Borsh. In 2019, Vlorë was cited in Financial Times' 'Five destinations to watch' article that listed new and exciting holiday destinations from around the world.[52]

In April 2024, it was reported that Jared Kushner, son-in-law and former aide to US President Donald Trump, planned to build a resort in the city as part of plans of his company, Affinity Partners, to invest in the Balkans.[53]

Infrastructure

[edit]

Transport

[edit]
The SH8 highway in southern Vlorë leading to Orikum

Vlorë lies on the north–south transportation corridor of Albania and is served by a network of motorways and highways connecting the city to other parts of Albania. The preceding SH8 highway, beginning from Fier, links the northern districts of Vlorë with the central and southern districts, continuing along the Albanian Riviera to Sarandë. The A2 motorway parallelly runs along the SH8 from Fier to Vlorë and terminates after entering the city in the north. Upon completion, the bypass of Vlorë will link the A2 motorway through the suburbs of Vlorë with the SH8 highway.[54][55]

Vlorë is served by the Port of Vlorë, the second busiest port in Albania, located in the northern part of the city's coast.

The Vlorë railway station is the southern terminus of the Durrës-Vlorë railway line which connects Vlorë with Durrës and the rest of the Albanian rail network. It opened in 1985 when the railway line was extended from Fier to Vlorë.[56] A very limited service remained in operation until 2015,[57] but currently passenger services no longer run south of Fier.[58] However, a private railway company, Albrail, started operation of freight trains from Fier to Vlorë in 2018.[59]

The Vlorë International Airport is a proposed airport development project currently under construction as part of Albania's plan to increase transportation links to destinations in southern Albania.[60][61] The proposed location for the airport lies at the village of Akërni within the Vjosa-Narta Protected Landscape in the north of Vlorë, which was met with widespread criticism.[62] The construction was officially launched on 28 November 2021, and has a completion target date of April 2024.[63][64] The airport also has plans to include a marina and an agritourism site.[citation needed]

Landfill

[edit]

During the period 2020–2024, the city periodically suffered from fires at the local landfill. The landfill, which is considered dangerous by the local authorities, was due to close by June 2021, as a new landfill was expected to begin operations. The deadline for the opening of the latter has been postponed repeatedly, and its further construction has stopped.[65][66]

Education

[edit]

Vlora is home to the second largest university in Albania. The University of Vlora was founded in 1994 as a technological university. It retains a focus on technology, but has expanded in the areas of economics and finance, education, medicine, and law.

There are three journals based in the University of Vlora. There is also a scientific journal published quarterly in Albanian: Buletini Shkencor i Universitetit te Vlorës. Since 2008 it is home to the Academicus International Scientific Journal,[67] a peer-reviewed scientific publication in the English language founded by Arta Musaraj.[68]

Besides the state university there are two private universities, namely Universiteti Pavarësia Vlorë and Akademia e Studimeve të Aplikuara "Reald", which started as primary school and high school, and since 2011 operates also as a university.[69]

Demography

[edit]
Population history of Vlorë in selected periods
Year 1923[70] 1927[70] 1938[70] 1989[43] 2001[43] 2011[6]
Pop.5,9426,2109,94871,66277,65279,513
±% p.a.—    +1.11%+4.38%+3.95%+0.67%+0.24%
Source: [70]

As per the Institute of Statistics estimate from the 2011 census, there were 79,513 people residing in Vlorë and 104,827 in the municipality of Vlorë, constituting the third most populous city and fifth most populous municipality of Albania.[1][6] The estimated population density of Vlorë Municipality was at 169.9 inhabitants per square kilometre.[1] The population of Vlorë had increased from 71,662 in 1989 to 79,513 in 2011, while a decline of the population of Vlorë Municipality from 114,497 to 104,827 was highlighted.[43]

The constitution defines Albania as a secular country with no official religion.[71] It guarantees the freedom of religion, belief and conscience and prohibits discrimination on grounds of religious beliefs or practice.[71][72] Vlorë is religiously diverse and possesses many places of worship catering to its religious population, who are traditionally adherents of Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. During the 19th and early 20th century, Albanian-speaking Muslims were the majority population of Vlorë while there was a small number of Greek-speaking families, Albanian Orthodox, Jews, and an even smaller number of Catholics.[73] In 1994 the ethnic Greek community of the city numbered 8,000 people.[74] A Greek school was operating in the city in 1741.[75]

