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Demographics of Cape Verde

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Demographics of Cape Verde
Population pyramid of Cape Verde in 2020
Population596,707 (2022 est.)
Growth rate1.21% (2022 est.)
Birth rate18.49 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate5.8 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancy73.75 years
 • male71.41 years
 • female76.15 years
Fertility rate2.13 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate23.53 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate-0.57 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years27.95%
65 and over5.48%
Sex ratio
Total0.95 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth1.03 male(s)/female
Under 151.01 male(s)/female
65 and over0.52 male(s)/female
Nationality
NationalityCabo Verdean or Cape Verdean

Demographic features of the population of Cape Verde include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

Cape Verde has a population of about 540,000 inhabitants who live in the islands. A large proportion (236,000) of Cape Verdeans live on the main island, Santiago.[1] Many more live abroad in the Cape Verdean diaspora in mainland Africa, Europe, U.S., Brazil, et cetera.

The archipelago of Cape Verde were first found and claimed by Portuguese sailors working for the Portuguese Crown in 1456. Cape Verdeans are West African. Many foreigners from other parts of the world settled in Cape Verde as their permanent country.

Two Cape Verdean children playing

Survival in a country with few natural resources has historically induced Cape Verdeans to emigrate. In fact, of the more than 1 million people of Cape Verdean ancestry in the world, only a little more than one-third actually live on the islands. Some 500,000 people of Cape Verdean ancestry live in the United States, mainly in New England. Many people of Cape Verdean ancestry also live in Portugal, Netherlands, France, Italy and Senegal. Cape Verdean populations also settled Spain, Germany, Canada, and other CPLP countries (Angola, Brazil and Guinea-Bissau). Since independence from Portugal in 1975, a number of Cape Verdean students continued to be admitted every year at Portuguese high schools, polytechnical institutes and universities, through bilateral agreements between the Portuguese and Cape Verdean governments.

Portuguese functions as a state language. Virtually all formal documents and official declarations are stated in Portuguese. But it is not the first language. Cape Verdean, commonly called Kriolu, is spoken as a mother tongue by virtually all Cape Verdeans, irrespective of social status or religious affiliation. Moreover, historical linguists often attribute Cape Verdean Creole as the oldest "New World" contact language. It is a "contact" language in the sense that it was birthed and evolved between linguistically different groups who, by necessity, had to create a common language to communicate with each other. There is a rich repertoire of literature and songs in Cape Verdean Creole. In religion, the majority of Cape Verdeans follow Catholic Christianity. There are some Protestants, Baháʼís and Muslims.

Population

[edit]
Demographics of Cape Verde, Data of FAO, year 2005; Number of inhabitants in thousands.

According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects[2][3] the total population was 587,925 in 2021, compared to only 178,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 31.8%, 62.3% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 5.9% was 65 years or older.[4]

