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Italian Canadians

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Italian Canadians
Italo-canadesi (Italian)
Italo-canadiens (French)
Italy Canada
Italian Canadians as percent of population by province/territory
Total population
1,546,390 (total population)
204,070 (by birth)
1,342,320 (by ancestry)
2021 Census[1]
4.3% of Canada's population.
Regions with significant populations
Greater Toronto Area, Hamilton, Niagara Region, London, Guelph, Windsor, Ottawa–Gatineau, Barrie, Sault Ste. Marie, Greater Sudbury, Thunder Bay, Greater Montreal, Greater Vancouver
Languages
Religion
Predominately Roman Catholicism
Related ethnic groups
Other Italians, Sicilian Americans, Corsican Americans

Italian Canadians (Italian: italocanadesi) are Canadian-born citizens who are fully or partially of Italian descent, whose ancestors were Italians who migrated to Canada as part of Italian diaspora, or Italian-born people in Canada. According to the 2021 Census of Canada, 1,546,390 Canadians (4.3% of the total population) claimed full or partial Italian ancestry.[1] They comprise a subgroup of Southern European Canadians which is a further subgroup of European Canadians. The census enumerates the entire Canadian population, which consists of Canadian citizens (by birth and by naturalization), landed immigrants and non-permanent residents and their families living with them in Canada.[2] Residing mainly in central urban industrial metropolitan areas, Italian Canadians are the seventh largest self-identified ethnic group in Canada behind French, English, Irish, Scottish, German and Chinese Canadians.

Italian immigration to Canada started as early as the mid 19th century. A substantial influx of Italian immigration to Canada began in the early 20th century, primarily from rural southern Italy, with immigrants primarily settling in Toronto and Montreal. During the interwar period after World War I, new immigration laws in the 1920s limited Italian immigration. During World War II, approximately 600 to 700 Italian Canadian men were interned between 1940 and 1943 as potentially dangerous enemy aliens with alleged fascist connections.

A second wave of immigration occurred after the World War II, and between the early 1950s and the mid-1960s, approximately 20,000 to 30,000 Italians immigrated to Canada each year, many of the men working in the construction industry upon settling. Pier 21 in Halifax, Nova Scotia was an influential port of Italian immigration between 1928 until it ceased operations in 1971, where 471,940 individuals came to Canada from Italy, making them the third largest ethnic group to immigrate to Canada during that time period. In the late 1960s, the Italian economy experienced a period of growth and recovery, removing one of the primary incentives for emigration. The importance of the family unit of Italian Canadians has provided a central role in the adaptation of newer socioeconomic realities. In 2010, the Government of Ontario proclaimed the month of June as Italian Heritage Month, and in 2017, the Government of Canada also declared the month of June as Italian Heritage Month across Canada.

History

[edit]
Italian immigrants lay cobblestones on King Street in Toronto, 1903
A grocery store owned by an Italian family in Little Italy, Montreal, 1910
Sign of Mirador, a restaurant in Montreal owned by an Italian immigrant, 1948

The first explorer to coastal North America was the Venetian John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto), making landfall in Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland and Labrador, in 1497.[3] His voyage to Canada and other parts of the Americas was followed by his son Sebastian Cabot (Sebastiano Caboto) and Giovanni da Verrazzano. Immediately after the unification of Italy, the young nation experienced the phenomenon of emigration on a massive scale. While until that time the migratory destinations had been mostly European, starting in the second half of the 19th century transatlantic emigration to the Americas emerged, in the direction of lands that became typical destinations for Italians.[4] The first Canadian census enumerating the population was not conducted until 1871. At this time, there were only 1,035 people of Italian origin that lived in Canada.[5] A number of Italians were imported, often as "soldiers of fortune" and "men of letters", to work as navvies in the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway.[6] In 1904, 3,144 of the 8,576 seasonal Canadian Pacific Railway workforce were Italian men.[7] Italian workers in that period, as described by Lucy di Pietro, a manager of the Association for the Memory of Italo-Canadian Immigrants, were seen "as transients and judged, according to the stereotype, as warm-blooded people with violent and criminal dispositions." Italians were among the immigrants considered "undesirable," as expressed in Canada's first law concerning immigration, dating back to 1869. This law provided for certain categories of foreigners deemed more "desirable," precisely, for reasons of cultural affinity or stereotypes related to labor industriousness, favoring workers from Great Britain or Northern European countries. Italians were usually referred to by the nickname navvies, short for navigator,[8] a term coined in England to refer to laborers and which from 1830 onwards was applied in a derogatory sense to those who worked on tunnel or railway construction in uncomfortable conditions.