Culture

[edit]
Monument of Independence on the Flag's Square

Vlorë is geographically and culturally encompassed in the historical region of Labëria, extending from the Albanian Adriatic and Ionian Sea Coasts to the mountainous region of southeastern Albania.[76] Labëria is distinguished for its distinct culture, landscapes and traditions and known as the birthplace of Albanian polyphonic music, which has been proclaimed by UNESCO a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.[77] Most of the Albanian inhabitants of Vlorë speak the Lab dialect of southern Tosk Albanian that differs from other Albanian dialects.[78]

Historical center of Vlorë at the Justin Godart Street

Vlorë is home to many cultural and historical sites that also relate to the founding of Albania. The Monument of Independence is located on the Flag's Square and commemorates the Albanian independence from the Ottoman Empire.[79] Museum of Independence is housed in a 19th-century building, where the founding fathers of Albania signed the Declaration of Independence.[80] Its balcony is considered a symbol of freedom, victory and resilience of the Albanians to prevent the occupation of their motherland.[80]

Located in a 19th-century mansion, the Ethnographic Museum close to the Museum of Independence displays the ethnographic heritage of Vlorë and its surrounding region.[80] The History Museum at the Perlat Rexhepi Street is another museum exhibiting among others artefacts from the nearby archaeological sites of the Illyrians and Ancient Greeks.[80] A museum dedicated to the historical Jewish population of Vlorë is planned to open in the historical center of Vlorë.[81][82]

Among the most outstanding religious sites in Vlorë are the Muradie Mosque built in the 16th century at the Sadik Zotaj Street and the Saint Aloysius Gonzaga and Mary Church from the 19th century at the Kristoforidhi Street.[79] Notable cultural sites in Vlorë Municipality include the Castle of Kaninë, Church of Marmiroi, Island of Sazan, Island of Zvërnec, Lagoon of Narta as well as the archaeological sites of Amantia and Oricum.[79]

The oldest and most popular first division team based in Vlorë is the football club KS Flamurtari Vlorë. Flamurtari plays at Flamurtari Stadium in the center of Vlorë near the Independence Square.

International relations

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Albania

Vlorë is twinned with:

[edit]
  • A typical street in Vlorë showing high rise buildings in the city
    A typical street in Vlorë showing high rise buildings in the city
  • A typical street in Vlorë showing some palm trees and the Christmas tree
    A typical street in Vlorë showing some palm trees and the Christmas tree
  • The old town of Vlorë
    The old town of Vlorë
  • The panorama of Vlorë
    The panorama of Vlorë
  • The bay of Vlorë
    The bay of Vlorë

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The municipality of Vlorë consists of the administrative units of Novoselë, Orikum, Qendër Vlorë, Shushicë and Vlorë.[1][4][5] The population of the municipality results from the sum of the listed administrative units in the former as of the 2011 Albanian census.[1][6]
  2. ^ The estimation for the administrative unit of Vlorë is to be taken into consideration.[6]
  3. ^ Vlorë is also known as Vlonë (pronounced [ˈvlonə]; definite: Vlona) in Gheg Albanian.[9]
  4. ^ "town that is the second seaport of Albania. It was strategically important during the Roman period and in the 11th to the 12th-century wars between Normans and the Byzantine Empire" (EB editors 2016).

