Timeline of prehistory

This timeline of prehistory covers the time from the appearance of Homo sapiens approximately 315,000 years ago in Africa to the invention of writing, over 5,000 years ago, with the earliest records going back to 3,200 BC. Prehistory covers the time from the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) to the beginning of ancient history.

All dates are approximate and subject to revision based on new discoveries or analyses.

Middle Paleolithic[edit]

Postulated reconstruction of a Terra Amata hut^[1])

320 kya - 305 kya: Populations at Olorgesailie in Southern Kenya undergo technological improvements in tool making and engage in long-distance trade.^[2]
315 kya: Approximate date of appearance of Homo sapiens (Jebel Irhoud, Morocco).^[3]
270 kya: Age of Y-DNA haplogroup A00 ("Y-chromosomal Adam").^[4]
250 kya: First appearance of Homo neanderthalensis (Saccopastore skulls).^[5]
230 kya: Latest proposed date for the Terra Amata site, home of the first confirmed purpose-built structure and probably made by Homo heidelbergensis.^[6]
230 kya - 150 kya: Age of mt-DNA haplogroup L ("Mitochondrial Eve").
210 kya: Modern human presence in southeast Europe (Apidima, Greece).^[7]
200 kya: Oldest known grass bedding, including insect-repellent plants and ash layers beneath (possibly for a dirt-free, insulated base and to keep away arthropods).^[8]^[9]^[10]
195 kya: Omo remains (Ethiopia).^[11]
194 kya - 177 kya: Modern human presence in West Asia (Misliya cave in Israel).^[12]^[13]
170 kya: Humans are wearing clothing by this date.^[14]
164 kya: Humans diet expands to include marine resources^[15]
160 kya: Homo sapiens idaltu.^[16]
150 kya: Peopling of Africa: Khoisanid separation, age of mtDNA haplogroup L0.
130 kya: Oldest evidence of ancient seafaring, from Crete (an island isolated from land for millions of years prior to human arrival).^[17]
125 kya: The peak of the Eemian interglacial period.
120 kya: Possibly the earliest evidence of use of symbols etched onto bone.^[18]^[19]
120 kya: Use of marine shells for personal decoration by humans, including Neandertals.^[20]^[21]^[22]
120 kya - 90 kya: Abbassia Pluvial in North Africa—the Sahara desert region is wet and fertile.
120 kya - 75 kya: Khoisanid back-migration from Southern Africa to East Africa.^[23]
100 kya: Earliest structures in the world (sandstone blocks set in a semi-circle with an oval foundation) built in Egypt close to Wadi Halfa near the modern border with Sudan.^[24]
80 kya - 70 kya: Recent African origin: separation of sub-Saharan Africans and non-Africans.
75 kya: Toba Volcano supereruption that may have contributed to human populations being lowered to about 15,000 people.^[25]
70 kya: Earliest example of abstract art or symbolic art from Blombos Cave, South Africa—stones engraved with grid or cross-hatch patterns.^[26]

Upper Paleolithic[edit]

"Epipaleolithic" or "Mesolithic" are terms for a transitional period between the Last Glacial Maximum and the Neolithic Revolution in Old World (Eurasian) cultures.

80 kya - 40 kya: Evidence of Australian Aboriginal Culture.^[27]^[28]
67 kya - 40 kya: Neanderthal admixture to Eurasians.
50 kya: Earliest evidence of a sewing needle. Made and used by Denisovans.^[29]
50 kya - 30 kya: Mousterian Pluvial in North Africa. The Sahara desert region is wet and fertile. Late Stone Age begins in Africa.
45 kya: The earliest known representational art: a painting of three Celebes warty pigs in Leang Tedongnge cave, Sulawesi.^[30]
45 kya - 43 kya: The first waves of Homo sapiens arrive in Europe, comprising the Early European modern humans.^[31]^[32]
45 kya - 40 kya: Châtelperronian cultures in France.^[33]
42 kya: Time frame of the Laschamps event, the first geomagnetic excursion studied and one of the few full global magnetic field reversals known. Although many effects upon life on Earth and human evolution from the increase in cosmic rays have been tentatively proposed, the effects are not considered to have been strong enough (further refuted by paleoecological evidence) to have significantly affected natural or human history.^[34]
42 kya: Paleolithic flutes in Germany.^[35]
42 kya: Earliest evidence of advanced deep sea fishing technology at the Jerimalai cave site in East Timor—demonstrates high-level maritime skills and by implication the technology needed to make ocean crossings to reach Australia and other islands, as they were catching and consuming large numbers of big deep sea fish such as tuna.^[36]^[37]
41 kya: Denisova hominin lives in the Altai Mountains.^[38]^{[chronology citation needed]}
40 kya: Extinction of Homo neanderthalensis.^[33]

Lion-man sculpture (Aurignacian, 40,000–35,000 years old)

40 kya: Aurignacian culture begins in Europe.^[39]
40 kya: Oldest known figurative art the zoomorphic Löwenmensch figurine.^[40]

40 kya - 30 kya: First human settlements formed by Aboriginal Australians in several areas that are today the cities of Sydney,^[41]^[42] Perth^[43] and Melbourne.^[44]
40 kya - 20 kya: Oldest known ritual cremation, the Mungo Lady, in Lake Mungo, Australia.^[45]^[46]
37 kya: A population of Basal Eurasians migrate to Europe. Unlike the Early European modern humans that inhabited Europe earlier, these populations form part of the ancestry of modern Europe.^[32]
36 kya: Evidence of humans using fibers in a cave in present-day Georgia.^[47]^[48]
35 Kya: Oldest known figurative art of a human figure as opposed to a zoomorphic figure (Venus of Hohle Fels).^[49]
33 kya: Earliest evidence of humanoids in Ireland.^[50]
33 kya - 22 kya: Gravettian period in Europe.^[51]^[52]
31 kya: Earth ovens in Central Europe.^[53]
31 kya - 16 kya: Last Glacial Maximum (peak at 26,500 years ago).^[54]
30 kya: Rock paintings tradition begins in Bhimbetka rock shelters in India, which presently as a collection is the densest known concentration of rock art. In an area about 10 km², there are about 800 rock shelters of which 500 contain paintings.^[55]
28.5 kya: New Guinea is populated by colonists from Asia or Australia.^[56]
28 kya: Oldest known twisted rope.^[57]
28 kya - 24 kya: Oldest known pottery—used to make figurines rather than cooking or storage vessels (Venus of Dolní Věstonice).^[58]
25 kya: A hamlet consisting of huts built of rocks and of mammoth bones is founded in what is now Dolní Věstonice in Moravia in the Czech Republic. Dolní Věstonice (archaeological site) is the oldest human permanent settlement that has yet been found by archaeologists.^[59]
25 kya: Ancient North Eurasians migrate into eastern Siberia, intermixing with the local Ancient East Asian populations. Their descendants migrated into Beringia, where they became (or helped form) the Ancestral Native Americans.^[60]
24 kya - 15 kya: General time frame for the Mal'ta–Buret' culture near Lake Baikal,^[61] the archaeological culture whose human remains serve as the type for the Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) population which appeared some time prior. Mal'ta-Buret' sites consisted of temporary mammoth-bone huts for reindeer hunters, yet their art is among the most sophisticated of their time, having many parallels with carvings elsewhere in Eurasia (for example, their Venus figurines), indicative of long-distance exchange of ideas. Both Europeans and American Indians share significant ANE ancestry.
24 kya: The cave bear is thought to have become extinct.^[62]
24 kya: Evidence suggests humans living in Alaska and Yukon North America.^[63]
23 kya: A population of wolves are hypothesized to have begun cohabiting with Ancient North Eurasians for shared food, protection, and (possibly later) hunting success. This commensal relationship is thought to have led to the domestication of the dog, which genetic studies show their ancestry diverging from wolves at this time along with an increase in population.^[64]^[65] At the Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site, smaller wolf-like canids with neotenous features and signs of being cared for have been observed.^[66]
23 kya - 21 kya: The earliest known human footprints in North America are left at what is now White Sands National Park, New Mexico.^[67]
21 kya: Artifacts suggest early human activity occurred in Canberra, the capital city of Australia.^[68]
20 kya: Kebaran culture in the Levant: beginning of the Epipalaeolithic in the Levant.^[69]
20 kya: Theorized earliest date of development of traditional Arctic clothing like those used by Arctic Eurasians and Inuit.^[70]
20 kya - 19 kya: Earliest pottery use, in Xianren Cave, China.^[71]
20 kya - 18 kya: Minatogawa Man (Proto-Mongoloid phenotype) in Okinawa, Japan.^[72]^[73]
20 kya - 10 kya: Khoisanid expansion to Central Africa.^[23]
18 kya - 12 kya: Though estimations vary widely, it is believed by scholars that Afro-Asiatic was spoken as a single language around this time period.^[74]
18 kya: The Magdalenian culture appears in Europe. They are responsible for some of the most complex and famous artistic traditions of Ice Age Europe, creating the cave paintings of Lascaux and Altamira, as well as numerous carvings in ivory and stone.^[75]
17 kya: The earliest gene for blond hair is found among Ancient North Eurasians at the Afontova Gora site in Siberia.^[76]
16 kya - 11 kya: Caucasus hunter-gatherer expansion to Europe.^{[chronology citation needed]}
16 kya: Wisent (European bison) sculpted in clay deep inside the cave now known as Le Tuc d'Audoubert in the French Pyrenees near what is now the border of Spain.^[77]^[78]
14.2 kya: The oldest agreed domestic dog remains belongs to the Bonn-Oberkassel dog that was buried with two humans.^[79]
14 kya: Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b, normally associated with the Near East at this time, appears in Italy.^[32]
14 kya: Western Hunter Gatherers (descended from Ancient North Eurasians) of the Epigravettian culture expand into Europe and replace the Magdalenian culture.^[80]
14 kya - 12 kya: Oldest evidence for prehistoric warfare (Jebel Sahaba, Natufian culture).^[81]
13 kya - 10 kya: End of the Last Glacial Period, climate warms, glaciers recede.
13 kya: A major water outbreak occurs on Lake Agassiz in central North America, which at the time could have been the size of the current Black Sea and the largest lake on Earth. Much of the lake is drained in the Arctic Ocean through the Mackenzie River.^[82]^[83]^[84]
13 kya - 11 kya: Earliest dates suggested for the domestication of the sheep, in Mesopotamia.^[85]
12.9 kya - 11.7 kya: The Younger Dryas, a period of sudden cooling and return to glacial conditions.
12 kya: Volcanic eruptions in the Virunga Mountains blocked Lake Kivu outflow into Lake Edward and the Nile system, diverting the water to Lake Tanganyika. Nile's total length is shortened and Lake Tanganyika's surface is increased.

Holocene[edit]

The terms "Neolithic" and "Bronze Age" are culture-specific and are mostly limited to cultures of select parts of the Old World, namely Europe, Western and South Asia. Chronological periodizations typically base their periods on one or more identifiable and unique markers associated with a culturally distinct era (within a given interaction sphere), but these markers are not necessarily intrinsic to the cultural evolution of the era's people.

As such, the terms become less applicable when their markers correlate less with cultural evolution. Therefore, the Neolithic and the Neolithic Revolution have little to do with the Americas, where several different chronologies are used instead depending on the area (e.g. the Andean Preceramic, the North American Archaic and Formative periods). Similarly, since there is no appreciable cultural shift between the use of stone, bronze, and iron in East and Southeast Asia, the term "Bronze Age" is not considered to apply to this region the same as western Eurasia, and "Iron Age" is essentially never used.^[86]^[87] In sub-Saharan Africa, iron metallurgy was developed prior to any knowledge of bronze and possibly before iron's adoption in Eurasia^[88] and despite Postclassic Mesoamerica developing and using bronze,^[89]^[90]^[91] it did not have a significant bearing on its continued cultural evolution in the same way as western Eurasia.