A substantial influx of Italian immigration to Canada began in the early 20th century when over 60,000 Italians moved to Canada between 1900 and 1913.[9] These were largely peasants from southern Italy and agrarian parts of the northeast (Veneto and Friuli).[7] In 1905, the Royal Commission appointed to Inquire into the Immigration of Italian Labourers to Montreal and alleged Fraudulent Practices of Employment Agencies was launched into deceptive tactics used by padroni, labour brokers that recruited Italian workers for Canadian employers.[10] These numbers were dwarfed in comparison to those of the United States, however, where about four million Italians immigrated between 1880 and 1920.[7] Italian Canadians primarily immigrated to Toronto and Montreal.[11] In Toronto, the Italian population increased from 4,900 in 1911, to 9,000 in 1921, constituting almost two percent of Toronto's population.[12] Italians in Toronto and in Montreal soon established ethnic enclaves, especially Little Italies in Toronto and in Montreal. Smaller communities also arose in Vancouver, Hamilton, Niagara Falls, Guelph, Windsor, Thunder Bay, Sault Ste. Marie, Ottawa and Sherbrooke. Many also settled in mining communities in British Columbia (Trail),[13][14] Alberta (Crowsnest Pass),[15] Cape Breton Island (Inverness),[16] and Northern Ontario (Sault Ste. Marie and Fort William).[17]

This migration was largely halted after World War I, new immigration laws in the 1920s, and the Great Depression limited Italian immigration. Approximately 40,000 Italians came to Canada during the interwar period, predominantly from southern Italy where an economic depression and overpopulation had left many families in poverty.[9] During World War II, Italian Canadians were regarded with suspicion and faced a great deal of discrimination. As part of the War Measures Act, 31,000 Italian Canadians were labelled as "enemy aliens" with alleged fascist connections, and between 1940 and 1943, approximately 600 to 700 of these Italian Canadian men were arrested and sent to internment camps, such as Camp Petawawa—in what was the period of Italian Canadian internment. While many Italian-Canadians had initially supported fascism and Benito Mussolini's regime for its role in enhancing Italy's presence on the world stage, most Italians in Canada did not harbour any ill will against Canada and few remained committed followers of the fascist ideology.[18][9] In 1990, former prime minister Brian Mulroney apologized for the war internment of Italian Canadians to a Toronto meeting of the National Congress of Italian Canadians.[19] In May 2009, Massimo Pacetti introduced bill C-302, an "Act to recognize the injustice that was done to persons of Italian origin through their "enemy alien" designation and internment during the Second World War, and to provide for restitution and promote education on Italian Canadian history [worth $2.5 million]", which was passed by the House of Commons on April 28, 2010;[20] Canada Post was also to issue a commemorative postage stamp commemorating the internment of Italian Canadian citizens,[21] however, Bill C-302 did not pass through the necessary stages to become law.[22] In 2021, prime minister Justin Trudeau formally apologized for the war internment of Italian Canadians, in the House of Commons.[23]