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "Pasaporta e Bashkisë Vlorë" (in Albanian). Porta Vendore. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  2. ^ "Bashkia Vlorë" (in Albanian). Albanian Association of Municipalities (AAM). Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  3. ^ "Rregullore e Planit të Përgjithshëm Vendor të Territorit të Bashkisë Vlorë" (PDF) (in Albanian). Bashkia Vlorë. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  4. ^ a b "A new Urban–Rural Classification of Albanian Population" (PDF). Instituti i Statistikës (INSTAT). May 2014. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  5. ^ a b "Law nr. 115/2014" (PDF) (in Albanian). p. 6376. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d Nurja, Ines. "Censusi i popullsisë dhe banesave/ Population and Housing Census–Vlorë (2011)" (PDF). Tirana: Institute of Statistics (INSTAT). p. 85. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  7. ^ "Vlorë". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2020-07-07.
  8. ^ "Vlorë". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  9. ^ The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1974. p. 479. ISBN 0-85229-290-2. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  10. ^ Babiniotis, Georgios (2019). Dictionary of the Modern Greek Language. Kéntro Lexikologías. p. 315. ISBN 978-9609582148. ηκαν το αρχ. δίαυλος «πέρασμα, δίοδος» και το νεότ. πύραυλος. Η κοιλάδα που μοιάζει με αυλό λέγεται αυλών (αυλώνας). από όπου το συχνό τοπωνύμιο Αυλών | Αυλώνα, ... Αυλώνας (ο) πόλη και λιμάνι τής Ν. Αλβανίας
  11. ^ a b c d Demiraj, Shaban (2006). The origin of the Albanians: linguistically investigated. Academy of Sciences of Albania. pp. 144–145. ISBN 9789994381715. Archived from the original on 20 November 2020.
  12. ^ Katičić, Radoslav (1976). Ancient Languages of the Balkans. Mouton. p. 186. ISBN 978-9027933058.
  13. ^ Huld, Martin E. (1986). "Accentual Stratification of Ancient Greek Loanwords in Albanian". Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung. 99 (2). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG): 248–249. JSTOR 40848841.
  14. ^ "Baynes, T. S., ed. (1875–1889). "Avlona" . Encyclopædia Britannica (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons." in the Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed. 1878.
  15. ^ a b c d e Chisholm 1911.
  16. ^ Gawrych, G. W. (2006). The crescent and the eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874-1913. I.B.Tauris. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-84511-287-5. Google Book Search. Retrieved on August 25, 2009.
  17. ^ "Arumunët Albania, nr. 40". Arumunët Albania (in Albanian and Aromanian). No. 40. 2014. p. 15.
  18. ^ Bereti 1993, p. 143.
  19. ^ Stocker, Sharon R. (2009). Illyrian Apollonia: Toward a New Ktisis and Developmental History of the Colony. p. 227. Heroic origins that involved Euboeans were attributed toseveral other early settlements around the Bay of Vlora
  20. ^ Walker, Keith G. (9 January 2004). Archaic Eretria: A Political and Social History from the Earliest Times to 490 BC. Routledge. p. 151. ISBN 978-1-134-45098-5. Eretrians settled around the bay of Avlona (Aulona).... There was also a place called Aulon in the Eretrias... and another .... Khalkis.
  21. ^ Papadopoulos, John (2016). "Komai, Colonies and Cities in Epirus and Southern Albania: The Failure of the Polis and the Rise of Urbanism on the Fringes of the Greek World". In Molloy, Barry P.C. (ed.). Of Odysseys and Oddities: Scales and Modes of Interaction Between Prehistoric Aegean Societies and their Neighbours. Oxbow Books. p. 440. ISBN 978-1-78570-232-7. Then there was the establishment of a new type of site in the Illyrian hinterland, away from the coastal areas usually inhabited by Greeks, especially during the developed Iron Age...
  22. ^ Bereti 1993, p. 143; Fasolo 2005, p. 178; Volpe et al. 2014, p. 300.
  23. ^ Volpe et al. 2014, p. 300.
  24. ^ Fasolo 2005, p. 178.
  25. ^ Volpe et al. 2014, p. 300; Bereti 1993, p. 143.
  26. ^ Bereti, Quantin & Cabanes 2011, pp. 11, 13.
  27. ^ Bereti, Quantin & Cabanes 2011, p. 11.
  28. ^ a b Vailhé 1912.
  29. ^ "Apollonia and Aulon in Epirus Nova" (Bowden 2003, p. 14)
