Child labour in Iran
In Iran, like in other countries of the world, there are children who work either voluntarily or forcibly. According to the economic and political situation of the society, the number of children labour in the country may fluctuate in different periods. The available statistics on the number of children labour in Iran are scattered. At different times, different authorities of Iran have published non-comprehensive and non-centralized statistics on the number of children labour in this country.[1][2][3][4]
Number of children labour
[edit]
In Iran, there is no accurate statistics of the number of children who working in different fields and industries however according to the census of 2005, about one million and seven hundred thousand children are involved in work.[5]
According to the latest statistics published by the Iranian authorities in June 2019, there are 14,000 garbage pickers in Tehran alone, one third of whom are 4,700 children.[6][7]
In June 2019, according to the latest report of the Ministry of Cooperation, Labour and Social Welfare in 2018, more than 336 thousand boys and 74 thousand girls between the ages of 10 and 17 were working and 89 thousand were looking for work. Accordingly, the number of children 251 thousand children are illiterate and the number of children who have dropped out of school is 1.68 million.[8][9][10]
Reasons
[edit]
In Iran, like many countries in the world, the number of children labour is increasing. Among the natural factors that have fuelled the increase of children labour, we can refer to the crises of the last few years such as economy hardship and high inflation, drought, floods, earthquakes, etc. Also, human factors such as the spread of poverty, divorce, rising cost of education, migration of children from neighbouring countries such as Afghanistan and children from underdeveloped rural areas and towns to cities with opportunities have been among the most important factors of child labour in Iran.[1][11][5][2][12][13]
Abdolreza Rahmani Fazli, the Minister of Interior in 2019, while analysing and describing the situation of working children in Tehran, said: "Reports show that street children live in poor conditions and are exploited." One thing that should be noted is that up to 80% of these children are non-Iranian. Considering that some of these children were Afghan nationals, we have raised the issue with the embassy of this country. If other institutions cooperate, we can take appropriate measures to organise street children, but if they do not cooperate. It has also been decided to issue arrest warrants for gangs exploiting children with the cooperation of the police force and the judicial system.[14][15][16]
Kameel Ahmady, social researcher, in his fieldwork research Traces of Exploitation in Childhood (A Comprehensive Research on Forms, Causes and Consequences of Child Labour in Iran) believes that the issue of children labour should be looked at from a multifaceted perspective. Child labour is generally the product of a society’s dysfunctional and unfair socio-economic structure. Child labourers come from environments where there is economic poverty, neglect or a lack of guardianship due to a variety of circumstances including parental addiction, illness or disability, imprisonment, death, divorce or other problems that necessitate children working for the livelihood and survival of themselves and their families. Early entry to the work environment through family members, gangs or exploitative groups exposes child labourers to various forms of exploitation, abuse, violence and misconduct that will affect the rest of their lives.[17][18][19][20][21]
Mojdeh Golzari Nobar and Behshid Arfania believe the confusion of domestic laws in integration with international laws, the incorrect implementation of laws, and the economic crisis are among the most important factors of child labour in Iran. Examination of the current situation in Iran is impossible due to a lack of transparency. The first step should be to take control of working conditions. By creating special places to work and implementing measures such as recording information about child labour status and planning to improve children’s health and education, activists can help improve children’s working status.[22]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ a b Ghahremani, Sara; Khosravifar, Shahrzad; Ghazanfarpour, Masumeh; Sahraei, Zahra; Saeidi, Abdolhadi; Jafarpour, Hamed; Khosravifar, Shaghayegh; Mirzaee, Firoozeh; Babakhanian, Masoudeh (2019-09-01). "Factors Affecting Child Labor in Iran: A Systematic Review". International Journal of Pediatrics. 7 (9): 10067–10075. doi:10.22038/ijp.2019.41689.3510. ISSN 2345-5047.
- ^ a b Makki Alamdari, Sara (2010). "Child labor in Iran: Problems and solutions" (in other). hdl:1805/22772.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Jalili Moayad, Saeedeh; Mohaqeqi Kamal, Seyed Hossein; Sajjadi, Homeira; Vameghi, Meroe; Ghaedamini Harouni, Gholamreza; Makki Alamdari, Sara (2021-07-01). "Child labor in Tehran, Iran: Abuses experienced in work environments". Child Abuse & Neglect. 117: 105054. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105054. ISSN 0145-2134.