A second wave occurred after World War II when Italians, especially from the more southern regions, Lazio, Abruzzo, Molise, Apulia, Campania, Calabria, and Sicily regions, left the war-impoverished country for opportunities in a young and growing country.[7] A small number of Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians also immigrated to Canada during the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus, leaving their homelands, which were lost to Italy and annexed to Yugoslavia after the Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947.[24] Between the early 1950s and the mid-1960s, approximately 20,000 to 30,000 Italians immigrated to Canada each year,[9][25] surpassing those who went to the United States during the same period.[26] Between 1946 and 1967, more than 90 percent of Italian immigrants took advantage of the sponsorship system whereby they were admitted into Canada if sponsored by relatives residing in Canada that would assume the financial responsibility for them during their settlement period.[7] In 1948, relations between Canada and Italy were formalized through the opening of a Canadian embassy in Rome and an immigration office.[27] In the late 1960s, the Italian economy experienced a period of growth and recovery, removing one of the primary incentives for emigration.[9] In 1967, the sponsorship system was restricted, instead basing immigrant selection on labour-market considerations, also decreasing the influx of Italian immigration.[7] 90 percent of the Italians who immigrated to Canada after World War II remained in Canada, and decades after that period, the community still had fluency in the Italian language.[28] There has been an overall decline in the use of the Italian language in Canada since 2001.

Pier 21 in Halifax, Nova Scotia was an influential port of Italian immigration between 1928 until it ceased operations in 1971, where 471,940 individuals came to Canada from Italy, making them the third largest ethnic group to immigrate to Canada during that time period.[29]

The rapid growth of the metropolitan areas that had attracted Italian immigrants, created a strong demand for construction work, and by the 1960s, more than 15,000 Italian men worked in Toronto's construction industry, representing one third of all construction workers in the city at that time.[9] Others started small businesses such as barber shops, grocery stores and bakeries that created Italian ethnic enclaves.[7][30] Italian women who entered the workforce often worked in the garment and clothing industry.[7] The importance of the family unit of Italian Canadians has provided a central role in the adaptation of newer socioeconomic realities.[7] A mid-1960s study conducted in Montreal found that two in three Canadian-born Italians had their nearest relative living in the same building as them or within a five-minute walking distance, and that more than half of those sampled had chosen to buy a house in a given area due to familiarity and because relatives and other Italian Canadians lived in the vicinity.[7] 75 percent of Italians that immigrated after World War II were employed in low-income occupations, but by the mid-1980s, the children of immigrants had achieved a level of higher education comparable to the national average.[6] By the 1980s, 86 percent of Italian Canadians owned a home, compared to 70 percent of the general population.[6]

Canada thus began a multicultural policy that resulted in a strengthening of the identity of the different ethnic groups. Among them, the Italian one experienced a strong socio-cultural transformation due to multiple factors. As the mistrust caused by the fascist period ceased, Italians were able to improve their living conditions, with an increase in the social mobility of young Italian-Canadians. The second generation, better educated, began to abandon the manual jobs traditionally performed by their parents in favor of jobs for which a good level of education was necessary. Many of these young people began to speak English as their first language, moving away from the customs of their parents in a process of constructing their own specific Italian-Canadian identity, different from the category of "Italian citizens residing in Canada" or "population of Italian origin." Thus, a new identity profile was born that originated from the fusion of two cultures to become something else and evolve in its own way.[31]

In 2010, the Government of Ontario passed Bill 103 with royal assent proclaiming the month of June as Italian Heritage Month.[32] On May 17, 2017, the Minister of Canadian Heritage Mélanie Joly passed a unanimous motion, Motion 64, in the House of Commons to recognize the month of June as Italian Heritage Month across Canada — a time to recognize, celebrate and raise awareness of the Italian community in Canada, one of the largest outside of Italy.[33]

In 2019, Canada received the 11th highest number of Italian emigrants, and among non-European countries was the fourth highest after Brazil, the United States and Australia.[34] Compared to the past, the skills of migrants have changed as today there are many researchers, skilled workers and entrepreneurs. In 2018, more than half of the Italian citizens who moved abroad (53 percent) had medium-high educational qualifications: 33,000 high school graduates and 29,000 college graduates.[35][36] Highly qualified people are in demand in Canada in areas that are lacking in the territory, particularly in information and communication technologies.[37]

Demographics

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Ethnicity

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As of the 2021 census, 1,546,390 Canadian residents stated they had Italian ancestry, comprising 4.3 percent of Canada's population, marking a 2.6 percent decrease from the 1,587,970 population of the 2016 census.[1] From the 1,587,970, 671,510 were single ethnic origin responses, while the remaining 874,880 were multiple ethnic origin responses. The majority live in Ontario, over 900,000, (seven percent of the population), while over 300,000 live in Quebec (four percent of the population) — constituting for almost 80 percent of the national population.