  30. ^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 842
  31. ^ Vlora, Eqrem bej; Von Godin, Marie Amelie von Godin (2010) [1956]. Contributions to the history of Turkish rule in Albania: a Historical Outline v. I . Tirana: Publishing House "55". f. 47. ISBN 978-99943-56-83-6.
  32. ^ Nicol, Donald M. (1984). The Despotate of Epiros 1267-1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-521-26190-6. Nicholas Orsini... He stepped up his invasion of Byzantine territory... The Venetians too seem to have decided that the moment was now ripe to help him. They sent a fleet led by Giovanni Michiel to attack Valona. Many of its Greek inhabitants were killed on the spot, including the son of its admiral Gantzas
  33. ^ Mandeville, John (2012). The Book of Marvels and Travels. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-19-960060-1.
  34. ^ Van Antwerp Fine, John (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans - A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. United States of America: University of Michigan Press. p. 357. ISBN 0-472-10079-3.
  35. ^ a b c d e f g h i Giakoumis, Konstantinos (2010). "The Orthodox Church in Albania Under the Ottoman Rule 15th-19th Century". In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 95–96. ISBN 9783631602959.
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  38. ^ Ray, Jonathan Stewart (2013). After expulsion: 1492 and the making of Sephardic Jewry. New York: New York University Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-8147-2911-3.
  39. ^ Pollo, Stefanaq (1984). Historia e Shqipërisë: Vitet 30 të shek. XIX-1912 (in Albanian). Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë, Instituti i Historisë. OCLC 165705732.
  40. ^ Hoxha, Enver (1972). The Party of Labor of Albania in Battle with Modern Revisionism: Speeches and Articles. The Naim Frasheri Publishing House.
  41. ^ Glass, Emily (2017). "Once upon a Time in Ksamil: Communist and Post-Communist Biographies of Mushroom-Shaped Bunkers in Albania". In Bennett, Luke (ed.). In the Ruins of the Cold War Bunker: Affect, Materiality and Meaning Making. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 147–150. ISBN 978-1-78348-735-6.
  42. ^ Vickers, Miranda; Pettifer, James (1997) [1997]. Albania: From Anarchy to a Balkan Identity. C. Hurst & Co. (published 1999). pp. 47–48. ISBN 978-1-85065-279-3. Vlora ... was notorious as a recruiting ground for the Sigurimi.
  43. ^ a b c d "Shërbim Konsulence, për Hartimin e Planeve të Përgjithshme Vendore, për Katër Bashki, Vlorë, Sarandë, Himarë, Konispol" (PDF) (in Albanian). Bashkia Vlorë. 30 November 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  44. ^ a b c d "Climate: Vlorë". Climate-Data. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  45. ^ a b "Vlore Climate & Temperature". ClimaTemps. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  46. ^ a b c "Vlore climate Normals for 1961-1990(WMO Station Number: 13600)". ncei.noaa.gov. NOAA. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  47. ^ Polemio, M.; CNR-IRPI Pambuku, A.; Servizio Geologico di Albania Petrucci, O.; CNR-IRPI. The coastal karstic aquifer of Vlora (Albania). OCLC 697554091.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  48. ^ Begaj, Majlinda. "Vlora guida". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  49. ^ "What is the Climate, Average Temperature/ Weather in Vlore?". Climatetemp.info. Archived from the original on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  50. ^ "Albania is creating three free economic zones". emerging-europe.com. 24 August 2015.
  51. ^ "Subnational Economy Rankings - South East Europe - Subnational Doing Business - World Bank Group". www.doingbusiness.org. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
  52. ^ "Five destinations to watch — from the Faroe Islands to Pakistan". Financial Times. 8 November 2019. Archived from the original on 2022-12-10. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
  53. ^ Bytyci, Fatos; Goga, Florion (2024-04-04). "Jared Kushner's planned Albania resort stokes fear and hope in coastal town". Reuters. Retrieved 2024-04-10.