9600 BC: An abrupt period of global warming accelerates the glacial retreat; taken as the beginning of the Holocene geological epoch.
9600 BC: Jericho has evidence of settlement dating back to 9,600 BC. Jericho was a popular camping ground for Natufian hunter-gatherer groups, who left a scattering of crescent microlith tools behind them.^[93]
9400 BC: Earliest supposed date for the domestication of the pig.^[94]
9200 BC - 9000 BC: Meltwater pulse 1B, a sudden rise of sea level by 7.5 m (25 ft) within about 160 years.
9000 BC: Earliest date recorded for construction of temenoi ceremonial structures at Göbekli Tepe in southern Turkey, as possibly the oldest surviving proto-religious site on Earth.^[95]
9000 BC: Giant short-faced bears and giant ground sloths go extinct. Equidae goes extinct in North America.
8900 BC - 8300 BC: The Indigenous peoples of the southwestern Amazon basin domesticate cassava, the first domestic crop in the New World, followed by squash and dozens of tree species. They also begin intensively modifying the Amazonian landscape, foresting open savannahs and permanently increasing the biomass and biodiversity of the modern Amazon rainforest.^[96]^[97]^[98]
8800 BC - 7000 BC: Byblos appears to have been settled during the PPNB period. Neolithic remains of some buildings can be observed at the site.^[99]^[100]
8500 BC: Earliest supposed date for the domestication of cattle.^[101]
8000 BC: Earliest dates suggested for the domestication of the goat.^[102]
8000 BC: The Quaternary extinction event, which has been ongoing since the mid-Pleistocene, concludes. Many of the ice age megafauna go extinct, including the megatherium, woolly rhinoceros, Irish elk, cave bear, cave lion, and the last of the sabre-toothed cats. The mammoth goes extinct in Eurasia and North America, but is preserved in small island populations until ~1650 BC.
8000 BC - 7000 BC: In northern Mesopotamia, now northern Iraq, cultivation of barley and wheat begins. At first they are used for beer, gruel, and soup, eventually for bread.^[103] In early agriculture at this time, the planting stick is used, but it is replaced by a primitive plow in subsequent centuries.^[104] Around this time, a round stone tower, now preserved to about 8.5 metres (28 ft) high and 8.5 metres (28 ft) in diameter is built in Jericho.^[105]
8000 BC - 6000 BC: The post-glacial sea level rise decelerates, slowing the submersion of landmasses that had taken place over the previous 10,000 years.
8000 BC - 3000 BC: Identical ancestors point: sometime in this period lived the latest subgroup of human population consisting of those that were all common ancestors of all present day humans, the rest having no present day descendants.^[106]
7500 BC - 3500 BC: Neolithic Subpluvial in North Africa. The Sahara desert region supports a savanna-like environment. Lake Chad is larger than the current Caspian Sea. An African culture develops across the current Sahel region.
7500 BC: Çatalhöyük urban settlement founded in Anatolia.^[107]
7500 BC: Earliest supposed date for the domestication of the cat.^[108]
7200 BC: First human settlement in Amman, Jordan; ʿAin Ghazal Neolithic settlement was built spanning over an area of 15 hectares (37 acres).^[109]
7176 BC: Earliest confirmed Miyake event, an extreme peak of solar activity which showers the solar system with cosmic rays and radiation.
7000 BC - 6000 BC: Early European Farmers arrive in Europe through Anatolia. They replace Western Hunter Gatherer populations in many areas, intermix in others, and introduce agriculture into Europe.^[110]^[111]^[112]
7000 BC: Maize is domesticated in southern Mexico from the wild (and significantly different) teosinte and quickly becomes the dominant staple of Mesoamerica, heralding the beginning of agriculture and further domestications in the region.^[113]
7000 BC: The Kuk Swamp in the highlands of Papua New Guinea becomes a cradle of agriculture. Early farmers dig canals that transform the swamp into arable land. They domesticate bananas, sugarcane, taro, lesser yam, and raise cassowaries from captured eggs (which had been done as early as 18,000 years ago).^[114]^[115]
7000 BC: Jiahu culture begins in China.
7000 BC: First large-scale fish fermentation in southern Sweden.^[116]
7000 BC: Human settlement of Mehrgarh, one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in South Asia. In April 2006, Nature note that the oldest (and first early Neolithic) evidence for the drilling of human teeth in vivo (i.e. in a living person) was found in Mehrgarh.^[117]
6200 BC - 6000 BC: The 8.2-kiloyear event, a sudden decrease of global temperatures, probably caused by the final collapse of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, which leads to drier conditions in East Africa and Mesopotamia.
6200 BC - 5600 BC: Sudden rise in sea level (Meltwater pulse 1C) by 6.5 m (21 ft) in less than 140 years; this concludes the early Holocene sea level rise and sea level remains largely stable throughout the Neolithic.^[118]
6000 BC - 3000 BC: Development of proto-writing in China,^[119] Southeast Europe (Vinca symbols),^[120] and West Asia (proto-literate cuneiform).
6000 BC: Evidence of habitation at the current site of Aleppo dates to about c. 8,000 years ago, although excavations at Tell Qaramel, 25 kilometres (16 mi) north of the city show the area was inhabited about 13,000 years ago,^[121] Carbon-14 dating at Tell Ramad, on the outskirts of Damascus, suggests that the site may have been occupied since the second half of the seventh millennium BC, possibly around 6300 BC.^[122] However, evidence of settlement in the wider Barada basin dating back to 9000 BC exists.^[123]
6000 BC - 5000 BC: The earliest New World ceramics are created in the Amazon basin.^[124]
5700 BC - 4500 BC: Vinča culture.
5500 BC: Copper smelting in evidence in Pločnik and Belovode.^[125]^[126]
5259 BC: Confirmed Miyake event, with high amount of cosmic radiation from the Sun hitting the Earth.
4500 BC: The oldest known gold hoard deposited at Varna Necropolis, Bulgaria.
4300 BC: Akahoya eruption creates the Kikai Caldera and ends the earliest homogeneous Jomon culture in Japan. When the Jomon culture recovers, it shows regional differences.^[127]^{[verification needed]}
4050 BC - 4000 BC: Trypillian build in Nebelivka (Ukraine) settlement which reached 15,000–18,000 inhabitants.^[128]^[129]
4130 BC: Toggling harpoons are invented somewhere in eastern Siberia, spreading south into Japan and east into North America, where they are ancestral to the sophisticated designs of the Inuit and later European whalers.^[130]
4000 BC: Civilizations develop in the Mesopotamia/Fertile Crescent region (around the location of modern-day Iraq).
4000 BC: Earliest supposed dates for the domestication of the horse, the domestication of the chicken, and the invention of the potter's wheel.

4th millennium BC[edit]

4000 BC - 2000 BC: The Dene-Yeniseian languages split into Na-Dene in North America and Yeniseian languages in Siberia. The connection is commonly thought to have been the result of a back-migration of early American Indians in Beringia back into Siberia, forming the Yeniseian peoples that were once widespread throughout Eurasia.^[131] However, recent studies indicating the existence of a linguistic and technological continuum extending into the Common Era make the directionality of migration and the homeland of Dene-Yeniseian more difficult to determine.^[132]
3840 BC - 3800 BC: The Post Track and Sweet Track causeways are constructed in the Somerset Levels.
3800 BC: Trypillian build in Talianki (Ukraine) settlement which reached 15,600–21,000 inhabitants.^[133]
3700 BC: Mass graves at Tell Brak in Syria.
3700 BC: Trypillian build in Maidanets (Ukraine) settlement which reached 12,000–46,000 inhabitants,^[134] and built three-story building.^[135]
3600 BC: The first monumental buildings are constructed in Sechin Bajo, an urban center in what is now coastal Peru. It belonged to the Casma–Sechin culture, possibly the oldest civilization in the Americas.^[136]
3500 BC: Uruk period in Sumer.
3500 BC: First evidence of mummification in Egypt.^[137]^[138]
3500 BC: Earliest conjectured date for the still-undeciphered Indus script.
3500 BC: End of the African humid period possibly linked to the Piora Oscillation: a rapid and intense aridification event, which probably started the current Sahara Desert dry phase and a population increase in the Nile Valley due to migrations from nearby regions. It is also believed this event contributed to the end of the Ubaid period in Mesopotamia.
3400 BC: Oldest known depiction of a wheeled vehicle (Bronocice pot, Funnelbeaker culture).^[139]^[140]^[141]
3400 BC: Waun Mawn is built in West Wales.^[142]
3300 BC: Bronze Age begins in the Near East.^[143] Hakra Phase of the Indus Valley Civilisation begins in the Indian subcontinent.^{[citation needed]}
3300 BC: Newgrange is built in Ireland.^[144] Ness of Brodgar is built in Orkney^[145]
3200 BC - 2500 BC: The Norte Chico or Caral–Supe civilization begins on the coast of Peru with a wave of monumental construction and founding of the first cities in the Americas. It is generally considered the oldest civilization in the Americas.^[146]
3200 BC: The Yamnaya culture appears on the Pontic–Caspian steppe.^[147] They most likely spoke the Proto-Indo-European language and may have been responsible for domesticating the horse, initiating the Indo-European migrations after a period of European population decline opened up areas for settlement,^[148] and both evolving and spreading the European alleles for lactase persistence.^[149]
3200 BC: Sumerian cuneiform writing system is first used, triggering the beginning of recorded history.^[150]

Research[edit]

Researchers deduced in a scientific review that "no specific point in time can currently be identified at which modern human ancestry was confined to a limited birthplace" and that current knowledge about long, continuous and complex – e.g. often non-singular, parallel, nonsimultaneous and/or gradual – emergences of characteristics is consistent with a range of evolutionary histories.^[151]^[152] A timeline dating first occurrences and earliest evidence may therefore be an often inadequate approach for describing humanity's (pre-)history.

Post-historical prehistories[edit]

3,800 years ago (1800 BC): Currently undeciphered Minoan script (Linear A) and Cypro-Minoan script developed on Crete and Cyprus.
3,450 years ago (1450 BC): Mycenaean Greece, first deciphered writing in Europe
3,200 years ago (1200 BC): Oracle bone script, first written records in Old Chinese
3,050–2,800 years ago (1050 BC to 800 BC): Alphabetic writing; the Phoenician alphabet spreads around the Mediterranean
2,300 years ago (300 BC): Maya script, the only known full writing system developed in the Americas, emerges.
2,260 years ago (260 BC): Earliest deciphered written records in South Asia (Middle Indo-Aryan)
1800s AD: Undeciphered Rongorongo script on Easter Island may mark the latest independent development of writing.

