Cicadetta montana
| Cicadetta montana | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Auchenorrhyncha |
| Family: | Cicadidae |
| Subfamily: | Cicadettinae |
| Tribe: | Cicadettini |
| Genus: | Cicadetta |
| Species: | C. montana
|
| Binomial name | |
| Cicadetta montana (Scopoli, 1772)
| |
Cicadetta montana (also known as the New Forest cicada) is a species of Cicadetta found throughout Europe and in parts of Asia.[1]
It is regarded as endangered over large parts of Europe, and has vanished from several areas in Western Europe.[2] It is the only cicada species native to England and Finland (Åminneforss in Pohja).[3]
The adult females inject their eggs into the stems of food plants, and, when the larvae emerge, they burrow underground and as nymphs feeding on root sap. These underground cycles may last many years, differing for each species.
Females have a body measuring about 50 mm in length, with the males being much smaller. It has transparent wings with prominent veins, folded over the back when at rest, and a dark slate-grey or black body with dull orange rings around the abdomen. The legs are marked with dull orange as are the leading edges of the wings (costae).
As with all cicadas, the males produce the shrill, buzzing calls by rapidly flexing drumhead-like membranes, while the females are limited to producing clicks. The call of C montana sounds like static hiss to the unaided human ear and is sustained with relatively short lulls at irregular intervals.[4] Their shrilling was venerated by the ancient Greeks, but detested by Virgil.[5]
Food plants
[edit]- Betula pendula (European white birch)
- Betula pubescens (downy birch)
- Corylus avellana (common hazel)
- Crataegus monogyna (common hawthorn)
- Fagus sylvatica (European beech)
- Pteridium aquilinum (northern bracken fern)
- Quercus robur (pedunculate oak)
- Ulex europaeus (common gorse) [6]
Taxonomic history
[edit]In 1772, Scopoli described and named the type specimen from Slovenia as Melampsalta montana, and this was later changed to Cicadetta montana. It has turned out to be not a single taxon, but a complex of closely related species distinguishable by their songs. Using this method of differentiation, at least 10 species have been separated from the complex. Classification by calls has led to three main groups being proposed which largely correspond with the clades suggested by DNA analyses – one new species not fitting in the proposed scheme.[7][8][9]
Synonyms
[edit]- Melampsalta montana Scopoli, 1772
- Cicadetta flavofenestrata Goeze, 1778
- C. schafferi Gmelin, 1780
- C. pygmaea Olivier, 1790
- C. dimidiata Fabricius, 1803
- C. anglica Samouelle, 1819
- C. parvula Walker, 1850
- C. saxonica Hartwig, 1857
- C. megerlei Fieber, 1876
- C. longipennis Fieber, 1876 [10]
New Forest cicada project
[edit]C. montana has not been seen or heard anywhere in Britain since 2000. In 2013, in an attempt to locate remaining specimens, developers have written application software for smartphones, enabling users to listen to sound frequencies beyond the normal human range.[11] Up to December 2015, over 3,000 people have downloaded the ″Hunt for the New Forest Cicada app″ without success in Britain, although the app has recorded the insect in Slovenia. From 2016 onwards, 100 autonomous acoustic monitoring devices have been deployed each year throughout the New Forest.[12]
C. montana also disappeared between 1941 and 1961, so their current absence may be part of a cycle.[13]
In 2024 a project to re-introduce the species to the New Forest was launched by the Species Recovery Trust. The project will involve capturing individuals from the Idrija region of Slovenia, with some to be captive bred and others released into a series of carefully monitored locations. [14]
References
[edit]- ^ "Cicadetta montana Scopoli, 1772 Distribution: AT, BE, BG, DK, FI, FR, DE, GB, GR, HU, IT, NO, IL, PL, ES, SE, SLO, TR, AZ, GG, KG, MD, N-RU, M-RU, S-RU, TJ, UA, YU." The Fulgoromorpha and Cicadomorpha of Turkey - Emine Demir
- ^ An Encyclopedia of Natural History
- ^ The genus is also represented in Australia and New Zealand. Cicada sensations, behavior, song patterns[page needed]
- ^ "Sound clip from Songs of Cicadas". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
- ^ Taxonomy, distribution, biology and conservation status of Finnish Auchenorrhyncha - Guy Söderman Archived May 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ http://globalspecies.org/mtaxa/1000036612[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Present status of mountain cicadas Cicadetta montana (sensu lato) in Europe" Archived 2015-01-11 at the Wayback Machine - Matija Gogala, Sakis Drosopoulos, Tomi Trilar (Bulletin of Insectology 61 (1): 123-124, 2008)ISSN 1721-8861
- ^ Cicadetta montana complex in Greece – Matija Gogala, Sakis Drosopoulos, Tomi Trilar
- ^ Molecular systematics of the cryptic Cicadetta montana species complex - Elizabeth Wade
- ^ Centre for Entomological Studies Ankara
- ^ "New Forest Cicada Project". Archived from the original on 15 May 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
- ^ Baraniuk, Chris (2 December 2015). "The search for Britain's only native species of cicada". BBC News. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^ The Guardian
- ^ https://www.discoverwildlife.com/animal-facts/insects-invertebrates/new-forest-cicada-reintroduction-uk