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2S1 Gvozdika

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2S1 (SAU-122)
TypeSelf-propelled artillery
Place of originSoviet Union
Service history
In service1972–present
Used bysee Operators
WarsSoviet–Afghan War
Iran–Iraq War
Gulf War
War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
Yugoslav Wars
First Chechen War
Second Chechen War
Iraq War
Russo-Georgian War
First Libyan Civil War
Second Libyan Civil War
Syrian Civil War
Russo-Ukrainian War
Second Nagorno-Karabakh war
Tigray War
Production history
DesignerKharkiv Tractor Plant
Designed1956–1961
Produced1971–1991
No. built10,000+
Variantssee Variants
Specifications
Mass16 t (16 long tons; 18 short tons)
Length7.26 m (23 ft 10 in)
Barrel length4.27 m (14 ft 0 in)[1]
Width2.85 m (9 ft 4 in)
Height2.73 m (8 ft 11 in)
Crew4
Shell122 x 447mm .R
separate loading, cased charge
Caliber122 mm (4.8 in)
BreechHorizontal sliding-wedge, semi-automatic
Elevation-3 to +70 degrees
Traverse360 degrees
Rate of fireMaximum: 5 rpm
Sustained: 1–2 rpm
Muzzle velocity680 m/s (2,200 ft/s)
Maximum firing rangeConventional: 15.3 km (9.5 mi)
Extended: 21.9 km (13.6 mi)
Armor7–20 mm (0.28–0.79 in)
Main
armament
2A18 122 mm (4.8 in) howitzer
EngineYaMZ-238N diesel
220 kW (300 hp)
Suspensiontorsion bar
Operational
range
500 km (310 mi)
Maximum speed Road: 60 km/h (37 mph)
Off-road: 30 km/h (19 mph)
Swim: 4.5 km/h (2.8 mph)

The 2S1 Gvozdika (Russian: 2С1 «Гвоздика», "Carnation") is a Soviet self-propelled howitzer introduced in 1972 and in service in Russia and other countries as of 2024. It is based on the MT-LBu multi-purpose chassis, mounting a 122 mm 2A18 howitzer. "2S1" is its GRAU designation. An alternative Russian designation is SAU-122, but in the Russian Army it is commonly known as Gvozdika. The 2S1 is fully amphibious with very little preparation, and once afloat is propelled by its tracks. A variety of track widths are available to allow the 2S1 to operate in snow or swamp conditions. It is NBC protected and has infrared night-vision capability.

One was used in Series 21 of the British television series Top Gear (2002 TV series), as part of the fictional Top Gear Police Department.

Description

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Croatian 2S1 in 1996

The 2S1 was developed in Kharkiv, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. It has seven road wheels on each side; the running gear can be fitted with different widths of track to match terrain. The interior is separated into a driver's compartment on the left, an engine compartment on the right and a fighting compartment to the rear. Within the fighting compartment the commander sits on the left, the loader on the right and the gunner to the front. The all-welded turret is located above the fighting compartment. The 2S1 uses a 122 mm howitzer based on the towed D-30 howitzer. The gun is equipped with a power rammer, a double-baffle muzzle brake and a fume extractor. It is capable of firing HE (high explosive), leaflet, HE/RAP, armor-piercing HE, flechette and chemical rounds.[2]

Production history

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The first prototype was ready in 1958. The 2S1 entered service with the Soviet Army in the early 1970s and was first seen in public at a Polish Army parade in 1974. The vehicle was deployed in large numbers (72 per tank division, 36 per motorized rifle division). It was designated the M1974 by the U.S. Army and manufactured in Soviet, Polish and Bulgarian state factories.

Variants

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Iran

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  • Raad-1 ('Thunder') – Iranian variant based on the hull of the Boragh APC.