References[edit]

^ Musée de Préhistoire Terra Amata. "Le site acheuléen de Terra Amata" [The Acheulean site of Terra Amata]. Musée de Préhistoire Terra Amata (in French). Retrieved 10 June 2022.
^ Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB (2018). "Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aao2646.
^ Hublin JJ, Ben-Ncer A, Bailey SE, Freidline SE, Neubauer S, Skinner MM, et al. (June 2017). "New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens" (PDF). Nature. 546 (7657): 289–292. Bibcode:2017Natur.546..289H. doi:10.1038/nature22336. PMID 28593953. S2CID 256771372. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 January 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
^ Kamin M, Saag L, Vincente M, et al. (April 2015). "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research. 25 (4): 459–466. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114. PMC 4381518. PMID 25770088.
^ Endicott, P.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Stringer, C. (2010). "Using genetic evidence to evaluate four palaeoanthropological hypotheses for the timing of Neanderthal and modern human origins" (PDF). Journal of Human Evolution. 59 (1): 87–95. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.04.005. PMID 20510437.
^ Villa, Paola (1983). Terra Amata and the Middle Pleistocene archaeological record of southern France. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 303 pages. ISBN 0-520-09662-2.
^ Harvati, K., Röding, C., Bosman, A. M., Karakostis, F. A., Grün, R., Stringer, C., ... & Gorgoulis, V. G. (2019). Apidima Cave fossils provide the earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia. Nature, 571(7766), 500–504.
^ "200,000 years ago, humans preferred to sleep in beds". phys.org. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
^ "The oldest known grass beds from 200,000 years ago included insect repellents". Science News. 13 August 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
^ Wadley, Lyn; Esteban, Irene; Peña, Paloma de la; Wojcieszak, Marine; Stratford, Dominic; Lennox, Sandra; d'Errico, Francesco; Rosso, Daniela Eugenia; Orange, François; Backwell, Lucinda; Sievers, Christine (14 August 2020). "Fire and grass-bedding construction 200 thousand years ago at Border Cave, South Africa". Science. 369 (6505): 863–866. Bibcode:2020Sci...369..863W. doi:10.1126/science.abc7239. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 32792402. S2CID 221113832. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
^ Erin Wayman (11 January 2012). "Meet the Contenders for Earliest Modern Human". smithsonian.com.
^ Herschkovitz, Israel; et al. (26 January 2018). "The earliest modern humans outside Africa". Science. 359 (6374): 456–459. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..456H. doi:10.1126/science.aap8369. hdl:10072/372670. PMID 29371468.
^ St. Fleur, Nicholas (25 January 2018). "In Cave in Israel, Scientists Find Jawbone Fossil From Oldest Modern Human Out of Africa". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
^ "Lice DNA study shows humans first wore clothes 170,000 years ago". ScienceDaily. 7 January 2011.
^ Marean, Curtis W.; Bar-Matthews, Miryam; Bernatchez, Jocelyn; Fisher, Erich; Goldberg, Paul; Herries, Andy I. R.; Jacobs, Zenobia; Jerardino, Antonieta; Karkanas, Panagiotis; Minichillo, Tom; Nilssen, Peter J.; Thompson, Erin; Watts, Ian; Williams, Hope M. (October 2007). "Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene". Nature. 449 (7164): 905–908. Bibcode:2007Natur.449..905M. doi:10.1038/nature06204. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 17943129. S2CID 4387442. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
^ Clark, J. D.; Beyene, Y.; WoldeGabriel, G.; et al. (2003). "Stratigraphic, chronological and behavioural contexts of Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia". Nature. 423 (6941): 747–752. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..747C. doi:10.1038/nature01670. PMID 12802333. S2CID 4312418.
^ Strasser, Thomas (2010). "Stone Age Seafaring in the Mediterranean: Evidence from the Plakias Region for Lower Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Habitation of Crete". Hesperia. 79 (2): 145–190. doi:10.2972/hesp.79.2.145. JSTOR 40835484. S2CID 162408338. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
^ "Prehistoric bone etchings believed to be among oldest evidence of human use of symbols". phys.org. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
^ Prévost, Marion; Groman-Yaroslavski, Iris; Crater Gershtein, Kathryn M.; Tejero, José-Miguel; Zaidner, Yossi (20 January 2021). "Early evidence for symbolic behavior in the Levantine Middle Paleolithic: A 120 ka old engraved aurochs bone shaft from the open-air site of Nesher Ramla, Israel". Quaternary International. 624: 80–93. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.01.002. ISSN 1040-6182. S2CID 234236699. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
^ Hoffmann, Dirk L.; Angelucci, Diego E.; Villaverde, Valentín; Zapata, Josefina; Zilhão, João (1 February 2018). "Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian Neandertals 115,000 years ago". Science Advances. 4 (2): eaar5255. Bibcode:2018SciA....4.5255H. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aar5255. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 5833998. PMID 29507889.
^ Vanhaeren, Marian; d'Errico, Francesco; Stringer, Chris; James, Sarah L.; Todd, Jonathan A.; Mienis, Henk K. (23 June 2006). "Middle Paleolithic Shell Beads in Israel and Algeria". Science. 312 (5781): 1785–1788. Bibcode:2006Sci...312.1785V. doi:10.1126/science.1128139. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 16794076. S2CID 31098527. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
^ Mayer, Daniella E. Bar-Yosef; Groman-Yaroslavski, Iris; Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Hershkovitz, Israel; Kampen-Hasday, Astrid; Vandermeersch, Bernard; Zaidner, Yossi; Weinstein-Evron, Mina (8 July 2020). "On holes and strings: Earliest displays of human adornment in the Middle Palaeolithic". PLOS ONE. 15 (7): e0234924. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1534924B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234924. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7343129. PMID 32640002.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Rito T, Richards MB, Fernandes V, Alshamali F, Cerny V, Pereira L, Soares P. (13 November 2013). "The first modern human dispersals across Africa". PLoS One. 8(11):e80031. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080031. "By ~130 ka two distinct groups of anatomically modern humans co-existed in Africa: broadly, the ancestors of many modern-day Khoe and San populations in the south and a second central/eastern African group that includes the ancestors of most extant worldwide populations. Early modern human dispersals correlate with climate changes, particularly the tropical African "megadroughts" of MIS 5 (marine isotope stage 5, 135–75 ka), which paradoxically may have facilitated expansions in central and eastern Africa, ultimately triggering the dispersal out of Africa of people carrying haplogroup L3 – 60 ka. Two south to east migrations are discernible within haplogroup L0. One, between 120 and 75 ka, represents the first unambiguous long-range modern human dispersal detected by mtDNA and might have allowed the dispersal of several markers of modernity. A second one, within the last 20 ka signalled by L0d, may have been responsible for the spread of southern click-consonant languages to eastern Africa, contrary to the view that these eastern examples constitute relics of an ancient, much wider distribution."
^ "Ancient Egypt Online – Lower Paleolithic". Retrieved 20 January 2019.
^ "Mount Toba Eruption – Ancient Humans Unscathed, Study Claims". Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2008.
^ "'Oldest' prehistoric art unearthed". BBC News. 10 January 2002.
^ Admin, Rock At Australia. "Australian dig finds evidence of Aboriginal habitation up to 80,000 years ago – Rock Art Australia".
^ "Burrup Peninsula rock art among world's oldest". Australian Geographic. 18 April 2013.
^ "World's oldest needle found in Siberian cave that stitches together human history". Siberian Times. 23 August 2016.
^ Brumm, Adam; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Burhan, Basran; Hakim, Budianto; Lebe, Rustan; Zhao, Jian-xin; Sulistyarto, Priyatno Hadi; Ririmasse, Marlon; Adhityatama, Shinatria; Sumantri, Iwan; Aubert, Maxime (1 January 2021). "Oldest cave art found in Sulawesi". Science Advances. 7 (3): eabd4648. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.4648B. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd4648. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7806210. PMID 33523879.
^ John Noble Wilford (3 November 2011). "Fossil Teeth Put Humans in Europe Earlier Than Thought". The New York Times. p. A4.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Fu, Qiaomei, Cosimo Posth, Mateja Hajdinjak, Martin Petr, Swapan Mallick, Daniel Fernandes, Anja Furtwängler et al. "The genetic history of ice age Europe." Nature 534, no. 7606 (2016): 200-205.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Tom Higham; Katerina Douka; Rachel Wood; Christopher Bronk Ramsey; Fiona Brock; Laura Basell; Marta Camps; Alvaro Arrizabalaga; Javier Baena; Cecillio Barroso-Ruíz; Christopher Bergman; Coralie Boitard; Paolo Boscato; Miguel Caparrós; Nicholas J. Conard; Christelle Draily; Alain Froment; Bertila Galván; Paolo Gambassini; Alejandro Garcia-Moreno; Stefano Grimaldi; Paul Haesaerts; Brigitte Holt; Maria-Jose Iriarte-Chiapusso; Arthur Jelinek; et al. (21 August 2014). "The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance". Nature. 512 (7514): 306–09. Bibcode:2014Natur.512..306H. doi:10.1038/nature13621. PMID 25143113. S2CID 205239973.
^ Voosen, Paul (19 February 2021). "Kauri trees mark magnetic flip 42,000 years ago". Science. 371 (6531): 766. Bibcode:2021Sci...371..766V. doi:10.1126/science.371.6531.766. PMID 33602836. S2CID 231963027. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
^ "Earliest music instruments found", BBC News, 25 May 2012
^ Corbyn, Zoë (24 November 2011). "Archaeologists land world's oldest fish hook". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2011.9461. S2CID 162326974. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
^ O'Connor, Sue; Ono, Rintaro (25 November 2011). "Pelagic Fishing at 42,000 Years Before the Present and the Maritime Skills of Modern Humans". Science. 334 (6059): 1117–21. Bibcode:2011Sci...334.1117O. doi:10.1126/science.1207703. hdl:1885/35424. PMID 22116883. S2CID 20791703.
^ Krause, J.; Fu, Q.; Good, J. M.; Viola, B.; et al. (2010). "The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin from southern Siberia". Nature. 464 (7290): 894–897. Bibcode:2010Natur.464..894K. doi:10.1038/nature08976. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 10152974. PMID 20336068. S2CID 4415601.
^ William E. Banks; Francesco d'Errico; João Zilhão (2013). "Revisiting the chronology of the Proto-Aurignacian and the Early Aurignacian in Europe: A reply to Higham et al.'s comments on Banks et al". Journal of Human Evolution. 65 (6): 810–17. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.08.004. PMID 24095637. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
^ Martin Bailey "Ice Age Lion Man is world's earliest figurative sculpture" Archived 16 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Art Newspaper, 31 January 2013, accessed 1 February 2013
^ Macey, Richard (15 September 2007). "Settlers' history rewritten: go back 30,000 years". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
^ "Aboriginal people and place". Sydney Barani. 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
^ Sandra Bowdler. "Human settlement". In D. Denoon (ed.). The Pleistocene Pacific. The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 41–50. Archived from the original on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2008 – via University of Western Australia.
^ Gary Presland, The First Residents of Melbourne's Western Region, (revised edition), Harriland Press, 1997. ISBN 0-646-33150-7. Presland says on page 1: "There is some evidence to show that people were living in the Maribyrnong River valley, near present day Keilor, about 40,000 years ago."
^ Bowler JM, Jones R, Allen H, Thorne AG (1970). "Pleistocene human remains from Australia: a living site and human cremation from Lake Mungo, Western New South Wales". World Archaeol. 2 (1): 39–60. doi:10.1080/00438243.1970.9979463. PMID 16468208.
^ Bowler, J.M. 1971. Pleistocene salinities and climatic change: Evidence from lakes and lunettes in southeastern Australia. In: Mulvaney, D.J. and Golson, J. (eds), Aboriginal Man and Environment in Australia. Canberra: Australian National University Press, pp. 47-65.
^ Balter, M (2009). "Clothes Make the (Hu) Man". Science. 325 (5946): 1329. doi:10.1126/science.325_1329a. PMID 19745126.
^ Kvavadze, E; Bar-Yosef, O; Belfer-Cohen, A; Boaretto, E; Jakeli, N; Matskevich, Z; Meshveliani, T (2009). "30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers". Science. 325 (5946): 1359. Bibcode:2009Sci...325.1359K. doi:10.1126/science.1175404. PMID 19745144. S2CID 206520793.
^ ""It must be a woman" - The female depictions from Hohle Fels date to 40,000 years ago..." Universität Tübingen. July 22, 2016. Archived from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
^ Roseingrave, Louise. "Reindeer bone rewrites Irish human history".
^ Jacobi, R.M.; Higham, T.F.G.; Haesaerts, P.; Jadin, I.; Basell, L.S. (2015). "Radiocarbon chronology for the Early Gravettian of northern Europe: New AMS determinations for Maisières-Canal, Belgium". Antiquity. 84 (323): 26–40. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00099749. S2CID 163089681.
^ Pike, A. W. G.; Hoffmann, D. L.; Garcia-Diez, M.; Pettitt, P. B.; Alcolea, J.; De Balbin, R.; Gonzalez-Sainz, C.; De Las Heras, C.; Lasheras, J. A.; Montes, R.; Zilhao, J. (2012). "U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain". Science. 336 (6087): 1409–13. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1409P. doi:10.1126/science.1219957. PMID 22700921. S2CID 7807664.
^ "Mammoths roasted in prehistoric barbecue pit". NBC News. 3 June 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
^ Barrell, David J. A.; Almond, Peter C.; Vandergoes, Marcus J.; Lowe, David J.; Newnham, Rewi M. (15 August 2013). "A composite pollen-based stratotype for inter-regional evaluation of climatic events in New Zealand over the past 30,000 years (NZ-Intimate project)". Quaternary Science Reviews. 74: 4–20. Bibcode:2013QSRv...74....4B. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.04.002. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
^ "Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka". World Heritage Site. Archived from the original on 8 March 2007. Retrieved 15 February 2007.
^ James Trager, The People's Chronology, 1994, ISBN 0-8050-3134-0
^ Small, Meredith F. (April 2002). "String theory: the tradition of spinning raw fibers dates back 28,000 years (At The Museum)". Natural History. 111 (3): 14(2).
^ The body used is the local loess, with only traces of clay; there is no trace of surface burnishing or applied pigment. Pamela B. Vandiver, Olga Soffer, Bohuslav Klima and Jiři Svoboda, "The Origins of Ceramic Technology at Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia", Science, New Series, 246, No. 4933 (November 24, 1989: pp. 1002–1008).
^ Stuart, Gene S. (1979). "Ice Age Hunters: Artists in Hidden Cages". Mysteries of the Ancient World. National Geographic Society. p. 19.
^ Raff, Jennifer (8 February 2022). Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas. Grand Central Publishing. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-5387-4970-8.
^ Bednarik, Robert G. (2013). "Pleistocene Palaeoart of Asia". Arts. 2 (2): 48. doi:10.3390/arts2020046.
^ Terlato, Gabriele; Bocherens, Hervé; Romandini, Matteo; Nannini, Nicola; Hobson, Keith A.; Peresani, Marco (21 April 2019). "Chronological and Isotopic data support a revision for the timing of cave bear extinction in Mediterranean Europe". Historical Biology. 31 (4): 474–484. Bibcode:2019HBio...31..474T. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1448395. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 90029163.
^ Lauriane Bourgeon, Ariane Burke, Thomas Higham (January 6, 2017). "Earliest Human Presence in North America Dated to the Last Glacial Maximum: New Radiocarbon Dates from Bluefish Caves, Canada". PLOS One.
^ Perri, Angela R.; Feuerborn, Tatiana R.; Frantz, Laurent A. F.; Larson, Greger; Malhi, Ripan S.; Meltzer, David J.; Witt, Kelsey E. (2021). "Dog domestication and the dual dispersal of people and dogs into the Americas". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (6): e2010083118. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11810083P . doi:10.1073/pnas.2010083118 . PMC 8017920. PMID 33495362
