Mutation (algebra)

In the theory of algebras over a field, mutation is a construction of a new binary operation related to the multiplication of the algebra. In specific cases the resulting algebra may be referred to as a homotope or an isotope of the original.

Definitions

Let A be an algebra over a field F with multiplication (not assumed to be associative) denoted by juxtaposition. For an element a of A, define the left a-homotope $A(a)$ to be the algebra with multiplication

$x*y=(xa)y.\,$

Similarly define the left (a,b) mutation $A(a,b)$

$x*y=(xa)y-(yb)x.\,$

Right homotope and mutation are defined analogously. Since the right (p,q) mutation of A is the left (−q, −p) mutation of the opposite algebra to A, it suffices to study left mutations.

If A is a unital algebra and a is invertible, we refer to the isotope by a.

Properties

• If A is associative then so is any homotope of A, and any mutation of A is Lie-admissible.
• If A is alternative then so is any homotope of A, and any mutation of A is Malcev-admissible.
• Any isotope of a Hurwitz algebra is isomorphic to the original.
• A homotope of a Bernstein algebra by an element of non-zero weight is again a Bernstein algebra.

Jordan algebras

Main article: Mutation (Jordan algebra)

A Jordan algebra is a commutative algebra satisfying the Jordan identity $(xy)(xx)=x(y(xx))$. The Jordan triple product is defined by

$\{a,b,c\}=(ab)c+(cb)a-(ac)b.\,$

For y in A the mutation or homotope A^y is defined as the vector space A with multiplication

$a\circ b=\{a,y,b\}.\,$

and if y is invertible this is referred to as an isotope. A homotope of a Jordan algebra is again a Jordan algebra: isotopy defines an equivalence relation. If y is nuclear then the isotope by y is isomorphic to the original.

References

• Elduque, Alberto; Myung, Hyo Chyl (1994). Mutations of Alternative Algebras. Mathematics and Its Applications. Vol. 278. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0792327357.
• Jacobson, Nathan (1996). Finite-dimensional division algebras over fields. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-57029-2. Zbl 0874.16002.
• Koecher, Max (1999) [1962]. Krieg, Aloys; Walcher, Sebastian (eds.). The Minnesota Notes on Jordan Algebras and Their Applications. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 1710 (reprint ed.). Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-66360-6. Zbl 1072.17513.
• McCrimmon, Kevin (2004). A taste of Jordan algebras. Universitext. Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/b97489. ISBN 0-387-95447-3. MR 2014924.
• Okubo, Susumo (1995). Introduction to Octonion and Other Non-Associative Algebras in Physics. Montroll Memorial Lecture Series in Mathematical Physics. Berlin, New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47215-6. MR 1356224. Archived from the original on 2012-11-16. Retrieved 2014-02-04.