Total population Population aged 0–14 (%) Population aged 15–64 (%) Population aged 65+ (%)
1950 178,000 32.6 59.8 7.6
1955 195,000 35.8 57.9 6.2
1960 211,000 42.1 53.2 4.8
1965 240,000 48.5 47.3 4.2
1970 274,000 48.2 47.8 4
1975 311,000 45.8 49.6 4.6
1980 300,000 46 48.7 5.3
1985 328,000 44.5 50.5 5
1990 348,000 45.4 49.8 4.8
1995 395,000 44.5 50.5 5
2000 437,000 41.7 52.9 5.3
2005 473,000 37 57.2 5.8
2010 496,000 31.8 62.3 5.9
Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 16.VI.2010):[5]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 243 403 248 280 491 683 100
0–4 25 131 25 069 50 200 10.21
5–9 25 168 25 040 50 208 10.21
10–14 27 864 27 361 55 225 11.23
15–19 29 655 29 405 59 060 12.01
20–24 27 327 25 578 52 905 10.76
25–29 23 336 21 005 44 341 9.02
30–34 18 165 16 339 34 504 7.02
35–39 14 106 13 130 27 236 5.54
40–44 12 988 13 303 26 291 5.35
45–49 11 347 12 165 23 512 4.78
50–54 8 162 9 999 18 161 3.69
55–59 4 947 7 196 12 143 2.47
60–64 2 613 3 580 6 193 1.26
65-69 2 499 3 716 6 215 1.26
70-74 3 437 5 229 8 666 1.76
75-79 2 980 4 453 7 433 1.51
80-84 2 092 3 185 5 277 1.07
85-89 827 1 358 2 185 0.44
90-94 377 696 1 073 0.22
95+ 172 325 497 0.10
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 78 163 77 470 155 633 31.65
15–64 152 646 151 700 304 346 61.90
65+ 12 384 18 962 31 346 6.38
Unknown 210 148 358 0.07
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020) (Data refer to national projections.):[6]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 281 533 275 324 556 857 100
0–4 26 739 25 524 52 264 9.39
5–9 26 162 24 973 51 135 9.18
10–14 25 262 25 389 50 651 9.10
15–19 23 734 23 483 47 218 8.48
20–24 23 955 22 461 46 416 8.34
25–29 28 159 26 015 54 173 9.73
30–34 28 603 24 995 53 597 9.62
35–39 24 111 20 484 44 595 8.01
40–44 18 738 15 923 34 660 6.22
45–49 14 043 12 780 26 822 4.82
50–54 12 282 12 693 24 974 4.48
55–59 10 437 11 557 21 994 3.95
60–64 7 125 9 226 16 351 2.94
65-69 4 080 6 402 10 482 1.88
70-74 2 050 2 955 5 006 0.90
75-79 1 722 2 772 4 494 0.81
80-84 2 037 3 496 5 533 0.99
85-89 1 443 2 389 3 833 0.69
90-94 682 1 249 1 931 0.35
95+ 170 560 730 0.13
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 78 163 75 886 154 049 27.66
15–64 191 186 179 615 370 801 66.59
65+ 12 184 19 823 32 007 5.75
Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 16.VI.2021): [7]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 246 363 244 870 491 233 100
0–4 23 111 22 429 45 540 9.27
5–9 23 533 23 086 46 619 9.49
10–14 23 809 22 771 46 580 9.48
15–19 21 903 20 401 42 304 8.61
20–24 20 391 18 159 38 550 7.85
25–29 22 481 21 665 44 146 8.99
30–34 22 552 21 681 44 233 9.00
35–39 19 217 18 105 37 322 7.60
40–44 15 820 14 259 30 079 6.12
45–49 12 269 11 347 23 616 4.81
50–54 11 257 11 224 22 481 4.58
55–59 10 001 10 682 20 683 4.21
60–64 7 536 8 765 16 301 3.32
65-69 4 496 6 510 11 006 2.24
70-74 2 347 3 279 5 626 1.15
75-79 1 685 2 842 4 527 0.92
80-84 1 839 3 404 5 243 1.07
85-89 1 257 2 473 3 730 0.76
90-94 648 1 316 1 964 0.40
95+ 211 472 683 1.39
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 70 453 68 286 138 739 28.24
15–64 163 427 156 288 319 715 65.08
65+ 12 483 20 296 32 779 6.67

Vital statistics

[edit]

Vital events of Cape Verde are not (yet) available for recent years. The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates.[4]

Period Live births per year Deaths per year Natural change per year CBR* CDR* NC* TFR* IMR*
1950–1955 9 000 4 000 5 000 49.0 22.6 26.3 6.57 139
1955–1960 10 000 4 000 5 000 48.0 21.1 26.9 6.76 132
1960–1965 10 000 4 000 6 000 45.0 18.7 26.3 6.97 125
1965–1970 11 000 4 000 6 000 41.4 16.4 25.0 6.97 117
1970–1975 12 000 4 000 8 000 41.1 13.4 27.7 6.86 96
1975–1980 13 000 4 000 9 000 41.6 11.6 30.0 6.62 78
1980–1985 13 000 3 000 10 000 41.3 10.3 31.0 6.10 65
1985–1990 14 000 3 000 11 000 40.9 9.2 31.7 5.63 54
1990–1995 14 000 3 000 11 000 36.5 7.9 28.6 4.93 44
1995–2000 13 000 3 000 10 000 31.6 6.7 24.9 4.15 37
2000–2005 12 000 3 000 9 000 26.2 5.8 20.5 3.28 28
2005–2010 11 000 3 000 8 000 21.9 5.2 16.7 2.60 21
* CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)

Births and deaths

[edit]

[8][9]

