Future tense

For other uses, see Future tense (disambiguation).

In grammar, a future tense (abbreviated FUT) is a verb form that generally marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future. An example of a future tense form is the French aimera, meaning "will love", derived from the verb aimer ("love"). The "future" expressed by the future tense usually means the future relative to the moment of speaking, although in contexts where relative tense is used it may mean the future relative to some other point in time under consideration.

English does not have an inflectional future tense, though it has a variety of grammatical and lexical means for expressing future-related meanings. These include modal auxiliaries such as will and shall as well as the futurate present tense.

Expressions

The nature of the future, necessarily uncertain and at varying distances ahead, means that the speaker may refer to future events with the modality either of probability (what the speaker expects to happen) or intent (what the speaker plans to make happen). Whether future expression is realis or irrealis depends not so much on an objective ontological notion of future reality, but rather on the degree of the speaker's conviction that the event will in fact come about.

In many languages there is no grammatical (morphological or syntactic) indication of future tense. Future meaning is supplied by the context, with the use of temporal adverbs such as "later", "next year", etc. Such adverbs (in particular words meaning "tomorrow" and "then") sometimes develop into grammaticalized future tense markers. (A tense used to refer specifically to occurrences taking place on the following day is called a crastinal tense.)

In other languages, mostly of European origin, specific markers indicate futurity. These structures constitute a future tense. In many cases, an auxiliary verb is used, as in English, where futurity is often indicated by the modal auxiliary will (or shall). However, some languages combine such an auxiliary with the main verb to produce a simple (one-word, morphological) future tense. This is the origin of the future tense in Western Romance languages such as French and Italian (see below).

A given language may have more than one way to express futurity. English, for example, often refers to future events using present tense forms or other structures such as the going-to future, besides the canonical form with will/shall. In addition, the verb forms used for the future tense can also be used to express other types of meaning; English again provides examples of this (see English modal verbs for the various meanings that both will and shall can have besides simply expressing futurity).

Germanic languages

In Germanic languages, including English, a common expression of the future is using the present tense, with the futurity expressed using words that imply future action (I go to Berlin tomorrow or I am going to Berlin tomorrow). There is no simple (morphological) future tense as such. However, the future can also be expressed by employing an auxiliary construction that combines certain present tense auxiliary verbs with the simple infinitive (stem) of the main verb. These auxiliary forms vary between the languages. Other, generally more informal, expressions of futurity use an auxiliary with the compound infinitive of the main verb (as with the English is going to ...).

English

English grammar provides a number of ways to indicate the future nature of an occurrence. Some argue that English, like most Germanic languages, does not have a future tense—that is, a grammatical form that always indicates futurity—nor does it have a mandatory form for the expression of futurity. However, through gradual development from its Germanic roots, English became what is now considered a language strongly future-tense-marking. Currently, there are several generally accepted ways to indicate futurity in English, and some of them—particularly those that use will or shall as the most universal and widely used—are frequently described as future tense while some may argue these verbs serve both as present modal verbs and future tense markers.

The will/shall future consists of the modal verb will or shall together with the bare infinitive of the main verb, as in "He will win easily" or "I shall do it when time permits". (Prescriptive grammarians prefer will in the second and third persons and shall in the first person, reversing the forms to express obligation or determination, but in practice shall and will are generally used interchangeably, with will being more common. For details see shall and will.) The meaning of this construction is close to that expressed by the future tense in other languages. However the same construction with will or shall can have other meanings that do not indicate futurity, or else indicate some modality in addition to futurity (as in "He will make rude remarks", meaning he has a habit of doing so, or, "You shall act on my behalf", giving an order). For details of these meanings, see the sections on will and shall in the article on English modal verbs.

The form of the will/shall future described above is frequently called the simple future (or future simple). Other constructions provide additional auxiliaries that express particular aspects: the future progressive (or future continuous) as in "He will be working"; the future perfect as in "They will have finished"; and the future perfect progressive as in "You will have been practising." For detail on these, see the relevant sections of Uses of English verb forms. (For more on expressions of relative tense, such as the future perfect, see also the section above.)