^ Duleba, Anna; Skonieczna, Katarzyna; Bogdanowicz, Wiesław; Malyarchuk, Boris; Grzybowski, Tomasz (2015). "Complete mitochondrial genome database and standardized classification system for Canis lupus familiaris". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 19: 123–129. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.06.014. PMID 26218982.
^ Nikolskiy, P. A.; Sotnikova, M.V.; Nikolskii, A.A.; Pitulko, V.V. (2018). "Predomestication and Wolf-Human Relationships in the Arctic Siberia of 30,000 Years Ago: Evidence from the Yana Palaeolithic Site" . Stratum Plus (1): 231–262.
^ "Ancient Footprints Suggest Humans Lived In The Americas Earlier Than Once Thought". NPR. 24 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
^ Flood, J. M.; David, B.; Magee, J.; English, B. (1987). "Birrigai: a Pleistocene site in the south eastern highlands". Archaeology in Oceania. 22: 9–22. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4453.1987.tb00159.x.
^ Shea, John J. (2013). "The Epipalaeolithic". Stone Tools in the Paleolithic and Neolithic Near East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 161–212. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139026314.007. ISBN 9781139026314.
^ Issenman, Betty Kobayashi (1985). "Inuit Skin Clothing: Construction and Motifs". Études/Inuit/Studies. 9 (2: Arctic policy): 102. JSTOR 42869524.
^ Bhanoo, Sindya N. (28 June 2012). "Remnants of an Ancient Kitchen Are Found in China". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
^ "Ancient burial remains in Okinawa cave may fill void in Japanese ancestry". The Asahi Shimbun. 9 January 2015. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
^ Hisashi Suzuki; Kazuro Hanthara; et al. (1982). "The Minatogawa Man - The Upper Pleistocene Man from the Island of Okinawa". Bulletin of the University Museum. 19. University of Tokyo.
^ Ehret, Christopher (1995). Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): vowels, tone, consonants, and vocabulary. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-09799-8
^ Enloe, James. "Magdalenian." In Encyclopedia of Prehistory: Volume 4: Europe, pp. 198-209. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001.
^ Turner II, Ovodov & Pavlova 2013, p. 54-55.
^ Stuart, Gene S. (1979). "Ice Age Hunters: Artists in Hidden Cages". Mysteries of the Ancient World. National Geographic Society. pp. 8–10.
^ "15,000-Year-Old Bison Sculptures Are Perfectly Preserved in a French Cave". My Modern Met. 26 January 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
^ Janssens, Luc; Giemsch, Liane; Schmitz, Ralf; Street, Martin; Van Dongen, Stefan; Crombé, Philippe (1 April 2018). "A new look at an old dog: Bonn-Oberkassel reconsidered". Journal of Archaeological Science. 92: 126–138. Bibcode:2018JArSc..92..126J. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2018.01.004. hdl:1854/LU-8550758. ISSN 0305-4403.
^ Posth, Cosimo, He Yu, Ayshin Ghalichi, Hélène Rougier, Isabelle Crevecoeur, Yilei Huang, Harald Ringbauer et al. "Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers." Nature 615, no. 7950 (2023): 117-126.
^ Crevecoeur, Isabelle; Dias-Meirinho, Marie-Hélène; Zazzo, Antoine; Antoine, Daniel; Bon, François (2021). "New insights on interpersonal violence in the Late Pleistocene based on the Nile valley cemetery of Jebel Sahaba" (PDF). Scientific Reports. 11: 9991. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.9991C. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-89386-y. PMID 34045477.
^ Perkins S (2002). "Once Upon a Lake". Science News. 162 (18): 283–284. doi:10.2307/4014064. JSTOR 4014064. Archived from the original on 28 February 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
^ Murton, J. B., Bateman MD, Dallimore SR, Teller JT, Yang Z (1 April 2010). "Identification of Younger Dryas outburst flood path from Lake Agassiz to the Arctic Ocean". Nature. 464 (7289): 740–743. Bibcode:2010Natur.464..740M. doi:10.1038/nature08954. PMID 20360738. S2CID 4425933.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Brown, Michael (5 August 2021). "Massive ancient lake across Prairies emptied quickly enough to set off an ice age, study suggests". Folio. University of Alberta. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
^ Ensminger, M.E.; Parker, R.O. (1986). Sheep and Goat Science (5th ed.). Danville, Illinois: The Interstate Printers and Publishers. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-8134-2464-4.
^ Podjanok Kanjanajuntorn, "The Three-Age System: A Struggle for Southeast Asian Prehistoric Periodisation," SPAFA Journal 4 (December 4, 2020), https://doi.org/10.26721/spafajournal.v4i0.623.
^ Roderick B. Campbell, Archaeology of the Chinese Bronze Age: From Erlitou to Anyang, 2014, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9df4w6kn.
^ Augustin F. C. Holl, "The Origins of African Metallurgies," in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.63.
^ Dorothy Hosler and Andrew Macfarlane, "Copper Sources, Metal Production, and Metals Trade in Late Postclassic Mesoamerica," Science 273, no. 5283 (September 27, 1996): 1819–24, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.273.5283.1819.
^ Dorothy Hosler and Guy Stresser-Pean, "The Huastec Region: A Second Locus for the Production of Bronze Alloys in Ancient Mesoamerica," Science 257, no. 5074 (August 28, 1992): 1215–20, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.257.5074.1215.
^ Jennifer L. Meanwell et al., "Metallurgical Ceramics from Mayapán, Yucatán, Mexico," Journal of Archaeological Science 40, no. 12 (December 1, 2013): 4306–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.05.024.
^ Keith F. Otterbein, How War Began (2004), p. 72.
^ Mithen, Steven (2006). After the ice: a global human history, 20,000–5000 BC (1st Harvard University Press pbk. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-674-01999-7.
^ Vigne, JD; Zazzo, A; Saliège, JF; Poplin, F; Guilaine, J; Simmons, A (2009). "Pre-Neolithic wild boar management and introduction to Cyprus more than 11,400 years ago". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (38): 16135–8. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10616135V. doi:10.1073/pnas.0905015106. PMC 2752532. PMID 19706455.
^ Curry, Andrew (November 2008). "Gobekli Tepe: The World's First Temple?". Smithsonian. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
^ Lombardo, U., Iriarte, J., Hilbert, L. et al. Early Holocene crop cultivation and landscape modification in Amazonia. Nature 581, 190–193 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2162-7
^ Isendahl, Christian. "The domestication and early spread of manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz): a brief synthesis." Latin American Antiquity 22, no. 4 (2011): 452-468.
^ Newitz, Annalee. “The Amazon Forest Is the Result of an 8,000-Year Experiment.” Ars Technica, March 6, 2017. https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/03/the-amazon-forest-is-the-result-of-a-8000-year-experiment/
^ E.J. Peltenburg; Alexander Wasse; Council for British Research in the Levant (2004). Garfinkel, Yosef., "Néolithique" and "Énéolithique" Byblos in Southern Levantine Context* in Neolithic revolution: new perspectives on southwest Asia in light of recent discoveries on Cyprus. Oxbow Books. ISBN 978-1-84217-132-5. Retrieved 18 January 2012.
^ Vogel, J.C. and Waterbolk, H.T., "Groningen Radiocarbon Dates X", Radiocarbon, 14, 6–110 / 105, 1972.
^ McTavish, E.J.; Decker, J.E.; Schnabel, R.D.; Taylor, J.F.; Hillis, D.M.year=2013 (2013). "New World cattle show ancestry from multiple independent domestication events". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110 (15): E1398–1406. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110E1398M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1303367110. PMC 3625352. PMID 23530234.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Naderi, Saeid; Rezaei, Hamid-Reza; Pompanon, François; Blum, Michael G. B.; Negrini, Riccardo; Naghash, Hamid-Reza; Balkiz, Özge; Mashkour, Marjan; Gaggiotti, Oscar E.; Ajmone-Marsan, Paolo; Kence, Aykut; Vigne, Jean-Denis; Taberlet, Pierre (18 November 2008). "The goat domestication process inferred from large-scale mitochondrial DNA analysis of wild and domestic individuals". PNAS. 105 (46): 17659–17664. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10517659N. doi:10.1073/pnas.0804782105. PMC 2584717. PMID 19004765.
^ Kiple, Kenneth F. and Ornelas, Kriemhild Coneè, eds., The Cambridge World History of Food, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 83
^ "No-Till: The Quiet Revolution", by David Huggins and John Reganold, Scientific American, July 2008, pp. 70–77.
^ Fagan, Brian M, ed. The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1996 ISBN 978-0-521-40216-3 p. 363
^ https://tedlab.mit.edu/~dr/Papers/Rohde-MRCA-two.pdf Archived 24 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine On the Common Ancestors of All Living Humans
^ Renfrew, Colin (2006). "Inception of agriculture and rearing in the Middle East". Human Palaeontology and Prehistory. 5 (1): 395–404. Bibcode:2006CRPal...5..395R. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2005.10.012.
^ Wade, Nicholas, Study Traces Cat's Ancestry to Middle East, The New York Times, June 29, 2007, archived from the original on 9 May 2015, retrieved 4 October 2012
^ Scarre, Chris, ed. (2005). The Human Past. Thames & Hudson. p. 222.
^ Fernández, Eva, Alejandro Pérez-Pérez, Cristina Gamba, Eva Prats, Pedro Cuesta, Josep Anfruns, Miquel Molist, Eduardo Arroyo-Pardo, and Daniel Turbón. "Ancient DNA analysis of 8000 BC near eastern farmers supports an early neolithic pioneer maritime colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands." PLoS genetics 10, no. 6 (2014): e1004401.
^ Lipson, Mark, Anna Szécsényi-Nagy, Swapan Mallick, Annamária Pósa, Balázs Stégmár, Victoria Keerl, Nadin Rohland et al. "Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers." Nature 551, no. 7680 (2017): 368-372.
^ Lazaridis, Iosif, Nick Patterson, Alissa Mittnik, Gabriel Renaud, Swapan Mallick, Karola Kirsanow, Peter H. Sudmant et al. "Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans." Nature 513, no. 7518 (2014): 409-413.
^ Matsuoka, Yoshihiro, Yves Vigouroux, Major M. Goodman, Jesus Sanchez G, Edward Buckler, and John Doebley. "A single domestication for maize shown by multilocus microsatellite genotyping." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99, no. 9 (2002): 6080-6084.
^ Denham, T. P.; Haberle, S. G.; Lentfer, C.; Fullagar, R.; Field, J.; Therin, M.; Porch, N.; Winsborough, B. (2003-07-11). "Origins of Agriculture at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of New Guinea". Science. 301 (5630): 189–193. doi:10.1126/science.1085255. ISSN 0036-8075.
^ Douglass, Kristina, Dylan Gaffney, Teresa J. Feo, Priyangi Bulathsinhala, Andrew L. Mack, Megan Spitzer, and Glenn R. Summerhayes. "Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene sites in the montane forests of New Guinea yield early record of cassowary hunting and egg harvesting." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 40 (2021): e2100117118.
^ "Signs of early settlement in the Nordic region date back to the cradle of civilisation". 8 February 2016.
^ A. Coppa; L. Bondioli; A. Cucina; D. W. Frayer; C. Jarrige; J. -F. Jarrige; G. Quivron; M. Rossi; M. Vidale; R. Macchiarelli (5 April 2006). "Early Neolithic tradition of dentistry". Nature. 440 (7085): 755–756. doi:10.1038/440755a. PMID 16598247. S2CID 6787162.
^ Blanchon, P. (2011b) "Backstepping". In: Hopley, D. (Ed), Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs: Structure, form and process. Springer-Verlag Earth Science Series, pp. 77–84. ISBN 978-90-481-2638-5. Blanchon, P., and Shaw, J. (1995) "Reef drowning during the last deglaciation: evidence for catastrophic sea-level rise and icesheet collapse". Geology, 23:4–8.
^ Houston, Stephen D. (2004). The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process. Cambridge University Press. pp. 245–6. ISBN 978-0-521-83861-0.
^ Haarmann, Harald: "Geschichte der Schrift", C.H. Beck, 2002, ISBN 3-406-47998-7, p. 20
^ Nelson, Bryan (4 August 2015). "12 oldest continuously inhabited cities". Mother Nature Network. (3. Aleppo, Syria.)
^ Moore, A.M.T. The Neolithic of the Levant. Oxford: Oxford University, 1978. 192–98.
^ Burns 2005, p. 2
^ A. C. Roosevelt et al., Eighth Millennium Pottery from a Prehistoric Shell Midden in the Brazilian Amazon. Science 254, 1621-1624(1991). DOI:10.1126/science.254.5038.1621
^ "Stone Pages Archaeo News: Ancient metal workshop found in Serbia". stonepages.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
^ "201006274431 | Belovode site in Serbia may have hosted first copper makers". archaeologydaily.com. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
^ Oda, Shizuo (26 October 1991). "The Impact of Volcanic Eruptions on Human Society from an Archaeological Perspective". The Quaternary Research (Daiyonki-Kenkyu). 30 (5): 427–433. doi:10.4116/jaqua.30.427. S2CID 132042986 – via J-Stage.
^ Thomas K. Harper. "The effect of climatic variability on population dynamics of the Cucuteni-Tripolye cultural complex and the rise of the Western Tripolye giant-settlements" (PDF). Chronikajournal.com. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
^ Müller, Johannes; Rassmann, Knut; Videiko, Mykhailo (22 January 2016). Trypillia Mega-Sites and European Prehistory: 4100–3400 BCE. Routledge. p. 347. ISBN 978-1317247913. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
^ Yamaura, Kiyoshi. "The sea mammal hunting cultures of the Okhotsk Sea with special reference to Hokkaido prehistory." Arctic Anthropology (1998): 321-334.
^ Ives, John W. "Dene-Yeniseian, migration and prehistory." The Dene-Yeniseian Connection 5 (2010): 324-334.
^ Wilson, Joseph (2023). "Late Holocene Technology Words in Proto-Athabaskan: Implications for Dene-Yeniseian Culture History". Humans. 3 (3): 177–192. doi:10.3390/humans3030015. S2CID 260154176.
^ Müller, Johannes; Rassmann, Knut; Videiko, Mykhailo (22 January 2016). Trypillia Mega-Sites and European Prehistory: 4100–3400 BCE. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315630731. ISBN 978-1317247913. Retrieved 13 November 2016 – via Google Books.
^ Rassmann, Knut; Ohlrau, René; Hofmann, Robert; Mischka, Carsten; Burdo, Nataliia; Videjko, Michail Yu.; Müller, Johannes (2014). "High precision Tripolye settlement plans, demographic estimations and settlement organization". Journal of Neolithic Archaeology. 16: 96–134. doi:10.12766/jna.2014.3.
^ "ДОСЛІДИ З ТРИПІЛЬСЬКОГО ДОМОБУДІВНИЦТВА" (PDF). Inst-ukr.lviv.ua. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
^ Moore, Jerry D. (2014), A Prehistory of South America, Boulder: University of Colorado Press, p. 231. Downloaded from Project Muse.
^ Mindy Weisberger (16 August 2018). "This Ancient Mummy Is Older Than the Pharaohs". livescience.com.
^ "Mummy Helps Confirm Earliest Egyptian Embalming Recipe". Science. 15 August 2018. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022.
^ Milisauskas, Sarunas (2015). "Myth Making by Jan Machnik: The American and Polish Cooperative Archaeological Project 1966–1978" (PDF). Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 67. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
^ "Ancient wheel tracks in Northern Germany". 15 April 2022. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
^ "Wheel I Never: Europes Oldest Stone Age Cart Tracks Found". 29 April 2022. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
^ "Stonehenge: Did the stone circle originally stand in Wales?". BBC News. 12 February 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
^ Kristiansen & Larsson 2005
^ Lynch, Ann (2014). "Newgrange revisited: New insights from excavations at the back of the mound in 1984–8". The Journal of Irish Archaeology. 23: 13–82 – via JSTOR.
^ Towers, Roy; Card, Nick; Edmonds, Mark (2015). The Ness of Brodgar. Kirkwall, UK: Archaeology Institute, University of the Higlands and Islands. ISBN 978-0-9932757-0-8.
^ Haas, Jonathan, Winifred Creamer, and Alvaro Ruiz. "Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru." Nature 432, no. 7020 (2004): 1020-1023.
^ Morgunova, Nina L., and O. S. Khokhlova. "Chronology and periodization of the Pit-Grave culture in the region between the Volga and Ural rivers based on radiocarbon dating and paleopedological research." Radiocarbon 55, no. 3 (2013): 1286-1296.
^ Librado, Pablo, Naveed Khan, Antoine Fages, Mariya A. Kusliy, Tomasz Suchan, Laure Tonasso-Calvière, Stéphanie Schiavinato et al. "The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes." Nature 598, no. 7882 (2021): 634-640.
^ Callaway, Ewen. "DNA deluge reveals Bronze Age secrets." Nature 522, no. 11 (2015): 140-141.
^ Walker, .C. (1989). Reading The Past Cuneiform. British Museum. pp. 7-9.
^ Starr, Michelle. "The Origin of Modern Humans Cannot Be Traced to Any One Single Point in Time or Space". ScienceAlert. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
^ Bergström, Anders; Stringer, Chris; Hajdinjak, Mateja; Scerri, Eleanor M. L.; Skoglund, Pontus (February 2021). "Origins of modern human ancestry". Nature. 590 (7845): 229–237. Bibcode:2021Natur.590..229B. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03244-5. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 33568824. S2CID 231883210. Retrieved 7 March 2021.