- ^ "بررسی وضعیت کار کودکان در ایران > پژوهشکده آمار" [Investigating the situation of child labor in Iran]. srtc.ac.ir. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
- ^ a b HOMAIE RAD, Enayatollah; GHOLAMPOOR, Hanie; JAAFARIPOOYAN, Ebrahim (September 2015). "Child Labor and the Influencing Factors: Evidence from less Developed Provinces of Iran". Iranian Journal of Public Health. 44 (9): 1244–1252. ISSN 2251-6085. PMC 4645782. PMID 26587499.
- ^ "بیش از ۴ هزار کودک در تهران زبالهگرد هستند". صدای آمریکا (in Persian). 2019-06-12. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
- ^ "آمارهای متناقض از کودکان کار در ایران / 14 هزار کودک کار یا 7 میلیون نفر؟" [Statistics of working children in Iran]. تجارت نیوز (in Persian). 2024-06-24. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
- ^ "آمار رسمی در ایران افزایش کودکان کار را تایید کرد" [Statistics of working children in Iran]. صدای آمریکا (in Persian). 2019-06-19. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
- ^ "کودکان کار "۱۵ درصد جمعیت کودکان ایران را تشکیل میدهند" – DW – ۱۴۰۲/۵/۱۰". dw.com (in Persian). Retrieved 2024-06-24.
- ^ ""افزایش" آمار کودکان کار در ایران همزمان با "اقدامات مختلف" دولت برای "ساماندهی" کودکان خیابانی" [Increase in the number of working children in Iran]. BBC News فارسی (in Persian). 2024-01-19. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
- ^ "Child Labor in Iranian Households". The Journal of Economic Studies and Policies.
- ^ "Iran: Street Children learn survival strategies". www.unodc.org. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
- ^ sspp.iranjournals.ir https://sspp.iranjournals.ir/article_243111.html. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "وزیر کشور ایران: اکثر کودکان کار در خیابانها افغان هستند" [Iran's Interior Minister: Most of the children working on the streets are Afghans]. BBC News فارسی (in Persian). Retrieved 2024-06-24.
- ^ "وزیر کشور ایران: ۸۰ درصد کودکان خیابانی در تهران خارجی هستند" [Iran's Interior Minister: 80% of street children in Tehran are foreigners]. euronews (in Persian). 2019-07-28. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
- ^ "آمار وزارت کشور درباره ی تعداد کودکان کار در ایران" [Ministry of Interior statistics about the number of working children in Iran].
- ^ Ahmady, Kameel (2023). "Traces of childhood exploitation: A comprehensive study on the forms of child labour in Iran". Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education and Research. 13 (4–2023): 57–64. doi:10.51847/blnsUHGGhq. ISSN 2249-3379.
- ^ ""Gender differences in child labour: A systematic review of causes, forms, features and consequences, Paper presented at the 8th International Conferences on Economics and Social Sciences hosted by Cyprus Science University, Antalya, TURKEY, pp. 315–348, October 2022" (PDF). The 8th International Conferences on Economics and Social Sciences" (PDF).
- ^ Ahmady, Kameel (2023-07-14). "Exploring the Contexts of Child Sexual Abuse Within Families: A Field Study on the Taboo of Incestuous Adultery in Iran". European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. 3 (4): 13–25. doi:10.24018/ejsocial.2023.3.4.464. ISSN 2736-5522.
- ^ ""Violation: Child Labour Rights in Iran – Analysis and Solutions, 7th International Conference on Economics and Social Sciences, Cyprus Science University, 2022, pp. 91–115" (PDF). 7th International Conference on Economics and Social Sciences" (PDF).
- ^ Ahmady, Kameel (2021). Traces of Exploitation in Childhood A Comprehensive Research on Forms, Causes and Consequences of Child Labour in Iran. Avaye Buf, Denmark.
- ^ "Pourmohammad Golzari Nobar, Mojdeh, Arfania, Behshid. Child Labour in Iran: Problems and Solutions. Journal of childhood studies. DECEMBER 2023. Vol. 48 No. 4". Journal of Childhood Studies.