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This article is about the poem by Gruffudd ab Adda. For other uses, see Maypole (disambiguation).

"The Maypole" or "To a Birch Tree", known in Welsh as "I'r fedwen", "Y fedwen yn bawl haf", or "Y fedwen las anfadwallt", is a cywydd (a Welsh-language verse form) by the mid-14th century bard Gruffudd ab Adda; it is one of only three poems of his that have survived.[1] It was formerly attributed to the pre-eminent Welsh-language poet,[2] Dafydd ap Gwilym. The poem presents the unhappy fate of a woodland birch tree which has been chopped down and re-erected in the town of Llanidloes as a maypole, then with pathetic irony asks the tree to choose between its former existence and its present one.[3] Dancing round a maypole was a popular recreation in medieval Welsh towns,[4] and this poem is the first record of it.[5] "The Maypole" has been praised by literary historians as one of the very finest of Welsh cywyddau, and was included in The Oxford Book of Welsh Verse.[6]

Summary

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Once-majestic birch tree, you have been exiled! Last year I knew you well, when I and my girl frequented your wood, but now you have been brought to busy Llanidloes. It is no place for you! If you had not been brought to stand by the pillory it would have been better for the wood and for your woodland birds. The grass will not grow under you as you stand like a market-woman surrounded by the trafficking of merchandise. There will be no more bracken or primroses. It is the worse for us since you have lost your noble place. Choose: do you want to go home to the mountain or wither in the town?

Manuscripts and authorship

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"The Maypole" survives in 16 manuscripts, four of which, including the oldest one, attribute the poem to Dafydd ap Gwilym, and the remainder to Gruffudd ab Adda.[7] Some of the earliest manuscripts are British Library MS Stowe 959 (BM 48), which was made c. 1600 in Carmarthenshire; Brogyntyn MS I.2, copied by Humphrey Davies, vicar of Darowen, Montgomeryshire, in 1599; Llansteffan MS 6, copied c. 1525, making it the oldest manuscript;[8] LlGC MS 3046D (M 143), dating from the second half of the 16th century;[9] and Peniarth MS 97, made c. 1605.[10] In 1789 the first collected edition of Dafydd ap Gwilym's poems, Barddoniaeth Dafydd ab Gwilym, included "The Maypole",[11] and an abridged English version of it appeared in Arthur James Johnes' Translations into English Verse from the Poems of Davyth ap Gwilym (1834).[12] In the 20th and 21st centuries Gruffudd ab Adda's authorship of it has been established,[13][6] and editions of Dafydd's poems now treat it as apocryphal.[14][15]

Reception

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"The Maypole" is today a well-known poem,[4] much lauded by critics. It has been called a work of "timeless excellence"[1] which is "full of craftsmanship".[16] For Rachel Bromwich it was one of only a handful of cywyddau to match the standard of Dafydd ap Gwilym's greatest poems;[17] for W. J. Gruffydd, one of only two.[note 1][18]

Analysis

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Like Iolo Goch's poem "The Ploughman", "The Maypole" rejects urban life in favour of traditional Welsh rural ways, perhaps motivated in part by a dislike of towns for their role in defending the economic interests of English merchants settled in Wales.[19][20] The poem's presentation of the woodland as an ideal place for assignations with one's lover is a regular trope of medieval literature,[19] but Gruffudd's relationship with Nature as revealed here goes far beyond literary convention. He sympathises with the natural world in a way which is only matched by Dafydd ap Gwilym among Gruffudd's contemporaries,[21] and indeed even Dafydd does not have the love for flowers that "The Maypole" reveals.[22] Gruffudd's attitude to Nature was, indeed, a remarkably modern one,[23] with this poem reminding one commentator of John Clare's poem "The Fallen Elm" and Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale "The Fir-Tree".[24] The poem's imagery is more traditional, one example being the metaphor of hair used for a tree's foliage, which finds parallels not just in Dafydd's work but even as far back as the Classical or Late Antique Pervigilium Veneris.[25] The idea of personifying the tree is also in keeping with the conventions of Welsh poetry in Gruffudd's time, as shown in, for example, Gruffudd Gryg's poem to the Moon and, again, Iolo Goch's "The Ploughman".[26] The tree here is, as one critic says, "a poignant symbol of beauty's transience and exile's pain".[1]

Editions

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  • Williams, Ifor; Roberts, Thomas, eds. (1935) [1914]. Cywyddau Dafydd ap Gwilym a'i Gyfoeswyr. Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru. pp. 113–115.