Bibliography[edit]

Burns, Ross (2005). Damascus: A History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1134488506.
Kristiansen, Kristian; Larsson, Thomas B. (2005). The Rise of Bronze Age Society: Travels, Transmissions and Transformations. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521843638.
Turner II, Christy G.; Ovodov, Nicolai D.; Pavlova, Olga V. (2013). Animal Teeth and Human Tools: A Taphonomic Odyssey in Ice Age Siberia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03029-9.

External links[edit]

Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016).

[1] Musée de Préhistoire Terra Amata. "Le site acheuléen de Terra Amata" [The Acheulean site of Terra Amata]. Musée de Préhistoire Terra Amata (in French). Retrieved 10 June 2022.

[2] Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB (2018). "Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aao2646.

[3] Hublin JJ, Ben-Ncer A, Bailey SE, Freidline SE, Neubauer S, Skinner MM, et al. (June 2017). "New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens" (PDF). Nature. 546 (7657): 289–292. Bibcode:2017Natur.546..289H. doi:10.1038/nature22336. PMID 28593953. S2CID 256771372. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 January 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2022.

[4] Kamin M, Saag L, Vincente M, et al. (April 2015). "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research. 25 (4): 459–466. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114. PMC 4381518. PMID 25770088.

[endicott-5] Endicott, P.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Stringer, C. (2010). "Using genetic evidence to evaluate four palaeoanthropological hypotheses for the timing of Neanderthal and modern human origins" (PDF). Journal of Human Evolution. 59 (1): 87–95. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.04.005. PMID 20510437.