Several other English constructions commonly refer to the future:

• Present tense forms, as in "The train leaves at five," or, "My cousins arrive tomorrow." Since these grammatical forms are used more canonically to refer to present situations, they are not generally described as future tense; in sentences like those just given they may be described as "present tense with future meaning". Use of the present tense (rather than forms with will) is mandatory in some subordinate clauses referring to the future, such as "If I feel better next week, ..." and "As soon as they arrive, ...". For more details see the sections on the simple present, present progressive and dependent clauses in the article on English verb forms.
• The going-to future, e.g., "John is going to leave tonight."
• The construction with a finite form of the copula verb be together with the to-infinitive, e.g., "John is to leave tonight". (With the zero copula of newspaper headline style, this becomes simply "John to leave tonight".) For details see am to.
• The construction with to be about to, e.g., "John is about to leave", referring to the expected immediate future. (A number of lexical expressions with similar meaning also exist, such as to be on the point of (doing something).)
• Use of modal verbs with future meaning, to combine the expression of future time with certain modality: "I must do this" (also mun in Northern English dialect); "We should help him"; "I can get out of here"; "We may win"; "You might succeed". The same modal verbs are also often used with present rather than future reference. For details of their meanings and usage, see English modal verbs.

Questions and negatives are formed from all of the above constructions in the regular manner: see Questions and Negation in the English grammar article. The auxiliaries will and shall form the contracted negations won't and shan't (they can also sometimes be contracted when not negated, to 'll, such as in I'll find it).

The various ways of expressing the future carry different meanings, implying not just futurity but also aspect (the way an action or state takes place in time) and/or modality (the attitude of the speaker toward the action or state). The precise interpretation must be based on the context. In particular there is sometimes a distinction in usage between the will/shall future and the going-to future (although in some contexts they are interchangeable). For more information see the going-to future article.

Dutch

Dutch can express the future in three ways:

• gaan + infinitive: Ik ga het boek lezen (I'm going to read the book). "Gaan" is a cognate of "to go".
• zullen + infinitive: Ik zal het boek lezen (I will/shall read the book). "Zullen" is a cognate of "shall".
• present tense + context or a temporal adverb or clause: Hoe lang blijft hij in Nederland? (How long is he staying in the Netherlands?) Its English-language equivalent uses the continuous or imperfective aspect.

Zullen + infinitive is more similar to shall than to will. It is used to:

• express a promise or a proposal
• emphasize that something will certainly happen
• express that an event is likely going to take place (by explicitly mentioning the probability)

English will and Dutch wil, although cognates, have over the centuries shifted in meaning, such that will is almost identical to shall, whereas Dutch wil means want, as in Ik wil het doen (I want to do it).

Gaan + infinitive can be compared with the English "going to" . It is used:

• to express an intended action (but not a promise, proposal, or solemn plan)
• to say that an event is going to take place (without emphasizing the certainty or mentioning the probability)

Swedish

Swedish skall strongly implies intention, but with an adverb such as nog "probably" it can avoid the implication of intentionality: Det här skall nog gå bra "This will probably go well". However, the past tense of skall, skulle, can be used without such an adverb to express predictions in the past: Pelle sa, att det skulle bli varmt på eftermiddagen "Pelle said that it would be warm in the afternoon."

Pure future, regardless of intention, is usually expressed with kommer att (literally: "comes to"): Det här kommer att gå bra "This will go well", Du kommer att överleva det här "You will survive this".

