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Cyclin B

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cyclin B1
Structure of human cyclin B.[1]
Identifiers
SymbolCCNB1
Alt. symbolsCCNB
NCBI gene891
HGNC1579
OMIM123836
RefSeqNM_031966
UniProtP14635
Other data
LocusChr. 5 q12
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StructuresSwiss-model
DomainsInterPro
cyclin B2
Identifiers
SymbolCCNB2
NCBI gene9133
HGNC1580
OMIM602755
RefSeqNM_004701
UniProtO95067
Other data
LocusChr. 15 q21.3
Search for
StructuresSwiss-model
DomainsInterPro
cyclin B3
Identifiers
SymbolCCNB3
NCBI gene85417
HGNC18709
OMIM300456
RefSeqNM_033670
UniProtQ8WWL7
Other data
LocusChr. X p11
Search for
StructuresSwiss-model
DomainsInterPro
Not to be confused with Zyklon B.

Cyclin B is a member of the cyclin family. Cyclin B is a mitotic cyclin. The amount of cyclin B (which binds to Cdk1) and the activity of the cyclin B-Cdk complex rise through the cell cycle[2] until mitosis, where they fall abruptly due to degradation of cyclin B (Cdk1 is constitutively present).[3] The complex of Cdk and cyclin B is called maturation promoting factor or mitosis promoting factor (MPF).

Expression of cyclins through the cell cycle.

Function

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Cyclin B is necessary for the progression of the cells into and out of M phase of the cell cycle.

At the end of S phase the phosphatase cdc25c dephosphorylates tyrosine15 and this activates the cyclin B/CDK1 complex. Upon activation the complex is shuttled to the nucleus where it serves to trigger for entry into mitosis.[4] However, if DNA damage is detected alternative proteins are activated which results in the inhibitory phosphorylation of cdc25c and therefore cyclinB/CDK1 is not activated. In order for the cell to progress out of mitosis, the degradation of cyclin B is necessary.[5]

The cyclin B/CDK1 complex also interacts with a variety of other key proteins and pathways which regulate cell growth and progression of mitosis. Cross-talk between many of these pathways links cyclin B levels indirectly to induction of apoptosis. The cyclin B/CDK1 complex plays a critical role in the expression of the survival signal survivin. Survivin is necessary for proper creation of the mitotic spindle which strongly affects cell viability, therefore when cyclin B levels are disrupted cells experience difficulty polarizing.[6] A decrease in survivin levels and the associated mitotic disarray triggers apoptosis via caspase 3 mediated pathway.

Role in Cancer

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Cyclin B plays an integral role in many types of cancer. Hyperplasia (uncontrolled cell growth) is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Because cyclin B is necessary for cells to enter mitosis and therefore necessary for cell division, cyclin B levels are often de-regulated in tumors.[citation needed] When cyclin B levels are elevated, cells can enter M phase prematurely and strict control over cell division is lost, which is a favorable condition for cancer development. On the other hand, if cyclin B levels are depleted the cyclin B/CDK1 complex cannot form, cells cannot enter M phase and cell division slows down. Some anti-cancer therapies have been designed to prevent cyclin B/CDK1 complex formation in cancer cells to slow or prevent cell division. Most of these methods have targeted the CDK1 subunit, but there is an emerging interest in the oncology field to target cyclin B as well.

As a Biomarker

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Cyclin levels can easily be determined through immunohistological analysis of tumor biopsies. The fact that cyclin B is often disregulated in cancer cells makes cyclin B an attractive biomarker. Many studies have been performed to examine cyclin levels in tumors, and it has been shown that levels of cyclin B is a strong indicator of prognosis in many types of cancer.[7] Generally, elevated levels of cyclin B are indicative of more aggressive cancers and a poor prognosis. Immunohistologically assessed levels of cyclin B could determine if women with stage 1, node negative, hormone receptor positive breast cancer were likely to benefit from adjuvant therapy.[8] In general women with this cancer have a very good prognosis, with mortality in 10 years of only 5%. Therefore, it is rare for oncologists to recommend adjuvant chemotherapy in these cases. However, in a small subset of patient this type of cancer is unexpectedly aggressive. These rare patients can be identified through their elevated cyclin B levels. In addition high levels of cyclin B also indicate poor prognosis and lymph node metastasis in gastric cancers.[9] However, not all cancers which overexpress cyclin B are more aggressive. A study in 2009 found that cyclin B overexpression in ovarian cancer indicates that the cancer is unlikely to be malignant while more aggressive ovarian cancers of epithelial cell origin do not show elevated cyclin B.[10]

