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List of mathematical constants

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A mathematical constant is a key number whose value is fixed by an unambiguous definition, often referred to by a symbol (e.g., an alphabet letter), or by mathematicians' names to facilitate using it across multiple mathematical problems.[1] For example, the constant π may be defined as the ratio of the length of a circle's circumference to its diameter. The following list includes a decimal expansion and set containing each number, ordered by year of discovery.

The column headings may be clicked to sort the table alphabetically, by decimal value, or by set. Explanations of the symbols in the right hand column can be found by clicking on them.

List[edit]

Mathematical constants sorted by their representations as continued fractions[edit]

The following list includes the continued fractions of some constants and is sorted by their representations. Continued fractions with more than 20 known terms have been truncated, with an ellipsis to show that they continue. Rational numbers have two continued fractions; the version in this list is the shorter one. Decimal representations are rounded or padded to 10 places if the values are known.

Name Symbol Set Decimal expansion Continued fraction Notes
Zero 0 0.00000 00000 [0; ]
Golomb–Dickman constant 0.62432 99885 [0; 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 22, 1, 2, 3, 1, 1, 11, 1, 1, 2, 22, 2, 6, 1, 1, …][OEIS 95] E. Weisstein noted that the continued fraction has an unusually large number of 1s.[Mw 83]
Cahen's constant 0.64341 05463 [0; 1, 1, 1, 22, 32, 132, 1292, 252982, 4209841472, 2694251407415154862, …][OEIS 96] All terms are squares and truncated at 10 terms due to large size. Davison and Shallit used the continued fraction expansion to prove that the constant is transcendental.
Euler–Mascheroni constant 0.57721 56649[107] [0; 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 4, 3, 13, 5, 1, 1, 8, 1, 2, 4, 1, 1, 40, 1, …] [107][OEIS 97] Using the continued fraction expansion, it was shown that if γ is rational, its denominator must exceed 10244663.
First continued fraction constant 0.69777 46579 [0; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, …] Equal to the ratio of modified Bessel functions of the first kind evaluated at 2.
Catalan's constant 0.91596 55942[108] [0; 1, 10, 1, 8, 1, 88, 4, 1, 1, 7, 22, 1, 2, 3, 26, 1, 11, 1, 10, 1, …] [108][OEIS 98] Computed up to 4851389025 terms by E. Weisstein.[Mw 84]
One half 1/2 0.50000 00000 [0; 2]
Prouhet–Thue–Morse constant 0.41245 40336 [0; 2, 2, 2, 1, 4, 3, 5, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 5, 44, 1, 4, 1, 2, 4, 1, …][OEIS 99] Infinitely many partial quotients are 4 or 5, and infinitely many partial quotients are greater than or equal to 50.[109]
Copeland–Erdős constant 0.23571 11317 [0; 4, 4, 8, 16, 18, 5, 1, 1, 1, 1, 7, 1, 1, 6, 2, 9, 58, 1, 3, 4, …][OEIS 100] Computed up to 1011597392 terms by E. Weisstein. He also noted that while the Champernowne constant continued fraction contains sporadic large terms, the continued fraction of the Copeland–Erdős Constant do not exhibit this property.[Mw 85]
Base 10 Champernowne constant 0.12345 67891 [0; 8, 9, 1, 149083, 1, 1, 1, 4, 1, 1, 1, 3, 4, 1, 1, 1, 15, 4.57540×10165, 6, 1, …] [OEIS 101] Champernowne constants in any base exhibit sporadic large numbers; the 40th term in has 2504 digits.
One 1 1.00000 00000 [1; ]
Phi, Golden ratio 1.61803 39887[110] [1; 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, …] [111] The convergents are ratios of successive Fibonacci numbers.
Brun's constant 1.90216 05831 [1; 1, 9, 4, 1, 1, 8, 3, 4, 7, 1, 3, 3, 1, 2, 1, 1, 12, 4, 2, 1, …] The nth roots of the denominators of the nth convergents are close to Khinchin's constant, suggesting that is irrational. If true, this will prove the twin prime conjecture.[112]
Square root of 2 1.41421 35624 [1; 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, …] The convergents are ratios of successive Pell numbers.
Two 2 2.00000 00000 [2; ]
Euler's number 2.71828 18285[113] [2; 1, 2, 1, 1, 4, 1, 1, 6, 1, 1, 8, 1, 1, 10, 1, 1, 12, 1, 1, 14, …] [114][OEIS 102] The continued fraction expansion has the pattern [2; 1, 2, 1, 1, 4, 1, ..., 1, 2n, 1, ...].
Khinchin's constant 2.68545 20011[115] [2; 1, 2, 5, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 10, 2, 1, 3, 2, 24, 1, 3, 2, 3, 1, …] [116][OEIS 103] For almost all real numbers x, the coefficients of the continued fraction of x have a finite geometric mean known as Khinchin's constant.
Three 3 3.00000 00000 [3; ]
Pi 3.14159 26536 [3; 7, 15, 1, 292, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 14, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, …] [OEIS 104] The first few convergents (3, 22/7, 333/106, 355/113, ...) are among the best-known and most widely used historical approximations of π.

Sequences of constants[edit]

Name Symbol Formula Year Set
Harmonic number Antiquity
Gregory coefficients 1670
Bernoulli number 1689
Hermite constants[Mw 86] For a lattice L in Euclidean space Rn with unit covolume, i.e. vol(Rn/L) = 1, let λ1(L) denote the least length of a nonzero element of L. Then √γnn is the maximum of λ1(L) over all such lattices L. 1822 to 1901
Hafner–Sarnak–McCurley constant[117] 1883[Mw 87]
Stieltjes constants before 1894
Favard constants[47][Mw 88] 1902 to 1965
Generalized Brun's Constant[55] where the sum ranges over all primes p such that p + n is also a prime 1919[OEIS 45]
Champernowne constants[66] Defined by concatenating representations of successive integers in base b.