[6] Villa, Paola (1983). Terra Amata and the Middle Pleistocene archaeological record of southern France. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 303 pages. ISBN 0-520-09662-2.

[7] Harvati, K., Röding, C., Bosman, A. M., Karakostis, F. A., Grün, R., Stringer, C., ... & Gorgoulis, V. G. (2019). Apidima Cave fossils provide the earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia. Nature, 571(7766), 500–504.

[8] "200,000 years ago, humans preferred to sleep in beds". phys.org. Retrieved 6 September 2020.

[9] "The oldest known grass beds from 200,000 years ago included insect repellents". Science News. 13 August 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020.

[10] Wadley, Lyn; Esteban, Irene; Peña, Paloma de la; Wojcieszak, Marine; Stratford, Dominic; Lennox, Sandra; d'Errico, Francesco; Rosso, Daniela Eugenia; Orange, François; Backwell, Lucinda; Sievers, Christine (14 August 2020). "Fire and grass-bedding construction 200 thousand years ago at Border Cave, South Africa". Science. 369 (6505): 863–866. Bibcode:2020Sci...369..863W. doi:10.1126/science.abc7239. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 32792402. S2CID 221113832. Retrieved 6 September 2020.

[11] Erin Wayman (11 January 2012). "Meet the Contenders for Earliest Modern Human". smithsonian.com.

[SCI-20180126-12] Herschkovitz, Israel; et al. (26 January 2018). "The earliest modern humans outside Africa". Science. 359 (6374): 456–459. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..456H. doi:10.1126/science.aap8369. hdl:10072/372670. PMID 29371468.

[NYT-20180125-13] St. Fleur, Nicholas (25 January 2018). "In Cave in Israel, Scientists Find Jawbone Fossil From Oldest Modern Human Out of Africa". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 June 2018.

[14] "Lice DNA study shows humans first wore clothes 170,000 years ago". ScienceDaily. 7 January 2011.

[15] Marean, Curtis W.; Bar-Matthews, Miryam; Bernatchez, Jocelyn; Fisher, Erich; Goldberg, Paul; Herries, Andy I. R.; Jacobs, Zenobia; Jerardino, Antonieta; Karkanas, Panagiotis; Minichillo, Tom; Nilssen, Peter J.; Thompson, Erin; Watts, Ian; Williams, Hope M. (October 2007). "Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene". Nature. 449 (7164): 905–908. Bibcode:2007Natur.449..905M. doi:10.1038/nature06204. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 17943129. S2CID 4387442. Retrieved 27 February 2021.

[Clark2003-16] Clark, J. D.; Beyene, Y.; WoldeGabriel, G.; et al. (2003). "Stratigraphic, chronological and behavioural contexts of Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia". Nature. 423 (6941): 747–752. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..747C. doi:10.1038/nature01670. PMID 12802333. S2CID 4312418.

[17] Strasser, Thomas (2010). "Stone Age Seafaring in the Mediterranean: Evidence from the Plakias Region for Lower Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Habitation of Crete". Hesperia. 79 (2): 145–190. doi:10.2972/hesp.79.2.145. JSTOR 40835484. S2CID 162408338. Retrieved 4 September 2022.

[18] "Prehistoric bone etchings believed to be among oldest evidence of human use of symbols". phys.org. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[19] Prévost, Marion; Groman-Yaroslavski, Iris; Crater Gershtein, Kathryn M.; Tejero, José-Miguel; Zaidner, Yossi (20 January 2021). "Early evidence for symbolic behavior in the Levantine Middle Paleolithic: A 120 ka old engraved aurochs bone shaft from the open-air site of Nesher Ramla, Israel". Quaternary International. 624: 80–93. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.01.002. ISSN 1040-6182. S2CID 234236699. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[20] Hoffmann, Dirk L.; Angelucci, Diego E.; Villaverde, Valentín; Zapata, Josefina; Zilhão, João (1 February 2018). "Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian Neandertals 115,000 years ago". Science Advances. 4 (2): eaar5255. Bibcode:2018SciA....4.5255H. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aar5255. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 5833998. PMID 29507889.

[21] Vanhaeren, Marian; d'Errico, Francesco; Stringer, Chris; James, Sarah L.; Todd, Jonathan A.; Mienis, Henk K. (23 June 2006). "Middle Paleolithic Shell Beads in Israel and Algeria". Science. 312 (5781): 1785–1788. Bibcode:2006Sci...312.1785V. doi:10.1126/science.1128139. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 16794076. S2CID 31098527. Retrieved 27 February 2021.

[22] Mayer, Daniella E. Bar-Yosef; Groman-Yaroslavski, Iris; Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Hershkovitz, Israel; Kampen-Hasday, Astrid; Vandermeersch, Bernard; Zaidner, Yossi; Weinstein-Evron, Mina (8 July 2020). "On holes and strings: Earliest displays of human adornment in the Middle Palaeolithic". PLOS ONE. 15 (7): e0234924. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1534924B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234924. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7343129. PMID 32640002.

[Rito_etal_2013-23] Jump up to: ^a ^b Rito T, Richards MB, Fernandes V, Alshamali F, Cerny V, Pereira L, Soares P. (13 November 2013). "The first modern human dispersals across Africa". PLoS One. 8(11):e80031. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080031. "By ~130 ka two distinct groups of anatomically modern humans co-existed in Africa: broadly, the ancestors of many modern-day Khoe and San populations in the south and a second central/eastern African group that includes the ancestors of most extant worldwide populations. Early modern human dispersals correlate with climate changes, particularly the tropical African "megadroughts" of MIS 5 (marine isotope stage 5, 135–75 ka), which paradoxically may have facilitated expansions in central and eastern Africa, ultimately triggering the dispersal out of Africa of people carrying haplogroup L3 – 60 ka. Two south to east migrations are discernible within haplogroup L0. One, between 120 and 75 ka, represents the first unambiguous long-range modern human dispersal detected by mtDNA and might have allowed the dispersal of several markers of modernity. A second one, within the last 20 ka signalled by L0d, may have been responsible for the spread of southern click-consonant languages to eastern Africa, contrary to the view that these eastern examples constitute relics of an ancient, much wider distribution."

[24] "Ancient Egypt Online – Lower Paleolithic". Retrieved 20 January 2019.

[25] "Mount Toba Eruption – Ancient Humans Unscathed, Study Claims". Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2008.

[26] "'Oldest' prehistoric art unearthed". BBC News. 10 January 2002.

[27] Admin, Rock At Australia. "Australian dig finds evidence of Aboriginal habitation up to 80,000 years ago – Rock Art Australia".

[28] "Burrup Peninsula rock art among world's oldest". Australian Geographic. 18 April 2013.

[29] "World's oldest needle found in Siberian cave that stitches together human history". Siberian Times. 23 August 2016.

[30] Brumm, Adam; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Burhan, Basran; Hakim, Budianto; Lebe, Rustan; Zhao, Jian-xin; Sulistyarto, Priyatno Hadi; Ririmasse, Marlon; Adhityatama, Shinatria; Sumantri, Iwan; Aubert, Maxime (1 January 2021). "Oldest cave art found in Sulawesi". Science Advances. 7 (3): eabd4648. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.4648B. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd4648. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7806210. PMID 33523879.

[31] John Noble Wilford (3 November 2011). "Fossil Teeth Put Humans in Europe Earlier Than Thought". The New York Times. p. A4.

[IceAgeEurope-32] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Fu, Qiaomei, Cosimo Posth, Mateja Hajdinjak, Martin Petr, Swapan Mallick, Daniel Fernandes, Anja Furtwängler et al. "The genetic history of ice age Europe." Nature 534, no. 7606 (2016): 200-205.

[Nature_timing_of_Neantherthal_disappearance-33] Jump up to: ^a ^b Tom Higham; Katerina Douka; Rachel Wood; Christopher Bronk Ramsey; Fiona Brock; Laura Basell; Marta Camps; Alvaro Arrizabalaga; Javier Baena; Cecillio Barroso-Ruíz; Christopher Bergman; Coralie Boitard; Paolo Boscato; Miguel Caparrós; Nicholas J. Conard; Christelle Draily; Alain Froment; Bertila Galván; Paolo Gambassini; Alejandro Garcia-Moreno; Stefano Grimaldi; Paul Haesaerts; Brigitte Holt; Maria-Jose Iriarte-Chiapusso; Arthur Jelinek; et al. (21 August 2014). "The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance". Nature. 512 (7514): 306–09. Bibcode:2014Natur.512..306H. doi:10.1038/nature13621. PMID 25143113. S2CID 205239973.

[34] Voosen, Paul (19 February 2021). "Kauri trees mark magnetic flip 42,000 years ago". Science. 371 (6531): 766. Bibcode:2021Sci...371..766V. doi:10.1126/science.371.6531.766. PMID 33602836. S2CID 231963027. Retrieved 8 March 2021.

[35] "Earliest music instruments found", BBC News, 25 May 2012

[36] Corbyn, Zoë (24 November 2011). "Archaeologists land world's oldest fish hook". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2011.9461. S2CID 162326974. Retrieved 22 October 2014.

[37] O'Connor, Sue; Ono, Rintaro (25 November 2011). "Pelagic Fishing at 42,000 Years Before the Present and the Maritime Skills of Modern Humans". Science. 334 (6059): 1117–21. Bibcode:2011Sci...334.1117O. doi:10.1126/science.1207703. hdl:1885/35424. PMID 22116883. S2CID 20791703.

[Pääbo_et_al.-38] Krause, J.; Fu, Q.; Good, J. M.; Viola, B.; et al. (2010). "The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin from southern Siberia". Nature. 464 (7290): 894–897. Bibcode:2010Natur.464..894K. doi:10.1038/nature08976. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 10152974. PMID 20336068. S2CID 4415601.

[39] William E. Banks; Francesco d'Errico; João Zilhão (2013). "Revisiting the chronology of the Proto-Aurignacian and the Early Aurignacian in Europe: A reply to Higham et al.'s comments on Banks et al". Journal of Human Evolution. 65 (6): 810–17. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.08.004. PMID 24095637. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2017.

[40] Martin Bailey "Ice Age Lion Man is world's earliest figurative sculpture" Archived 16 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Art Newspaper, 31 January 2013, accessed 1 February 2013

[Settlers'_history_rewritten-41] Macey, Richard (15 September 2007). "Settlers' history rewritten: go back 30,000 years". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 July 2014.

[Aboriginal_people_and_place-42] "Aboriginal people and place". Sydney Barani. 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2014.

[43] Sandra Bowdler. "Human settlement". In D. Denoon (ed.). The Pleistocene Pacific. The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 41–50. Archived from the original on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2008 – via University of Western Australia.

[44] Gary Presland, The First Residents of Melbourne's Western Region, (revised edition), Harriland Press, 1997. ISBN 0-646-33150-7. Presland says on page 1: "There is some evidence to show that people were living in the Maribyrnong River valley, near present day Keilor, about 40,000 years ago."

[pmid16468208-45] Bowler JM, Jones R, Allen H, Thorne AG (1970). "Pleistocene human remains from Australia: a living site and human cremation from Lake Mungo, Western New South Wales". World Archaeol. 2 (1): 39–60. doi:10.1080/00438243.1970.9979463. PMID 16468208.

[46] Bowler, J.M. 1971. Pleistocene salinities and climatic change: Evidence from lakes and lunettes in southeastern Australia. In: Mulvaney, D.J. and Golson, J. (eds), Aboriginal Man and Environment in Australia. Canberra: Australian National University Press, pp. 47-65.