Myanmar

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  • 2S1U – In March 2019, a Ukrainian company, the Great Export Import Company, and the Myanmar military have signed a joint-venture agreement to build a plant capable of manufacturing armored personnel carriers (APCs) and self-propelled howitzers. The types of APCs that will be made in the plant are said to be eight-wheeled BTR-4Us while the howitzers will be 2S1Us, which are based on the MT-LBu multipurpose chassis.[3][4]

Poland

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The 2S1 Gvozdika, and other related vehicles such as the MT-LB and Opal, were produced in Poland by Huta Stalowa Wola under the name 2S1 Goździk.

  • 2S1M Goździk – Version with special amphibious kit that increases the vehicle's amphibious capabilities.
  • 2S1T Goździk – Version with a TOPAZ digital fire control system from WB Electronics. The system consists of a FONET-IP digital intercom system, new digital radio, military GPS receiver, military computer and dedicated software. The same system is used on other Polish Armed Forces artillery systems like the AHS Krab, Dana-T and WR-40 Langusta.

Romania

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  • OAPR model 89 (Obuzierul autopropulsat românesc, model 89) – Romanian variant combining the 2S1 Gvozdika's turret and a modified version of the MLI-84's chassis. Designed around 1978, it was produced between 1987 and 1992. Also, it is simply known as Model 89.[5][6]

Russia

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Serbia

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  • 2S1 modernized - The modernization is being carried out on the basis of the 122 mm towed howitzer of the Serbian modernization program. Project "SORA 122mm" and NORA B-52. Where the truck platform was abandoned, which was used by the prototype version of the "SORA 122mm" system in favor of a much better, crawler platform 2S1 Gvozdika system. The action was made possible by two new projectiles and an increased range of about 40% from 15,200 to 22,000 m (9.4 to 13.7 mi). A new ballistic computer and fire control system make it much faster to prepare for action. There is also a new inertial navigation system, GPRS, as well as the possibility of action, multiple projectiles in one point, MRSI. Thus, it was achieved that with one 2S1 Gvozdika system, in the system of MRSI action in one point, 6 projectiles can be fired in one minute; the modernized 2S1 Gvozdika is much improved. For better defense, a turret with a 12.7 mm machine gun was added. In 2021, the first modernized 2S1 Gvozdika system battery was inducted into service with the Serbian Army.

Soviet Union

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Ukraine

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  • Kevlar-E – Infantry fighting vehicle based on the 2S1 platform, equipped with Shturm remote weapon station and room for 6 passengers in addition to the 3 crew. The original 220 kW (300 hp) V8 diesel engine has been replaced with a 310 kW (420 hp) diesel engine produced by Caterpillar, Cummins or Deutz, increasing the maximum road speed to 70 km/h (43 mph). The vehicle is amphibious and has air conditioning, a fire detection and suppression system, an NBC system, navigation system, and night-vision equipment. The variant was first introduced in April 2018.[8] The prototype has been fighting in the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[9]

Operators

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Map of 2S1 operators:
  Current
  Former
Serbian Army 2S1 Gvozdika modernized
Polish Land Forces 2S1 Gvozdika at artillery range
Romanian Model 89, using the 2S1's turret on the MLI-84's chassis
An Iraqi M-1974 howitzer lies stranded in the desert after being deserted by Iraqi forces during the Persian Gulf War's Operation Desert Storm.

Current operators

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Former operators

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Combat history

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See also

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Bibliography

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  • International Institute for Strategic Studies (1989). The military balance, 1989-1990. London: Brassey's. ISBN 978-0080375694.
  • International Institute for Strategic Studies (1999). The Military Balance 1999-2000. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-922425-8.
  • International Institute for Strategic Studies (2004). Langton, Christopher (ed.). The Military Balance 2004/2005. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-856622-9.
  • International Institute for Strategic Studies (2024). The Military Balance 2024. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-040-05115-3.
  • Trewhitt, Philip (1999). Armored Fighting Vehicles. New York, NY: Amber Books. p. 124. ISBN 0-7607-1260-3.