Canadians of Italian ethnicity
Year Population (single and multiple
ethnic origin responses) 		% of total ethnic
population 		Population (single ethnic
origin responses) 		Population (multiple ethnic
origin responses) 		Total % change
1871[5] 1,035 0.03% N/A N/A N/A
1881[5] 1,849 0.04% N/A N/A +78.6%
1901[5] 10,834 0.2% N/A N/A +485.9%
1911[38] 45,411 0.6% N/A N/A +319.2%
1921[5] 66,769 0.8% N/A N/A +47.0%
1931[5] 98,173 0.9% N/A N/A +47.0%
1941[5] 112,625 1.0% N/A N/A +14.7%
1951[5] 152,245 1.1% N/A N/A +35.2%
1961[39] 459,351 2.5% N/A N/A +201.7%
1971[5] 730,820 3.4% N/A N/A +59.1%
1981[7] 747,970 3.1% N/A N/A +2.3%
1991[40] 1,147,780 4.1% 750,055 397,725 +53.5%
1996[41] 1,207,475 4.2% 729,455 478,025 +5.2%
2001[42] 1,270,370 4.3% 726,275 544,090 +5.2%
2006[43] 1,445,335 4.6% 741,045 704,285 +13.8%
2011[44] 1,488,425 4.5% 700,845 787,580 +3.0%
2016[45] 1,587,970 4.6% 695,420 892,550 +6.7%
2021[1] 1,546,390 4.3% 671,510 874,880 −2.6%
Canadians of Italian ethnicity by province and territory (1991–2006)
Province/territory Population (1991)[40] % of total ethnic population (1991) Population (1996)[41] % of total ethnic population (1996) Population (2001)[42] % of total ethnic population (2001) Population (2006)[43] % of total ethnic population (2006)
Ontario 701,430 7.0% 743,425 7.0% 781,345 6.9% 867,980 7.2%
Quebec 226,645 3.3% 244,740 3.5% 249,205 3.5% 299,655 4.0%
British Columbia 111,990 3.4% 117,895 3.2% 126,420 3.3% 143,160 3.5%
Alberta 61,245 2.4% 58,140 2.2% 67,655 2.3% 82,015 2.5%
Manitoba 17,900 1.6% 17,205 1.6% 18,550 1.7% 21,405 1.9%
Nova Scotia 11,915 1.3% 11,200 1.2% 11,240 1.3% 13,505 1.5%
Saskatchewan 8,290 0.8% 7,145 0.7% 7,565 0.8% 7,970 0.8%
New Brunswick 4,995 0.7% 4,645 0.6% 5,610 0.8% 5,900 0.8%
Newfoundland and Labrador 1,740 0.3% 1,505 0.3% 1,180 0.2% 1,375 0.3%
Prince Edward Island 665 0.5% 515 0.4% 605 0.4% 1,005 0.7%
Yukon 440 1.6% 545 1.8% 500 1.8% 620 2.0%
Northwest Territories 510 0.9% 525 0.8% 400 1.1% 610 1.5%
Nunavut N/A[note 1] N/A N/A N/A 95 0.4% 125 0.4%
Canadians of Italian ethnicity by province and territory (2011–2021)
Province/territory Population (2011)[44] % of total ethnic population (2011) Population (2016)[45] % of total ethnic population (2016) Population (2021)[1] % of total ethnic population (2021)
Ontario 883,990 7.0% 931,805 7.0% 905,105 6.5%
Quebec 307,810 4.0% 326,700 4.1% 316,320 3.8%
British Columbia 150,660 3.5% 166,090 3.6% 162,485 3.3%
Alberta 88,705 2.5% 101,260 2.5% 98,730 2.4%
Manitoba 21,960 1.9% 23,205 1.9% 22,835 1.8%
Nova Scotia 14,305 1.6% 15,625 1.7% 16,575 1.7%
Saskatchewan 9,530 1.0% 11,310 1.1% 10,830 1.0%
New Brunswick 7,195 1.0% 7,460 1.0% 8,250 1.1%
Newfoundland and Labrador 1,825 0.4% 1,710 0.3% 2,290 0.5%
Prince Edward Island 955 0.7% 1,200 0.9% 1,655 1.1%
Yukon 725 2.2% 915 2.6% 710 1.8%
Northwest Territories 545 1.3% 505 1.2% 445 1.1%
Nunavut 215 0.7% 175 0.5% 160 0.4%
