Aesculus californica

Aesculus californica
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Sapindales
Family:	Sapindaceae
Genus:	Aesculus
Species:	A. californica
Binomial name
	Aesculus californica; (Spach) Nutt.
	Natural range

Aesculus californica, commonly known as the California buckeye or California horse-chestnut, is a species of buckeye native to California and southwestern Oregon.

Description

Aesculus californica is a large deciduous shrub or small tree, up to 4–12 m (13–39 ft) tall, with gray bark often coated with lichens and mosses. It typically is multi-trunked, with a crown as broad as it is high. Trees are long lived, with an estimated lifespan between 250–280 (300 maximum) years. The leaves are dark green, palmately compound with five (rarely seven) leaflets. Each leaflet is 6–17 cm (2.4–6.7 in) long, with a finely toothed margin and (particularly in spring) downy surfaces. The leaves are tender and prone to damage from both spring freezing or snow and summer heat and desiccation.^{[citation needed]}

The flowers are sweet-scented, white to pale pink, borne on erect panicles 15–20 cm (6–8 in) long and 5–8 cm (2–3 in) broad. The fruit is a fig-shaped capsule 5–8 cm (2–3 in) long, containing a large, round, orange-brown seed, measuring 2–7 cm (0.8–2.8 in). The seeds are poisonous^[1] and are the largest known of any temperate (non-tropical) plant species.

A. californica has adapted to its native Mediterranean climate by growing during the wet late winter and spring months and entering dormancy in the dry summer months, though those growing in coastal regions tend to hold on to their leaves until mid-autumn.^[2]

Distribution and habitat

The only Aesculus variety native to the West,^[3] A. californica is widely distributed in California, growing along the central coast and in the lower elevations of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Range. Its range extends to the foothills of the Siskiyou Mountains in the Rogue Valley in Oregon. A small disjunct population is found in the Chino Hills near Chino, California.^{[citation needed]}

It is found growing in a wide range of conditions from crowded, moist, semi-shaded canyon bottoms to dry south-facing slopes and hilltops. In the coastal ranges north of Big Sur it is found growing alone on slopes, or intermingled with valley oak (Quercus lobata), Oregon oak (Q. garryana), coast live oak (Q. agrifolia) and California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica). In the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, A. californica can be found standing alone in grassland at the lowest elevations, intermingled in blue oak woodlands at intermediate elevations, and in mixed evergreen forests of black oak (Q. kelloggii), gray pine (Pinus sabiniana), ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa) and interior live oak (Q. wislizeni) as it nears the limit of its range.^{[citation needed]}

Toxicity and uses

Native American tribes, including the Pomo, Yokuts, and Luiseño, used the poisonous nuts and seeds to stupefy schools of fish in small streams to make them easier to catch.^[4] The bark, leaves, and fruits contain the neurotoxic glycoside aesculin, which causes hemolysis of red blood cells. Buckeye also makes a good fireboard for a bow drill or hand drill.

Native groups occasionally used the plant as a food supply; after boiling and leaching the toxin out of the seeds or nut meats for several days, they could be ground into a flour or meal similar to that made from acorns.^[3] The nectar and pollen of the flowers is toxic to honeybees,^[3] so the trees should not be planted near apiaries.^[5] When the shoots are small and leaves are new, they are lower in toxins and are grazed by livestock and wildlife.^[6] The flowers are a rich nectar source for many species of butterflies,^[7] and squirrels and chipmunks consume the seeds.^[3] Hydroquinone and epicatechin have been isolated from the seeds and have been shown to have allelopathic properties by inhibiting plant growth.^[8]

It is used as an ornamental plant for its striking leaf buds, lime green foliage, fragrant white flowers, red-brown foliage in mid to late summer, and architectural silver branches through fall. The tree also acts as a soil binder, which prevents erosion in hilly regions.