Translations and paraphrases

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Notes

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  1. ^ The other was Siôn Phylip's "Cywydd to the Sea-Gull".

Citations

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  1. ^ a b c Stephens 1986, p. 228.
  2. ^ Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. Volume 5. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 1770. ISBN 1851094407. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  3. ^ Edwards, Huw M. (1996). Dafydd ap Gwilym: Influences and Analogues. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 146–147. ISBN 0198159013. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  4. ^ a b Klausner 2012, p. 264.
  5. ^ Ifans, Rhiannon (2000). "Folk Poetry and Diversions". In Jarvis, Branwen (ed.). A Guide to Welsh Literature. Vol. 4: c. 1700–1800. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 201. ISBN 0708314821. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  6. ^ a b Parry 1983, pp. 90–92.
  7. ^ Johnston, Dafydd; et al. (eds.). "Apocrypha Poem in manuscript texts #A155 (Y fedwen las anfadwallt)". Dafydd ap Gwilym.net. Welsh Department, Swansea University and the Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies, University of Wales. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  8. ^ Johnston, Dafydd. "The Manuscript Tradition" (PDF). Dafydd ap Gwilym.net. Welsh Department, Swansea University and the Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies, University of Wales. pp. 10, 20, 22. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  9. ^ Johnston, Dafydd; et al. (eds.). "Manuscript Contents. Manuscript name: 'LlGC 3046D [= M 143]'". Dafydd ap Gwilym.net. Welsh Department, Swansea University and the Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies, University of Wales. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  10. ^ Johnston, Dafydd; et al. (eds.). "Manuscript Contents. Manuscript name: 'Pen 97'". Dafydd ap Gwilym.net. Welsh Department, Swansea University and the Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies, University of Wales. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  11. ^ Williams & Roberts 1935, p. xcii.
  12. ^ [Johnes, Arthur James] (1834). Translations into English Verse from the Poems of Davyth ap Gwilym. London: Henry Hooper. pp. 71–72. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  13. ^ Williams & Roberts 1935, pp. 113–115.
  14. ^ Parry, Thomas, ed. (1952). Gwaith Dafydd ap Gwilym. Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru. p. clxxxv. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  15. ^ Johnston, Dafydd. "Cerddi'r Apocryffa" (PDF). Dafydd ap Gwilym.net (in Welsh). Welsh Department, Swansea University and the Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies, University of Wales. A155. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  16. ^ Williams, Gwyn (1953). An Introduction to Welsh Poetry from the Beginnings to the Sixteenth Century. London: Faber and Faber. p. 97. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  17. ^ Bromwich 1979, p. 147.
  18. ^ [Gruffydd, W. J.] (1935). Dafydd ap Gwilym. Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru. p. 57. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  19. ^ a b Loomis & Johnston 1992, p. 94.
  20. ^ Bromwich 1979, pp. 150–151.
  21. ^ Parry, Thomas (1955). A History of Welsh Literature. Translated by Bell, H. Idris. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 149–150. ISBN 0198152086. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  22. ^ Bell, H. Idris (1940). "Translations from the Cywyddwyr". Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion: 223–224. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  23. ^ "Celtic Literature". Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1997. p. 599. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  24. ^ Watson, Giles (2016). Rivals of Dafydd ap Gwilym: A Treasury of Fourteenth and Fifteenth Century Welsh Verse. npp: pp. p. 20. ISBN 9781326900458. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  25. ^ Rowlands, Eurys (1979). "The Continuing Tradition". In Jarman, A. O. H.; Hughes, Gwilym Rees (eds.). A Guide to Welsh Literature. Volume 2. Swansea: Christopher Davies. p. 301. ISBN 0715404571. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  26. ^ Bromwich 1979, p. 150.

References

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