Year Population Live births Deaths Natural increase Crude birth rate Crude death rate Rate of natural increase TFR
1948 3,756
1949 3,904 3,641 263
1950 5,322 2,562 2,760
1951 7,367 2,377 4,990
1952 7,647 2,455 5,192
1953 7,597 2,866 4,731
1954 8,697 3,305 5,392
1955 8,547 2,220 6,327
1956 8,377 2,200 6,177
1957 8,237 2,790 5,447
1958 9,026 2,552 6,474
1959 9,609 2,382 7,227
1960 8,954 3,127 5,827
1961 8,319 2,543 5,776
1962 8,952 2,452 6,500
1963 9,671 2,996 6,675
1964 9,783 2,315 7,468
1965 9,638 2,377 7,261
1966 9,621 2,167 7,454
1967 10,190 2,593 7,597
1968 10,131 2,397 7,734
1969 9,671 3,452 6,219
1970 9,379 2,883 6,496
1971 9,493 4,147 5,346
1972 8,966 2,779 6,187
1973 8,418 3,513 4,905
1974 8,492 2,576 5,916
1975 8,210 2,796 5,414
1976 9,863 2,869 6,994
1977 9,965 2,564 7,401
1978 10,060 3,207 6,853
1979 8,289 2,469 5,820
1980 9,650 2,080 7,570
1981 8,580
1982 11,066 2,169 8,897
1983 11,438 2,649 8,789
1984 11,696 2,863 8,833
1985 11,282 2,735 8,547
1986 12,636
1987 12,771
1988 12,443
1989
1990 9,669 2,505 7,164
1991 12,289 2,616 9,673
1992 9,671 2,843 6,828
1993 2,821
1994
1995 386,813 3,520 9.1
1996 393,478 2,715 6.9
1997 406,267 3,047 7.5
1998 413,382 15,460 2,811 12,649 6.8
1999 426,061 2,812 6.6
2000 436,821 12,746 2,433 10,313 29.2 5.6 23.6 4.00
2001 445,035 12,550 2,396 10,154 28.2 5.4 22.8
2002 452,198 12,345 2,395 9,950 27.3 5.3 22.0
2003 460,837 12,120 2,600 9,520 26.3 5.6 20.7
2004 468,854 11,862 2,522 9,340 25.3 5.4 19.9
2005 478,163 11,554 2,423 9,131 24.3 5.1 19.2
2006 487,121 9,765 2,612 7,153 20.7 5.4 15.3 2.443
2007 491,419 10,421 2,484 7,937 21.8 5.2 16.6 2.575
2008 499,796 10,165 2,683 7,482 21.0 5.5 15.5 2.429
2009 485,677 9,962 2,583 7,379 20.4 5.3 15.1 2.334
2010 477,859 10,568 2,352 8,216 22.1 4.9 17.2 2.535
2011 480,577 10,777 2,488 8,289 22.4 5.2 17.2 2.589
2012 483,285 10,050 2,610 7,440 20.8 5.4 15.4 2.419
2013 485,996 9,845 2,518 7,327 20.3 5.2 15.1 2.358
2014 488,719 9,868 2,528 7,340 20.2 5.2 15.0 2.356
2015 491,436 9,757 2,761 6,996 19.9 5.6 14.2 2.327
2016 493,465 9,935 2,591 7,344 20.1 5.3 14.9 2.383
2017 495,522 9,899 2,497 7,402 20.0 5.0 14.9 2.397
2018 497,558 9,480 2,836 6,588 19.1 5.7 13.2 2.315
2019 499,609 9,154 2,771 6,383 18.3 5.5 12.8 2.259
2020 501,657 8,944 2,959 5,985 17.8 5.9 11.9 2.221
2021 504,125 7,632 3,178 4,454 15.1 6.3 8.8 1.909
2022 506,595
2023 509,078
2024 511,534

Fertility and births

[edit]

Total fertility rate (TFR) (wanted fertility rate) and crude birth rate (CBR):[10]

Year CBR (Total) TFR (Total) CBR (Urban) TFR (Urban) CBR (Rural) TFR (Rural)
2005 22 2,9 (2,8) 23 2,7 (2,7) 22 3,1 (3,0)

Fertility data from 2005 (DHS Program):[11]

Region Total fertility rate Percentage of women age 15-49 currently pregnant Mean number of children ever born to women age 40-49
Santo Antão 2.9 3.8 6.0
São Vicente 2.0 3.4 4.0
São Nicolau 3.3 4.4 4.2
Sal 3.2 7.0 3.9
Boa Vista 2.4 10.0 4.4
Maio 2.6 1.7 4.3
Santiago 3.1 5.4 4.5
Praia Urbano 3.2 5.1 4.5
Santiago Norte 2.7 6.2 4.3
Resto Santiago 3.3 4.6 4.8
Fogo 3.1 6.3 5.6
Brava 2.8 7.0 5.0

Life expectancy

[edit]
Period Life expectancy in
Years[12]
1950–1955 48.08
1955–1960 Increase 48.77
1960–1965 Increase 49.45
1965–1970 Increase 52.43
1970–1975 Increase 55.25
1975–1980 Increase 60.52
1980–1985 Increase 62.37
1985–1990 Increase 64.10
1990–1995 Increase 65.73
1995–2000 Increase 67.94
2000–2005 Increase 71.27
2005–2010 Increase 71.77
2010–2015 Increase 72.14

Other demographic statistics

[edit]

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2022.[13]

  • One birth every 51 minutes
  • One death every 160 minutes
  • One net migrant every 480 minutes
  • Net gain of one person every 90 minutes

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook.[14]

Population

[edit]
596,707 (2022 est.)
568,373 (July 2018 est.)