  54. ^ "Bypass-i Vlorës" (in Albanian). Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  55. ^ Gjonaj, Arlinda (15 June 2020). "Këtë javë nis asfaltimi i bypass-it të Vlorës/ Rama: Brenda muajit hapet gara ndërkombëtare për 'Korridorin Blu'" (in Albanian). Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare (ATA). Archived from the original on 22 June 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
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  59. ^ "About Albrail". Albrail. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  60. ^ "Aeroporti i ri ndërkombëtar i Vlorës" (in Albanian). Kryeministria. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  61. ^ "Gati projekti për aeroportin ndërkombëtar të Vlorës" (in Albanian). Kryeministria. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  62. ^ "New airport near the Narta Lagoon, Albania". International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). 7 March 2018. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  63. ^ "PM Rama announces start of works for Vlora Airport". Albanian Daily News.
  64. ^ "PM Rama inspects works at construction site of Vlora Airport". Albanian Daily News.
  65. ^ Ziaj, Jerola (26 July 2024). "Tymi i plehrave mbulon Vlorën në mes të sezonit turistik". Reporter.al (in Albanian).
  66. ^ "Tymi i zi mbulon Vlorën, ende aktiv zjarri në fushën e plehrave". Lapsi.al (in Albanian). 27 July 2024.
  67. ^ Musaraj, Arta (2019). "Academicus - In the name of Science" (PDF). Academicus International Scientific Journal. 20: 10–11. doi:10.7336/academicus.2019.20.01. ISSN 2079-3715.
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  71. ^ a b "Constitution of the Republic of Albania". Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  72. ^ "Albania 2016 International Religious Freedom Report" (PDF). state.gov. pp. 1–7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-15.
  73. ^ Kokolakis, Mihalis (2003). Το ύστερο Γιαννιώτικο Πασαλίκι: χώρος, διοίκηση και πληθυσμός στην τουρκοκρατούμενη Ηπειρο (1820–1913) [The late Pashalik of Ioannina: Space, administration and population in Ottoman ruled Epirus (1820–1913)]. EIE-ΚΝΕ. p.52. "β. Ο διεσπαρμένος ελληνόφωνος πληθυσμός περιλάμβανε... και μικρό αριθμό οικογενειών στα αστικά κέντρα του Αργυροκάστρου και της Αυλώνας. [b. The scattered Greek-speaking population included ... and a small number of families in the cities of Gjirokastra and Vlora.]"; p. 53. "και την ακόμη ολιγομελέστερη ομάδα των Καθολικών της Αυλώνας [and even group of Catholics in Vlora]"; p. 54. "Η μουσουλμανική κοινότητα της Ηπείρου, με εξαίρεση τους μικρούς αστικούς πληθυσμούς των νότιων ελληνόφωνων περιοχών, τους οποίους προαναφέραμε, και τις δύο με τρεις χιλιάδες διεσπαρμένους «Τουρκόγυφτους», απαρτιζόταν ολοκληρωτικά από αλβανόφωνους, και στα τέλη της Τουρκοκρατίας κάλυπτε τα ¾ περίπου του πληθυσμού των αλβανόφωνων περιοχών και περισσότερο από το 40% του συνόλου. [The Muslim community in Epirus, with the exception of small urban populations of the southern Greek-speaking areas, which we mentioned, and 2-3000 dispersed "Muslim Romani", consisted entirely of Albanian speakers, and in the late Ottoman period covered approximately ¾ of population ethnic Albanian speaking areas and more than 40% of the total area."; pp. 370, 374.
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Bibliography

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  • Bereti, Vasil (1993). "Gjurmë të fortifikimeve në vendbanimin në Treport / Traces de fortifications dans l'habitat à Treport". Iliria (in Albanian). 23: 143–159. doi:10.3406/iliri.1993.1622.
  • Bereti, Vasil; Quantin, François; Cabanes, Pierre (2011). "Histoire et épigraphie dans la région de Vlora (Albanie)". REA (in French). 113 (1).
  • Fasolo, Michele (2005) [2003]. La via Egnatia I. Da Apollonia e Dyrrachium ad Herakleia Lynkestidos. Viae Publicae Romanae (in Italian). Vol. 1. Rome: Istituto Grafico Editoriale Romano.
  • Volpe, Giuliano; Disantarosa, Giacomo; Leone, Danilo; Turchiano, Maria (2014). "Porti, approdi e itinerari dell'Albania meridionale dall'Antichità al Medioevo. Il 'Progetto Liburna'". Ricerche Archeologiche in Albania. Aracne: 287–326. doi:10.4399/978885487245516 (inactive 31 January 2024). ISBN 978-88-548-7245-5.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)

Further reading

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