[z7j8v-47] Balter, M (2009). "Clothes Make the (Hu) Man". Science. 325 (5946): 1329. doi:10.1126/science.325_1329a. PMID 19745126.

[90SHV-48] Kvavadze, E; Bar-Yosef, O; Belfer-Cohen, A; Boaretto, E; Jakeli, N; Matskevich, Z; Meshveliani, T (2009). "30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers". Science. 325 (5946): 1359. Bibcode:2009Sci...325.1359K. doi:10.1126/science.1175404. PMID 19745144. S2CID 206520793.

[49] ""It must be a woman" - The female depictions from Hohle Fels date to 40,000 years ago..." Universität Tübingen. July 22, 2016. Archived from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2016.

[50] Roseingrave, Louise. "Reindeer bone rewrites Irish human history".

[Jacobi2009-51] Jacobi, R.M.; Higham, T.F.G.; Haesaerts, P.; Jadin, I.; Basell, L.S. (2015). "Radiocarbon chronology for the Early Gravettian of northern Europe: New AMS determinations for Maisières-Canal, Belgium". Antiquity. 84 (323): 26–40. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00099749. S2CID 163089681.

[52] Pike, A. W. G.; Hoffmann, D. L.; Garcia-Diez, M.; Pettitt, P. B.; Alcolea, J.; De Balbin, R.; Gonzalez-Sainz, C.; De Las Heras, C.; Lasheras, J. A.; Montes, R.; Zilhao, J. (2012). "U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain". Science. 336 (6087): 1409–13. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1409P. doi:10.1126/science.1219957. PMID 22700921. S2CID 7807664.

[53] "Mammoths roasted in prehistoric barbecue pit". NBC News. 3 June 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2023.

[BarrellEtAl2013QSR-54] Barrell, David J. A.; Almond, Peter C.; Vandergoes, Marcus J.; Lowe, David J.; Newnham, Rewi M. (15 August 2013). "A composite pollen-based stratotype for inter-regional evaluation of climatic events in New Zealand over the past 30,000 years (NZ-Intimate project)". Quaternary Science Reviews. 74: 4–20. Bibcode:2013QSRv...74....4B. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.04.002. Retrieved 9 May 2023.

[55] "Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka". World Heritage Site. Archived from the original on 8 March 2007. Retrieved 15 February 2007.

[56] James Trager, The People's Chronology, 1994, ISBN 0-8050-3134-0

[57] Small, Meredith F. (April 2002). "String theory: the tradition of spinning raw fibers dates back 28,000 years (At The Museum)". Natural History. 111 (3): 14(2).

[58] The body used is the local loess, with only traces of clay; there is no trace of surface burnishing or applied pigment. Pamela B. Vandiver, Olga Soffer, Bohuslav Klima and Jiři Svoboda, "The Origins of Ceramic Technology at Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia", Science, New Series, 246, No. 4933 (November 24, 1989: pp. 1002–1008).

[59] Stuart, Gene S. (1979). "Ice Age Hunters: Artists in Hidden Cages". Mysteries of the Ancient World. National Geographic Society. p. 19.

[60] Raff, Jennifer (8 February 2022). Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas. Grand Central Publishing. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-5387-4970-8.

[61] Bednarik, Robert G. (2013). "Pleistocene Palaeoart of Asia". Arts. 2 (2): 48. doi:10.3390/arts2020046.

[62] Terlato, Gabriele; Bocherens, Hervé; Romandini, Matteo; Nannini, Nicola; Hobson, Keith A.; Peresani, Marco (21 April 2019). "Chronological and Isotopic data support a revision for the timing of cave bear extinction in Mediterranean Europe". Historical Biology. 31 (4): 474–484. Bibcode:2019HBio...31..474T. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1448395. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 90029163.

[63] Lauriane Bourgeon, Ariane Burke, Thomas Higham (January 6, 2017). "Earliest Human Presence in North America Dated to the Last Glacial Maximum: New Radiocarbon Dates from Bluefish Caves, Canada". PLOS One.

[64] Perri, Angela R.; Feuerborn, Tatiana R.; Frantz, Laurent A. F.; Larson, Greger; Malhi, Ripan S.; Meltzer, David J.; Witt, Kelsey E. (2021). "Dog domestication and the dual dispersal of people and dogs into the Americas". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (6): e2010083118. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11810083P . doi:10.1073/pnas.2010083118 . PMC 8017920. PMID 33495362

[65] Duleba, Anna; Skonieczna, Katarzyna; Bogdanowicz, Wiesław; Malyarchuk, Boris; Grzybowski, Tomasz (2015). "Complete mitochondrial genome database and standardized classification system for Canis lupus familiaris". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 19: 123–129. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.06.014. PMID 26218982.

[66] Nikolskiy, P. A.; Sotnikova, M.V.; Nikolskii, A.A.; Pitulko, V.V. (2018). "Predomestication and Wolf-Human Relationships in the Arctic Siberia of 30,000 Years Ago: Evidence from the Yana Palaeolithic Site" . Stratum Plus (1): 231–262.

[NPR_2021-09-27-67] "Ancient Footprints Suggest Humans Lived In The Americas Earlier Than Once Thought". NPR. 24 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.

[68] Flood, J. M.; David, B.; Magee, J.; English, B. (1987). "Birrigai: a Pleistocene site in the south eastern highlands". Archaeology in Oceania. 22: 9–22. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4453.1987.tb00159.x.

[:0-69] Shea, John J. (2013). "The Epipalaeolithic". Stone Tools in the Paleolithic and Neolithic Near East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 161–212. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139026314.007. ISBN 9781139026314.

[Issenman_1985-70] Issenman, Betty Kobayashi (1985). "Inuit Skin Clothing: Construction and Motifs". Études/Inuit/Studies. 9 (2: Arctic policy): 102. JSTOR 42869524.

[71] Bhanoo, Sindya N. (28 June 2012). "Remnants of an Ancient Kitchen Are Found in China". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 1 November 2021.

[72] "Ancient burial remains in Okinawa cave may fill void in Japanese ancestry". The Asahi Shimbun. 9 January 2015. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2015.

[minato1-73] Hisashi Suzuki; Kazuro Hanthara; et al. (1982). "The Minatogawa Man - The Upper Pleistocene Man from the Island of Okinawa". Bulletin of the University Museum. 19. University of Tokyo.

[74] Ehret, Christopher (1995). Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): vowels, tone, consonants, and vocabulary. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-09799-8

[75] Enloe, James. "Magdalenian." In Encyclopedia of Prehistory: Volume 4: Europe, pp. 198-209. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001.

[FOOTNOTETurner_IIOvodovPavlova201354-55-76] Turner II, Ovodov & Pavlova 2013, p. 54-55.

[77] Stuart, Gene S. (1979). "Ice Age Hunters: Artists in Hidden Cages". Mysteries of the Ancient World. National Geographic Society. pp. 8–10.

[78] "15,000-Year-Old Bison Sculptures Are Perfectly Preserved in a French Cave". My Modern Met. 26 January 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.

[79] Janssens, Luc; Giemsch, Liane; Schmitz, Ralf; Street, Martin; Van Dongen, Stefan; Crombé, Philippe (1 April 2018). "A new look at an old dog: Bonn-Oberkassel reconsidered". Journal of Archaeological Science. 92: 126–138. Bibcode:2018JArSc..92..126J. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2018.01.004. hdl:1854/LU-8550758. ISSN 0305-4403.

[80] Posth, Cosimo, He Yu, Ayshin Ghalichi, Hélène Rougier, Isabelle Crevecoeur, Yilei Huang, Harald Ringbauer et al. "Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers." Nature 615, no. 7950 (2023): 117-126.

[81] Crevecoeur, Isabelle; Dias-Meirinho, Marie-Hélène; Zazzo, Antoine; Antoine, Daniel; Bon, François (2021). "New insights on interpersonal violence in the Late Pleistocene based on the Nile valley cemetery of Jebel Sahaba" (PDF). Scientific Reports. 11: 9991. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.9991C. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-89386-y. PMID 34045477.

[Perkins-82] Perkins S (2002). "Once Upon a Lake". Science News. 162 (18): 283–284. doi:10.2307/4014064. JSTOR 4014064. Archived from the original on 28 February 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2012.

[83] Murton, J. B., Bateman MD, Dallimore SR, Teller JT, Yang Z (1 April 2010). "Identification of Younger Dryas outburst flood path from Lake Agassiz to the Arctic Ocean". Nature. 464 (7289): 740–743. Bibcode:2010Natur.464..740M. doi:10.1038/nature08954. PMID 20360738. S2CID 4425933.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[folio-84] Brown, Michael (5 August 2021). "Massive ancient lake across Prairies emptied quickly enough to set off an ice age, study suggests". Folio. University of Alberta. Retrieved 3 September 2021.

[85] Ensminger, M.E.; Parker, R.O. (1986). Sheep and Goat Science (5th ed.). Danville, Illinois: The Interstate Printers and Publishers. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-8134-2464-4.

[86] Podjanok Kanjanajuntorn, "The Three-Age System: A Struggle for Southeast Asian Prehistoric Periodisation," SPAFA Journal 4 (December 4, 2020), https://doi.org/10.26721/spafajournal.v4i0.623.

[87] Roderick B. Campbell, Archaeology of the Chinese Bronze Age: From Erlitou to Anyang, 2014, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9df4w6kn.

[Nok-88] Augustin F. C. Holl, "The Origins of African Metallurgies," in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.63.

[89] Dorothy Hosler and Andrew Macfarlane, "Copper Sources, Metal Production, and Metals Trade in Late Postclassic Mesoamerica," Science 273, no. 5283 (September 27, 1996): 1819–24, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.273.5283.1819.

[90] Dorothy Hosler and Guy Stresser-Pean, "The Huastec Region: A Second Locus for the Production of Bronze Alloys in Ancient Mesoamerica," Science 257, no. 5074 (August 28, 1992): 1215–20, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.257.5074.1215.

[91] Jennifer L. Meanwell et al., "Metallurgical Ceramics from Mayapán, Yucatán, Mexico," Journal of Archaeological Science 40, no. 12 (December 1, 2013): 4306–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.05.024.

[92] Keith F. Otterbein, How War Began (2004), p. 72.

[93] Mithen, Steven (2006). After the ice: a global human history, 20,000–5000 BC (1st Harvard University Press pbk. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-674-01999-7.

[94] Vigne, JD; Zazzo, A; Saliège, JF; Poplin, F; Guilaine, J; Simmons, A (2009). "Pre-Neolithic wild boar management and introduction to Cyprus more than 11,400 years ago". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (38): 16135–8. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10616135V. doi:10.1073/pnas.0905015106. PMC 2752532. PMID 19706455.

[95] Curry, Andrew (November 2008). "Gobekli Tepe: The World's First Temple?". Smithsonian. Retrieved 2 August 2013.

[96] Lombardo, U., Iriarte, J., Hilbert, L. et al. Early Holocene crop cultivation and landscape modification in Amazonia. Nature 581, 190–193 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2162-7

[97] Isendahl, Christian. "The domestication and early spread of manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz): a brief synthesis." Latin American Antiquity 22, no. 4 (2011): 452-468.