Etymology

'Aesculus' is Linnaeus' name for horse chestnuts. It is derived from the old Roman name for a different species, Quercus petraea.^[9]

'Californica' means 'native to California'.^[9]

Gallery

Buds opening in February
Foliage around March
Flower spike in May
Buckeyes forming in July
Buckeyes grow and foliage dies back (September)
Buckeye husks split open (November)
Harvested buckeyes
Buckeye sprouting (January)

References

^ Whitney, Stephen (1985). Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides). New York: Knopf. p. 397. ISBN 0-394-73127-1.
^ Elna S. Bakker (1984). An island called California: an ecological introduction to its natural communities. University of California Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-520-04948-2. Retrieved 2011-06-11.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Little, Elbert L. (1994) [1980]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region (Chanticleer Press ed.). Knopf. p. 540. ISBN 0394507614.
^ Philip Alexander Munz; David D. Keck (1973). A California Flora. University of California Press. p. 994. ISBN 978-0-520-02405-2. Retrieved 2011-06-20. buckeye.
^ Kat Anderson; Wayne Roderick. California Buckeye, in the USDA NRCS Plant Guide (PDF) (Report). USDA. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
^ Howard, Janet L. Aesculus californica, in the USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information System (Report). USDA Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 2011-11-07.
^ Kevin Hintsa. Watching Butterflies on Mount Diablo (Report). Archived from the original on 2011-11-10. Retrieved 2011-11-07.
^ Kubo, Isao; Matsumoto, Akiko; Kozuka, Mutsuo.; Wood, William F. (1985). "Combined Effect on Plant Growth of (-)-Epicatechin and Hydroquinone, Compounds from Aesculus californica NUTT. (Hippocastanaceae)". Chem. Pharm. Bull. 33: 3826–3828. doi:10.1248/cpb.33.3826.
^ ^a ^b Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521866453 (hardback), ISBN 9780521685535 (paperback). pp 38, 84

Resources

Callahan F. 2005 Kalmiopsis Journal, Vol. 12, 2005 Plant of the Year, California Buckeye (Aesculus californica (Spach.) Nutt.) Native Plant Society of Oregon. ISSN 1055-419X. (.pdf)]
Casebeer, M. (2004). Discover California Shrubs. Sonora, CA: Hooker Press. ISBN 0-9665463-1-8.
Bakker, E. (1971). An Island Called California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-04948-9.
Jepson Flora Project: Aesculus californica
USDA Plants Profile for Aesculus californica (California buckeye)
Calflora database – Aesculus californica
Interactive Distribution Map of Aesculus californica
Aesculus californica – U.C. Photo gallery

[1] Whitney, Stephen (1985). Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides). New York: Knopf. p. 397. ISBN 0-394-73127-1.

[2] Elna S. Bakker (1984). An island called California: an ecological introduction to its natural communities. University of California Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-520-04948-2. Retrieved 2011-06-11.

[Audubon-3] Little, Elbert L. (1994) [1980]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region (Chanticleer Press ed.). Knopf. p. 540. ISBN 0394507614.

[4] Philip Alexander Munz; David D. Keck (1973). A California Flora. University of California Press. p. 994. ISBN 978-0-520-02405-2. Retrieved 2011-06-20. buckeye.

[5] Kat Anderson; Wayne Roderick. California Buckeye, in the USDA NRCS Plant Guide (PDF) (Report). USDA. Retrieved 2011-06-20.

[6] Howard, Janet L. Aesculus californica, in the USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information System (Report). USDA Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 2011-11-07.

[7] Kevin Hintsa. Watching Butterflies on Mount Diablo (Report). Archived from the original on 2011-11-10. Retrieved 2011-11-07.

[8] Kubo, Isao; Matsumoto, Akiko; Kozuka, Mutsuo.; Wood, William F. (1985). "Combined Effect on Plant Growth of (-)-Epicatechin and Hydroquinone, Compounds from Aesculus californica NUTT. (Hippocastanaceae)". Chem. Pharm. Bull. 33: 3826–3828. doi:10.1248/cpb.33.3826.

[gledhill-9] Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521866453 (hardback), ISBN 9780521685535 (paperback). pp 38, 84

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]