Canadians of Italian ethnicity (greater than 10,000) by metropolitan area and census agglomeration (1991–2006)
Metropolitan area Population (1991)[40] % of total ethnic population (1991) Population (1996)[41][47] % of total ethnic population (1996) Population (2001)[48] % of total ethnic population (2001) Population (2006)[49] % of total ethnic population (2006)
Toronto CMA[note 2] 387,655 10.1% 414,310 9.8% 429,380 9.2% 466,155 9.2%
Montreal CMA 163,830 9.2% 220,935 6.7% 224,460 6.6% 260,345 7.3%
Greater Vancouver 58,465 3.8% 64,285 3.5% 69,000 3.5% 76,345 3.6%
Hamilton CMA 51,320[note 3] 11.4% 62,035[note 4] 10.0% 67,685[note 5] 10.3% 72,440[note 6] 10.6%
Niagara Region 43,040 10.9% 44,515 11.0% 44,645 12.0% 48,850 12.7%
National Capital Region 30,265 4.5% 34,350 3.4% 37,435 3.6% 45,005 4.0%
Greater Calgary 22,810 3.2% 23,885 2.9% 29,120 3.1% 33,645 3.1%
Windsor 20,320 10.6% 29,270 10.6% 30,680 10.1% 33,725 10.5%
Greater Edmonton 17,780 2.9% 20,020 2.3% 22,385 2.4% 28,805 2.8%
Greater Winnipeg 14,460 2.3% 15,245 2.3% 16,105 2.4% 18,580 2.7%
Sault Ste. Marie 16,930 20.8% 16,480 20.0% 16,315 21.0% 17,720 22.4%
Thunder Bay 14,265 12.5% 15,095 12.1% 15,395 12.8% 17,290 14.3%
London 13,455 4.4% 15,570 4.0% 17,290 4.1% 20,380 4.5%
Greater Sudbury 12,210 7.6% 11,990 7.5% 12,030 7.8% 13,415 8.6%
Oshawa CMA[note 7] N/A N/A 11,675 4.4% 13,990 4.8% 18,225 5.6%
Guelph N/A N/A N/A N/A 11,135 9.6% 12,110 9.6%
Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo N/A N/A 10,240 2.5% 11,365 2.8% 13,675 3.1%
Barrie N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 10,330 5.9%
Canadians of Italian ethnicity (greater than 10,000) by metropolitan area and census agglomeration (2011–2021)
Metropolitan area Population (2011)[50] % of total ethnic population (2011) Population (2016)[51] % of total ethnic population (2016) Population (2021)[52] % of total ethnic population (2021)
Toronto CMA[note 2] 475,090 8.6% 484,360 8.3% 444,755 7.2%
Montreal CMA 263,565 7.0% 279,795 7.0% 267,240 6.3%
Greater Vancouver 82,435 3.6% 87,875 3.6% 83,200 3.2%
Hamilton CMA 75,900[note 8] 10.7% 79,725[note 9] 10.8% 80,165[note 10] 10.4%
Niagara Region 48,530 12.6% 49,345 12.4% 50,210 11.8%
National Capital Region 47,975 4.0% 53,825 4.1% 55,945 3.8%
Greater Calgary 36,875 3.1% 42,940 3.1% 41,620 2.8%
Windsor 30,880 9.8% 33,175 10.2% 37,665 9.1%
Greater Edmonton 29,580 2.6% 33,800 2.6% 32,235 2.3%
Oshawa CMA[note 7] 20,265 5.8% 22,870 6.1% 22,745 5.5%
London 20,210 4.3% 22,625 4.6% 22,755 4.3%
Greater Winnipeg 18,405 2.6% 19,435 2.6% 19,060 2.3%
Sault Ste. Marie 16,005 20.4% 16,025 20.9% 14,945 19.8%
Thunder Bay 15,575 13.1% 16,610 14.0% 16,615 13.7%
Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo 14,860 3.2% 18,650 3.6% 19,475 3.4%
Greater Sudbury 13,115 8.3% 13,500 8.3% 12,935 7.7%
Guelph 12,915 9.3% 14,430 9.6% 14,075 8.6%
Barrie 11,415 6.2% 14,460 7.4% 16,190 7.7%
Victoria 10,535 3.1% 11,665 3.3% 12,750 3.3%