[98] Newitz, Annalee. “The Amazon Forest Is the Result of an 8,000-Year Experiment.” Ars Technica, March 6, 2017. https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/03/the-amazon-forest-is-the-result-of-a-8000-year-experiment/

[Peltenburg_Wasse_2004a-99] E.J. Peltenburg; Alexander Wasse; Council for British Research in the Levant (2004). Garfinkel, Yosef., "Néolithique" and "Énéolithique" Byblos in Southern Levantine Context* in Neolithic revolution: new perspectives on southwest Asia in light of recent discoveries on Cyprus. Oxbow Books. ISBN 978-1-84217-132-5. Retrieved 18 January 2012.

[100] Vogel, J.C. and Waterbolk, H.T., "Groningen Radiocarbon Dates X", Radiocarbon, 14, 6–110 / 105, 1972.

[McTavish-101] McTavish, E.J.; Decker, J.E.; Schnabel, R.D.; Taylor, J.F.; Hillis, D.M.year=2013 (2013). "New World cattle show ancestry from multiple independent domestication events". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110 (15): E1398–1406. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110E1398M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1303367110. PMC 3625352. PMID 23530234.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[Naderi_et_al._17659–17664-102] Naderi, Saeid; Rezaei, Hamid-Reza; Pompanon, François; Blum, Michael G. B.; Negrini, Riccardo; Naghash, Hamid-Reza; Balkiz, Özge; Mashkour, Marjan; Gaggiotti, Oscar E.; Ajmone-Marsan, Paolo; Kence, Aykut; Vigne, Jean-Denis; Taberlet, Pierre (18 November 2008). "The goat domestication process inferred from large-scale mitochondrial DNA analysis of wild and domestic individuals". PNAS. 105 (46): 17659–17664. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10517659N. doi:10.1073/pnas.0804782105. PMC 2584717. PMID 19004765.

[103] Kiple, Kenneth F. and Ornelas, Kriemhild Coneè, eds., The Cambridge World History of Food, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 83

[104] "No-Till: The Quiet Revolution", by David Huggins and John Reganold, Scientific American, July 2008, pp. 70–77.

[105] Fagan, Brian M, ed. The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1996 ISBN 978-0-521-40216-3 p. 363

[Rohde-106] ttps://tedlab.mit.edu/~dr/Papers/Rohde-MRCA-two.pdf Archived 24 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine On the Common Ancestors of All Living Humans

[107] Renfrew, Colin (2006). "Inception of agriculture and rearing in the Middle East". Human Palaeontology and Prehistory. 5 (1): 395–404. Bibcode:2006CRPal...5..395R. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2005.10.012.

[108] Wade, Nicholas, Study Traces Cat's Ancestry to Middle East, The New York Times, June 29, 2007, archived from the original on 9 May 2015, retrieved 4 October 2012

[109] Scarre, Chris, ed. (2005). The Human Past. Thames & Hudson. p. 222.

[110] Fernández, Eva, Alejandro Pérez-Pérez, Cristina Gamba, Eva Prats, Pedro Cuesta, Josep Anfruns, Miquel Molist, Eduardo Arroyo-Pardo, and Daniel Turbón. "Ancient DNA analysis of 8000 BC near eastern farmers supports an early neolithic pioneer maritime colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands." PLoS genetics 10, no. 6 (2014): e1004401.

[111] Lipson, Mark, Anna Szécsényi-Nagy, Swapan Mallick, Annamária Pósa, Balázs Stégmár, Victoria Keerl, Nadin Rohland et al. "Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers." Nature 551, no. 7680 (2017): 368-372.

[112] Lazaridis, Iosif, Nick Patterson, Alissa Mittnik, Gabriel Renaud, Swapan Mallick, Karola Kirsanow, Peter H. Sudmant et al. "Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans." Nature 513, no. 7518 (2014): 409-413.

[113] Matsuoka, Yoshihiro, Yves Vigouroux, Major M. Goodman, Jesus Sanchez G, Edward Buckler, and John Doebley. "A single domestication for maize shown by multilocus microsatellite genotyping." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99, no. 9 (2002): 6080-6084.

[114] Denham, T. P.; Haberle, S. G.; Lentfer, C.; Fullagar, R.; Field, J.; Therin, M.; Porch, N.; Winsborough, B. (2003-07-11). "Origins of Agriculture at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of New Guinea". Science. 301 (5630): 189–193. doi:10.1126/science.1085255. ISSN 0036-8075.

[115] Douglass, Kristina, Dylan Gaffney, Teresa J. Feo, Priyangi Bulathsinhala, Andrew L. Mack, Megan Spitzer, and Glenn R. Summerhayes. "Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene sites in the montane forests of New Guinea yield early record of cassowary hunting and egg harvesting." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 40 (2021): e2100117118.

[116] "Signs of early settlement in the Nordic region date back to the cradle of civilisation". 8 February 2016.

[117] A. Coppa; L. Bondioli; A. Cucina; D. W. Frayer; C. Jarrige; J. -F. Jarrige; G. Quivron; M. Rossi; M. Vidale; R. Macchiarelli (5 April 2006). "Early Neolithic tradition of dentistry". Nature. 440 (7085): 755–756. doi:10.1038/440755a. PMID 16598247. S2CID 6787162.

[Blanchon_2011b-118] Blanchon, P. (2011b) "Backstepping". In: Hopley, D. (Ed), Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs: Structure, form and process. Springer-Verlag Earth Science Series, pp. 77–84. ISBN 978-90-481-2638-5. Blanchon, P., and Shaw, J. (1995) "Reef drowning during the last deglaciation: evidence for catastrophic sea-level rise and icesheet collapse". Geology, 23:4–8.

[119] Houston, Stephen D. (2004). The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process. Cambridge University Press. pp. 245–6. ISBN 978-0-521-83861-0.

[120] Haarmann, Harald: "Geschichte der Schrift", C.H. Beck, 2002, ISBN 3-406-47998-7, p. 20

[121] Nelson, Bryan (4 August 2015). "12 oldest continuously inhabited cities". Mother Nature Network. (3. Aleppo, Syria.)

[122] Moore, A.M.T. The Neolithic of the Levant. Oxford: Oxford University, 1978. 192–98.

[Burns2-123] Burns 2005, p. 2

[124] A. C. Roosevelt et al., Eighth Millennium Pottery from a Prehistoric Shell Midden in the Brazilian Amazon. Science 254, 1621-1624(1991). DOI:10.1126/science.254.5038.1621

[stonepages2-125] "Stone Pages Archaeo News: Ancient metal workshop found in Serbia". stonepages.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.

[archaeologydaily2-126] "201006274431 | Belovode site in Serbia may have hosted first copper makers". archaeologydaily.com. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2015.

[127] Oda, Shizuo (26 October 1991). "The Impact of Volcanic Eruptions on Human Society from an Archaeological Perspective". The Quaternary Research (Daiyonki-Kenkyu). 30 (5): 427–433. doi:10.4116/jaqua.30.427. S2CID 132042986 – via J-Stage.

[128] Thomas K. Harper. "The effect of climatic variability on population dynamics of the Cucuteni-Tripolye cultural complex and the rise of the Western Tripolye giant-settlements" (PDF). Chronikajournal.com. Retrieved 14 November 2016.

[129] Müller, Johannes; Rassmann, Knut; Videiko, Mykhailo (22 January 2016). Trypillia Mega-Sites and European Prehistory: 4100–3400 BCE. Routledge. p. 347. ISBN 978-1317247913. Retrieved 14 November 2016.

[130] Yamaura, Kiyoshi. "The sea mammal hunting cultures of the Okhotsk Sea with special reference to Hokkaido prehistory." Arctic Anthropology (1998): 321-334.

[131] Ives, John W. "Dene-Yeniseian, migration and prehistory." The Dene-Yeniseian Connection 5 (2010): 324-334.

[132] Wilson, Joseph (2023). "Late Holocene Technology Words in Proto-Athabaskan: Implications for Dene-Yeniseian Culture History". Humans. 3 (3): 177–192. doi:10.3390/humans3030015. S2CID 260154176.

[133] Müller, Johannes; Rassmann, Knut; Videiko, Mykhailo (22 January 2016). Trypillia Mega-Sites and European Prehistory: 4100–3400 BCE. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315630731. ISBN 978-1317247913. Retrieved 13 November 2016 – via Google Books.

[134] Rassmann, Knut; Ohlrau, René; Hofmann, Robert; Mischka, Carsten; Burdo, Nataliia; Videjko, Michail Yu.; Müller, Johannes (2014). "High precision Tripolye settlement plans, demographic estimations and settlement organization". Journal of Neolithic Archaeology. 16: 96–134. doi:10.12766/jna.2014.3.

[135] "ДОСЛІДИ З ТРИПІЛЬСЬКОГО ДОМОБУДІВНИЦТВА" (PDF). Inst-ukr.lviv.ua. Retrieved 14 November 2016.

[136] Moore, Jerry D. (2014), A Prehistory of South America, Boulder: University of Colorado Press, p. 231. Downloaded from Project Muse.

[137] Mindy Weisberger (16 August 2018). "This Ancient Mummy Is Older Than the Pharaohs". livescience.com.

[138] "Mummy Helps Confirm Earliest Egyptian Embalming Recipe". Science. 15 August 2018. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022.

[139] Milisauskas, Sarunas (2015). "Myth Making by Jan Machnik: The American and Polish Cooperative Archaeological Project 1966–1978" (PDF). Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 67. Retrieved 1 May 2016.

[140] "Ancient wheel tracks in Northern Germany". 15 April 2022. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.

[141] "Wheel I Never: Europes Oldest Stone Age Cart Tracks Found". 29 April 2022. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.

[142] "Stonehenge: Did the stone circle originally stand in Wales?". BBC News. 12 February 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[143] Kristiansen & Larsson 2005

[144] Lynch, Ann (2014). "Newgrange revisited: New insights from excavations at the back of the mound in 1984–8". The Journal of Irish Archaeology. 23: 13–82 – via JSTOR.

[145] Towers, Roy; Card, Nick; Edmonds, Mark (2015). The Ness of Brodgar. Kirkwall, UK: Archaeology Institute, University of the Higlands and Islands. ISBN 978-0-9932757-0-8.

[146] Haas, Jonathan, Winifred Creamer, and Alvaro Ruiz. "Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru." Nature 432, no. 7020 (2004): 1020-1023.

[147] Morgunova, Nina L., and O. S. Khokhlova. "Chronology and periodization of the Pit-Grave culture in the region between the Volga and Ural rivers based on radiocarbon dating and paleopedological research." Radiocarbon 55, no. 3 (2013): 1286-1296.

[148] Librado, Pablo, Naveed Khan, Antoine Fages, Mariya A. Kusliy, Tomasz Suchan, Laure Tonasso-Calvière, Stéphanie Schiavinato et al. "The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes." Nature 598, no. 7882 (2021): 634-640.

[149] Callaway, Ewen. "DNA deluge reveals Bronze Age secrets." Nature 522, no. 11 (2015): 140-141.

[150] Walker, .C. (1989). Reading The Past Cuneiform. British Museum. pp. 7-9.

[151] Starr, Michelle. "The Origin of Modern Humans Cannot Be Traced to Any One Single Point in Time or Space". ScienceAlert. Retrieved 7 March 2021.

[152] Bergström, Anders; Stringer, Chris; Hajdinjak, Mateja; Scerri, Eleanor M. L.; Skoglund, Pontus (February 2021). "Origins of modern human ancestry". Nature. 590 (7845): 229–237. Bibcode:2021Natur.590..229B. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03244-5. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 33568824. S2CID 231883210. Retrieved 7 March 2021.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[100]

v t e Millennia
CE / AD	1st 2nd 3rd 4th and later
BCE / BC	1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th and earlier