References

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  1. ^ Investments, M. (n.d.). 2S1-gvozdika. Mortar. Retrieved November 13, 2022, from https://mortarinvestments.eu/catalog/item/2s1-gvozdika
  2. ^ Marat Kenzhetaev (1998). "Self Propelled Artillery and Mortars". armscontrol.ru. MIPT Center for Arms Control, Energy and Environmental Studies. Archived from the original on 10 January 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
  3. ^ "myanmar-ukrainian firming aims plant deal". 9 March 2019.
  4. ^ "Joint venture to supply Ukrainian APCs to Myanmar army | March 2019 Global Defense Security army news industry | Defense Security global news industry army 2019 | Archive News year". www.armyrecognition.com.
  5. ^ http://www.worldwar2.ro/documents/004-artileria-romana-in-date-si-imagini.pdf p. 164
  6. ^ "Obuzierul Autopropulsat Românesc, Model 1989". 23 June 2018.
  7. ^ "САУ 2С15 "Норов". СССР". Archived from the original on 21 April 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  8. ^ Foss, Christopher F (29 April 2018). "Ukraine re-roles 2S1 SPH for infantry combat". IHS Jane's 360. London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
  9. ^ Axe, David (28 March 2023). "Ukraine Made Exactly One Oddball Kevlar-E Fighting Vehicle. It's Been Battling Around Kharkiv For A Year". Forbes. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  10. ^ IISS 2024, p. 343.
  11. ^ IISS 2024, p. 471.
  12. ^ IISS 2024, p. 178.
  13. ^ IISS 2024, p. 180.
  14. ^ IISS 2024, p. 183.
  15. ^ IISS 2024, p. 77.
  16. ^ IISS 2024, p. 481.
  17. ^ IISS 2024, p. 482.
  18. ^ IISS 2024, p. 486.
  19. ^ IISS 2024, p. 428.
  20. ^ IISS 2024, p. 79.
  21. ^ IISS 2024, p. 490.
  22. ^ IISS 2024, p. 491.
  23. ^ IISS 2024, p. 89.
  24. ^ IISS 2024, p. 185.
  25. ^ IISS 2024, p. 369.
  26. ^ IISS 2024, p. 353.
  27. ^ IISS 2024, p. 186.
  28. ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2016). The Military Balance 2016. Vol. 116. Routledge. p. 491. ISBN 9781857438352.
  29. ^ IISS 2024, p. 188.
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  31. ^ IISS 2024, p. 125.
  32. ^ IISS 2024, p. 131.
  33. ^ IISS 2024, pp. 193, 198, 201, 205.
  34. ^ IISS 2024, p. 133.
  35. ^ IISS 2024, p. 521.
  36. ^ IISS 2024, p. 520.
  37. ^ IISS 2024, p. 386.
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  39. ^ IISS 2024, p. 209.
  40. ^ IISS 2024, pp. 212−214.
  41. ^ IISS 2024, p. 452.
  42. ^ IISS 2024, p. 215.
  43. ^ IISS 2024, p. 324.
  44. ^ IISS 2024, p. 394.
  45. ^ IISS 2024, p. 529.
  46. ^ a b IISS 2004, p. 84.
  47. ^ IISS 1999, p. 51.
  48. ^ IISS 1989, p. 46.
  49. ^ IISS 1989, p. 47.
  50. ^ IISS 2004, p. 55.
  51. ^ Cordesman, Anthony H. (7 February 2003). Iraqi Armed Forces on the Edge of War (PDF) (Report). Center for Strategic and International Studies. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  52. ^ Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost. "Vehicles and equipment captured by the Islamic State inside Syria until November 2014". Oryx Blog.
  53. ^ IISS 2004, p. 130.
  54. ^ IISS 2004, p. 68.
  55. ^ IISS 1999, p. 97.
  56. ^ Kočevar, Iztok (August 2014). "Micmac à tire-larigot chez Tito: L'arme blindée yougoslave durant la Guerre froide" [The Yugoslav armored arm during the Cold War]. Batailles et Blindés (in French). No. 62. Caraktère. pp. 66–79. ISSN 1765-0828.
  57. ^ IISS 1989, pp. 34, 37.
  58. ^ "- YouTube". www.youtube.com.
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