Age structure

[edit]
Population pyramid of Cape Verde in 2020
0-14 years: 27.95% (male 82,010/female 81,012)
15-24 years: 18.69% (male 54,521/female 54,504)
25-54 years: 40.76% (male 115,811/female 121,923)
55-64 years: 7.12% (male 18,939/female 22,597)
65 years and over: 5.48% (male 12,037/female 19,901) (2020 est.)
0-14 years: 28.7% (male 82,035 /female 81,082)
15-24 years: 19.64% (male 55,811 /female 55,798)
25-54 years: 40.02% (male 110,646 /female 116,804)
55-64 years: 6.4% (male 16,154 /female 20,245)
65 years and over: 5.24% (male 11,272 /female 18,526) (2018 est.)

Median age

[edit]
total: 26.8 years. Country comparison to the world: 151st
male: 25.9 years
female: 27.6 years (2020 est.)
total: 25.8 years. Country comparison to the world: 153rd
male: 25 years
female: 26.7 years (2018 est.)
Total: 23.1 years
Male: 22.3 years
Female: 23.9 years (2012 est.)

Population growth rate

[edit]
1.21% (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 76th
1.32% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 83rd

Total fertility rate

[edit]
2.13 children born/woman (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 92nd
2.21 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 95th

Birth rate

[edit]
18.49 births/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 79th
19.7 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 79th

Death rate

[edit]
5.8 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 168th
6 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 163rd

Net migration rate

[edit]
-0.57 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 126th
-0.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 128th

Urbanization

[edit]
See also: Cape Verde § Demographics
urban population: 67.5% of total population (2022)
rate of urbanization: 1.83% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
urban population: 65.7% of total population (2018)
rate of urbanization: 1.97% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

[edit]
55.8% (2018)

Sex ratio

[edit]
At birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
Under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.58 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2009 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

[edit]
total population: 73.75 years. Country comparison to the world: 144th
male: 71.41 years
female: 76.15 years (2022 est.)
total population: 72.7 years (2018 est.)
male: 70.3 years (2018 est.)
female: 75.1 years (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 147th
Total population: 71 years
Male: 68.78 years
Female: 73.27 years (2012 est.)

HIV/AIDS

[edit]
Adult prevalence rate: 0.035% (2001 est.)
People living with HIV/AIDS: 775 (2001)
Deaths: 225 (as of 2001)

Genetics

[edit]

E1b1a, R1b

The predominance of West African mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in their maternal gene pool, the major West African Y-chromosome lineage E3a was observed only at a frequency of 15.9%. Overall, these results indicate that gene flow from multiple sources and sex-specific patterns have been important in the formation of the genomic diversity in the Cabo Verde islands.[15]

Religions

[edit]
Main article: Religion in Cape Verde
Catholic 77.3%, Protestant 3.7% (includes Church of the Nazarene 1.7%, Adventist 1.5%, Universal Kingdom of God 0.4%, and God and Love 0.1%), other Christian 4.3% (includes Christian Rationalism 1.9%, Jehovah's Witness 1%, Assembly of God 0.9%, and New Apostolic 0.5%), Islam 1.8%, Other 1.3%, None 10.8%, Unspecified 0.7% (2010 estimate) [16]

Languages

[edit]
Portuguese (official), Kriolu[16]

Literacy

[edit]
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 76.6%
Male: 85.8%
Female: 69.2% (2003 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

[edit]
total: 13 years
male: 12 years
female: 13 years (2018)
total: 12 years (2017)
male: 12 years (2017)
female: 12 years (2017)

Dependency ratios

[edit]
total dependency ratio: 55.4 (2015 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 48.4 (2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 6.9 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 14.4 (2015 est.)

See also

[edit]
See also: List of Cape Verdeans, Cape Verdean American, and Cape Verdeans in the Netherlands

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Cape Verde: Population". Caperverde.com. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  2. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  3. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  4. ^ a b "Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision". Esa.un.org. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  5. ^ "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics".
  6. ^ "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics".
  7. ^ "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics".
  8. ^ "United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  9. ^ "Relatório Estatístico". 31 May 2023.
  10. ^ "Server Error". microdata.worldbank.org. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  11. ^ "Inquérito Demográfico e de Saúde Reprodutiva (IDSR-II)" (PDF). Dhsprogram.com. 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  12. ^ "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations". esa.un.org. Retrieved 2018-08-26.
  13. ^ "Cape Verde Population 2022", World Population Review
  14. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: "The World FactBook - Cape Verde", The World Factbook, May 2022
  15. ^ Gonçalves, Rita; Alexandra Rosa; Ana Freitas; Ana Fernandes; Toomas Kivisild; Richard Villems; António Brehm (26 August 2003). "Y-chromosome lineages in Cabo Verde Islands witness the diverse geographic origin of its first male settlers". Human Genetics. 113 (6): 467–472. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1007-4. hdl:10400.13/3047. PMID 12942365. S2CID 63381583.
  16. ^ a b "Africa :: CAPE VERDE". CIA The World Factbook. 14 April 2022.

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA. (Archived 2008 edition.)

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