1933
Lagrange number where is the nth smallest number such that has positive (x,y). before 1957
Feller's coin-tossing constants is the smallest positive real root of 1968
Stoneham number where b,c are coprime integers. 1973
Beraha constants 1974
Chvátal–Sankoff constants 1975
Hyperharmonic number and 1995
Gregory number for rational x greater than one. before 1996
Metallic mean before 1998

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Both i and i are roots of this equation, though neither root is truly "positive" nor more fundamental than the other as they are algebraically equivalent. The distinction between signs of i and i is in some ways arbitrary, but a useful notational device. See imaginary unit for more information.

References[edit]

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  21. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Liouville's Constant". MathWorld.
  22. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Continued Fraction Constants". MathWorld.
  23. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Ramanujan Constant". MathWorld.
  24. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Glaisher-Kinkelin Constant". MathWorld.
  25. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Catalan's Constant". MathWorld.
  26. ^ Jump up to: a b Weisstein, Eric W. "Dottie Number". MathWorld.
  27. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Mertens Constant". MathWorld.
  28. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Universal Parabolic Constant". MathWorld.
  29. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Cahen's Constant". MathWorld.
  30. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Gelfonds Constant". MathWorld.
  31. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Gelfond-Schneider Constant". MathWorld.
  32. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Favard Constants". MathWorld.
  33. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Golden Angle". MathWorld.
  34. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Sierpinski Constant". MathWorld.
  35. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Landau-Ramanujan Constant". MathWorld.
  36. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Nielsen-Ramanujan Constants". MathWorld.
  37. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Gieseking's Constant". MathWorld.
  38. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Bernstein's Constant". MathWorld.
  39. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Tribonacci Constant". MathWorld.
  40. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Brun's Constant". MathWorld.
  41. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Twin Primes Constant". MathWorld.
  42. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Plastic Constant". MathWorld.
  43. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Bloch Constant". MathWorld.
  44. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Confidence Interval". MathWorld.
  45. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Landau Constant". MathWorld.
  46. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Thue-Morse Constant". MathWorld.
  47. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Golomb–Dickman Constant". MathWorld.
  48. ^ Jump up to: a b Weisstein, Eric W. "Lebesgue Constants". MathWorld.
  49. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Feller–Tornier Constant". MathWorld.
  50. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Champernowne Constant". MathWorld.
  51. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Salem Constants". MathWorld.
  52. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Khinchin's Constant". MathWorld.
  53. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Levy Constant". MathWorld.
  54. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Levy Constant". MathWorld.
  55. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Copeland–Erdos Constant". MathWorld.
  56. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Mills Constant". MathWorld.
  57. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Gompertz Constant". MathWorld.
  58. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Artin's Constant". MathWorld.
  59. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Porter's Constant". MathWorld.
  60. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Lochs' Constant". MathWorld.
  61. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Liebs Square Ice Constant". MathWorld.
  62. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Niven's Constant". MathWorld.
  63. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Stephen's Constant". MathWorld.
  64. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Paper Folding Constant". MathWorld.
  65. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Reciprocal Fibonacci Constant". MathWorld.
  66. ^ Jump up to: a b Weisstein, Eric W. "Feigenbaum Constant". MathWorld.
  67. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Chaitin's Constant". MathWorld.
  68. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Robbins Constant". MathWorld.
  69. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Weierstrass Constant". MathWorld.
  70. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Fransen-Robinson Constant". MathWorld.
  71. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "du Bois-Reymond Constants". MathWorld.
  72. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Conway's Constant". MathWorld.
  73. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Hafner-Sarnak-McCurley Constant". MathWorld.
  74. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Backhouse's Constant". MathWorld.
  75. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Random Fibonacci Sequence". MathWorld.
  76. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Komornik-Loreti Constant". MathWorld.
  77. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Heath-Brown-Moroz Constant". MathWorld.
  78. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "MRB Constant". MathWorld.
  79. ^ Jump up to: a b Weisstein, Eric W. "Somos's Quadratic Recurrence Constant". MathWorld.
  80. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Foias Constant". MathWorld.
  81. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Logarithmic Capacity". MathWorld.
  82. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Taniguchis Constant". MathWorld.
  83. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Golomb-Dickman Constant Continued Fraction". MathWorld.
  84. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Catalan's Constant Continued Fraction". MathWorld.
  85. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Copeland–Erdős Constant Continued Fraction". MathWorld.
  86. ^ "Hermite Constants".
  87. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Relatively Prime". MathWorld.
  88. ^ "Favard Constants".

Site OEIS.org[edit]

  1. ^ OEISA000796
  2. ^ OEISA019692
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  5. ^ OEISA002163
  6. ^ OEISA001622
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  26. ^ OEISA012245
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  41. ^ OEISA072691
  42. ^ OEISA143298
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  51. ^ Jump up to: a b OEISA014571
  52. ^ OEISA084945
  53. ^ OEISA243277
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  92. ^ OEISA085848
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  94. ^ OEISA175639
  95. ^ OEISA225336
  96. ^ OEISA006280
  97. ^ OEISA002852
  98. ^ OEISA014538
  99. ^ OEISA014572
  100. ^ OEISA030168
  101. ^ OEISA030167
  102. ^ OEISA003417
  103. ^ OEISA002211
  104. ^ OEISA001203

Site OEIS Wiki[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]