Cyclin B and p53

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There is strong cross-talk between the pathways regulating cyclin B and the tumor suppressor gene p53. In general levels of p53 and cyclin B are negatively correlated. When p53 build-up triggers cell cycle arrest the levels of downstream proteins p21 and WAF1 are increased which prevents cyclinB/CDK1 complex activation and therefore progression through the cell cycle.[11] It has also been observed that decreasing cyclin B levels in cells increases the levels of functional p53.[12] Therefore, siRNAs for cyclin B may be an effective treatment against cancers where p53 function is inhibited but the gene has not been deleted. In such cases lowering cyclin B levels restores the tumor suppressing function of p53 and also prevents cancer cells from dividing as a consequence of low cyclin B.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ PDB: 2B9R​; Petri, E.T.; Errico, A.; Escobedo, L.; Hunt, T. & Basavappa, R. (2007). "The crystal structure of human cyclin B". Cell Cycle. 6 (11): 1342–9. doi:10.4161/cc.6.11.4297. PMID 17495533.
  2. ^ Ito M (August 2000). "Factors controlling cyclin B expression" (PDF). Plant Mol. Biol. 43 (5–6): 677–90. doi:10.1023/A:1006336005587. PMID 11089869. S2CID 19593310.[permanent dead link]
  3. ^ Hershko A (September 1999). "Mechanisms and regulation of the degradation of cyclin B". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 354 (1389): 1571–5, discussion 1575–6. doi:10.1098/rstb.1999.0500. PMC 1692665. PMID 10582242.
  4. ^ Ford HL, Pardee AB (1999). "Cancer and the cell cycle". J. Cell. Biochem. Suppl 32-33 (S32): 166–72. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4644(1999)75:32+<166::AID-JCB20>3.0.CO;2-J. PMID 10629116. S2CID 30299363.
  5. ^ Zhou XY, Wang X, Hu B, Guan J, Iliakis G, Wang Y (March 2002). "An ATM-independent S-phase checkpoint response involves CHK1 pathway". Cancer Res. 62 (6): 1598–603. PMID 11912127.
  6. ^ O'Connor DS, Wall NR, Porter AC, Altieri DC (July 2002). "A p34(cdc2) survival checkpoint in cancer". Cancer Cell. 2 (1): 43–54. doi:10.1016/S1535-6108(02)00084-3. PMID 12150824.
  7. ^ Agarwal R, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Myhre S, Carey M, Lee JS, Overgaard J, Alsner J, Stemke-Hale K, Lluch A, Neve RM, Kuo WL, Sorlie T, Sahin A, Valero V, Keyomarsi K, Gray JW, Borresen-Dale AL, Mills GB, Hennessy BT (June 2009). "Integrative analysis of cyclin protein levels identifies cyclin b1 as a classifier and predictor of outcomes in breast cancer". Clin. Cancer Res. 15 (11): 3654–62. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-3293. PMC 2887710. PMID 19470724.
  8. ^ Koliadi A, Nilsson C, Holmqvist M, Holmberg L, de La Torre M, Wärnberg F, Fjällskog ML (August 2010). "Cyclin B is an immunohistochemical proliferation marker which can predict for breast cancer death in low-risk node negative breast cancer". Acta Oncol. 49 (6): 816–20. doi:10.3109/02841861003691937. PMID 20307242. S2CID 24515902.
  9. ^ Begnami MD, Fregnani JH, Nonogaki S, Soares FA (August 2010). "Evaluation of cell cycle protein expression in gastric cancer: cyclin B1 expression and its prognostic implication". Hum. Pathol. 41 (8): 1120–7. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2010.01.007. PMID 20334896.
  10. ^ Zheng H, Hu W, Deavers MT, Shen DY, Fu S, Li YF, Kavanagh JJ (October 2009). "Nuclear cyclin B1 is overexpressed in low-malignant-potential ovarian tumors but not in epithelial ovarian cancer". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 201 (4): 367.e1–6. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2009.05.021. PMID 19608149.
  11. ^ Nigam N, Prasad S, George J, Shukla Y (April 2009). "Lupeol induces p53 and cyclin-B-mediated G2/M arrest and targets apoptosis through activation of caspase in mouse skin". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 381 (2): 253–8. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.02.033. PMID 19232320.
  12. ^ Kreis NN, Sanhaji M, Krämer A, Sommer K, Rödel F, Strebhardt K, Yuan J (October 2010). "Restoration of the tumor suppressor p53 by downregulating cyclin B1 in human papillomavirus 16/18-infected cancer cells". Oncogene. 29 (41): 5591–603. doi:10.1038/onc.2010.290. PMID 20661218.
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