Language and immigration

[edit]
Main article: Italian language in Canada

As of 2021, of the 1,546,390 Italian Canadians, 204,070 are Italian born immigrants,[53] with 319,505 claiming Italian as their mother tongue.[54] There has been an overall decline in the use of the Italian language since 2001.

Italian mother tongue speakers in Canada
Year Population % of non-official language mother
tongue speakers in Canada 		% of all language mother tongue
speakers in Canada 		% of Italian Canadians
1991[55] 449,660 12.7% 1.7% 39.2%
1996[56] 484,500 10.5% 1.7% 40.1%
2001[57] 469,485 9.0% 1.6% 37.0%
2006[58] 455,040 7.4% 1.5% 31.5%
2011[59] 407,485 6.2% 1.2% 27.4%
2016[60] 375,645 5.1% 1.1% 23.7%
2021[54] 319,505 4.1% 0.9% 20.7%
Italian immigrant population to Canada
Period Population % of total
Canadian immigration
1901–1910[7] 58,104 3.5%
1911–1920[7] 62,663 3.7%
1921–1930[7] 26,183 2.1%
1931–1940[7] 3,898 2.4%
1941–1950[7] 20,682 4.2%
1951–1960[7] 250,812 15.9%
1961–1970[7] 190,760 13.5%
1971–1978[7] 37,087 3.1%
Italian immigrant population in Canada
Year Population % of immigrants
in Canada 		% of Canadian
population
1986[61] 366,820 9.4% 1.5%
1991[61] 351,615 8.1% 1.3%
1996[61] 332,110 6.7% 1.2%
2001[62] 315,455 5.8% 1.1%
2006[63] 296,850 4.8% 0.9%
2011[64] 260,250 3.6% 0.8%
2016[65] 236,635 3.1% 0.7%
2021[53] 204,070 2.4% 0.6%

Italian Canadian culture, media and education

[edit]
Main article: Italian language in Canada § Italian culture in Canada

Notable Italian Canadians

[edit]
Main article: List of Italian Canadians

Italian districts in Canada

[edit]

Alberta

[edit]

Greater Montreal area

[edit]

Ottawa

[edit]

Hamilton

[edit]

Greater Toronto Area

[edit]

Windsor, Ontario

[edit]

British Columbia

[edit]

Manitoba

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Before it separated officially from the Northwest Territories on April 1, 1999, via the Nunavut Act.[46]
  2. ^ a b See Italian Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area for more detailed information. Unlike the Greater Toronto Area, the Toronto CMA does not include the Halton municipality of Burlington, and some Durham municipalities, those being Scugog and Brock, as well as those within the Oshawa CMA (Oshawa, Whitby, and Clarington). It does, however, include some municipalities outside the Greater Toronto Area, those being the Dufferin County municipalities of Mono and Orangeville, and the Simcoe County municipalities of Bradford West Gwillimbury and New Tecumseth. The Greater Toronto Area, comprises the whole of the Regional Municipality of York, Regional Municipality of Durham, Regional Municipality of Halton, Regional Municipality of Peel and the City of Toronto.
  3. ^ Includes pre-amalgamated Hamilton-Wentworth Regional Municipality (Hamilton (36,145, 11.4% of total population), Stoney Creek (10,150, 20.3% of total population), Glanbrook (630, 6.5% of total population), Ancaster (2,175, 9.9% of total population), Dundas (900, 4.1% of total population), Flamborough (1,320, 4.5% of total population)), Burlington (6,325, 4.9% of total population) and Grimsby (1,140, 6.2% of total population)
  4. ^ Includes pre-amalgamated Hamilton-Wentworth Regional Municipality (Hamilton (35,635, 11.1% of total population), Stoney Creek (10,705, 19.7% of total population), Glanbrook (1,040, 9.9% of total population), Ancaster (2,475, 10.6% of total population), Dundas (1,155, 5.0% of total population), Flamborough (1,815, 5.3% of total population)), Burlington (7,715, 5.6% of total population) and Grimsby (1,495, 7.6% of total population)
  5. ^ Includes post-amalgamated Hamilton-Wentworth Regional Municipality into Hamilton (56,265, 11.6% of total population), Burlington (9,520, 6.4% of total population) and Grimsby (1,905, 9.1% of total population)
  6. ^ Includes Hamilton (58,800, 11.8% of total population), Burlington (11,430, 7.0% of total population) and Grimsby (2,215, 9.4% of total population)
  7. ^ a b Includes the municipalities of Oshawa, Whitby, and Clarington. See Italian Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area for more detailed information.
  8. ^ Includes Hamilton (60,535, 11.9% of total population), Burlington (12,755, 7.4% of total population) and Grimsby (2,610, 10.4% of total population)
  9. ^ Includes Hamilton (62,335, 11.8% of total population), Burlington (14,235, 7.9% of total population) and Grimsby (3,155 11.8% of total population)
  10. ^ Includes Hamilton (61,195, 10.9% of total population), Burlington (15,545, 8.5% of total population) and Grimsby (3,425 12.0% of total population)

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Ethnic or cultural origin by generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2022-10-26. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  2. ^ "Census of Population". Statistics Canada. February 2019. Archived from the original on 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
  3. ^ Derek Croxton (2007). "The Cabot Dilemma: John Cabot's 1497 Voyage & the Limits of Historiography". University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  4. ^ Troilo (2011, p. 2)
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Elspeth Cameron (2004). Multiculturalism and Immigration in Canada: An Introductory Reader. Canadian Scholars' Press. ISBN 9781551302492. Archived from the original on 2024-04-20. Retrieved 2020-11-12.
  6. ^ a b c "Italian Canadians". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019. Retrieved September 8, 2019.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Bruno Ramirez (1989). The Italians in Canada (PDF). Canadian Historical Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-21. Retrieved 2021-03-22.
  8. ^ Scarfi (2011, p. 47)
  9. ^ a b c d e f "History - Pier 21". www.pier21.ca. Archived from the original on 2017-07-21. Retrieved 2017-07-24.
  10. ^ "Royal Commission on Italian Immigration, 1904-1905". pier21.ca. Archived from the original on 2021-02-06. Retrieved 2021-03-18.
  11. ^ Johanne Sloan (2007). Urban Enigmas: Montreal, Toronto, and the Problem of Comparing Cities. ISBN 9780773577077. Archived from the original on 2024-04-20. Retrieved 2020-11-12.
  12. ^ Sturino, Franc (1990). Forging the chain: a case study of Italian migration to North America, 2000-1930. Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario. p. 168. ISBN 0-919045-45-6.
  13. ^ "Trail B.C.'s Italian community celebrates decades of memories through photo project". cbc.ca. October 15, 2017. Archived from the original on May 20, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  14. ^ Gebbia (2008, p. 63)
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Further reading

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