Generally, future tense is sparsely used in spoken Swedish, with the verb instead being put in present tense and accompanied by a distinct time specification: Jag åker till Spanien på fredag "I travel to Spain on Friday" Då ses vi imorgon. "Then we meet tomorrow"

Latin and Romance

The future tense forms in Latin varied by conjugation. Here is a sample of the future tense for the first conjugation verb amare, "to love".

amabo	I shall love
amabis	you (singular) will love
amabit	he, she, it will love
amabimus	we shall love
amabitis	you (plural) will love
amabunt	they will love

See Latin conjugation for further details. Sound changes in Vulgar Latin made future forms difficult to distinguish from other verb forms (e.g., amabit "he will love" vs. amavit "he loved"), and the Latin simple future forms were gradually replaced by periphrastic structures involving the infinitive and an auxiliary verb, such as debere, venire, velle, or especially habere. All of the modern Romance languages have grammaticalized one of these periphrastic constructions for expressing the future tense; none of them has preserved the original Latin future, with the exception of Old French preserving the original Latin future forms of estre "to be": jo (i)er, tu (i)ers, il (i)ert, nos (i)ermes, vos *(i)ertes, and il (i)erent, all of them were derived from erō, irregular future form of esse "to be", in addition to future forms in ser- (< sedēre "to sit") or estr-.

Future tense with habere

While Classical Latin used a set of suffixes to the main verb for the future tense, later Vulgar Latin adopted the use of habere ("to have") with the infinitive, as for example:

petant aut non petant venire habet ("whether they ask or do not ask, it will come")

From this construction, the major Western Romance languages have simple future tense forms that derive from the infinitive followed by a conjugated form of the verb "to have" (Latin habere). As the auxiliary verb lost its modal force (from a verb expressing obligation, desire, or intention, to a simple marker of tense), it also lost syntactic autonomy (becoming an enclitic) and phonological substance (e.g., Latin first singular habeo > ayyo > Old French ai, Modern French [e]).

Thus the sequence of Latin verbs amare habeo ("I have to love") gave rise to French aimerai, Spanish amaré, etc. "I will love".

French

Personal pronoun	Root verb	Conjugation of avoir	Future tense
je	aimer	ai	aimerai
tu		as	aimeras
il/elle/on		a	aimera
nous		avons	aimerons
vous		avez	aimerez
ils/elles		ont	aimeront

Occitan

Personal pronoun	Root verb	Conjugation of aver	Future tense
ieu	aimar	ai	aimarai
tu		as	aimaràs
el/ela/òm		a	aimarà
nos		avèm	aimarem
vos		avètz	aimaretz
eles/elas		an	aimaràn

Portuguese

Personal pronoun	Root verb	Conjugation of haver	Future tense
eu	comer	hei	comerei
tu		hás	comerás
ele/ela/você		há	comerá
nós		hemos	comeremos
vós		heis	comereis
eles/elas/vocês		hão	comerão

Spanish

Personal pronoun	Root verb	Conjugation of haber	Future tense
yo	comprar	he	compraré
tú		has	comprarás
él/ella/usted		ha	comprará
nosotros		hemos/habemos	compraremos
vosotros		habéis	compraréis
ellos/ellas/ustedes		han	comprarán

Phonetic changes also affected the infinitive in the evolution of this form, so that in the modern languages the future stem is not always identical to the infinitive. Consider the following Spanish examples:

• "go out": infinitive salir → 1st. sing. future saldré in lieu of *saliré
• "know": infinitive saber → 2nd. sing future "sabrás" in lieu of *saberás
• "do": infinitive hacer → 3rd sing. future hará in lieu of *hacerá
• "want": infinitive querer → 3rd pl. future querrán in lieu of *quererán

Indo-Aryan languages

Hindi

In Hindi, verbs can be conjugated for three grammatical aspects (habitual, perfective, and progressive) and five grammatical moods (indicative, presumptive, subjunctive, contrafactual, and imperative). Out of the three aspects, the habitual mood of Hindi cannot be conjugated into the future tense. The indicative future is constructed from the subjunctive future forms. Imperatives in Hindi can also be put into future tense.

Indicative and Subjunctive future

There are two future subjunctive moods in modern Hindi, first the regular subjunctive and the second, the perfective subjunctive which superficially has the same form as the perfective aspect forms of verbs but still expresses future events, it is used with if clauses and relative clauses. In a semantic analysis, this use of the perfective aspect marker would not be considered perfective, since it is more closely related to subjunctive usage. Only the superficial form is identical to that of the perfective. This perfective subjunctive cannot be used as a coupla for aspectual participles.

The future indicative forms are constructed using the future subjunctive forms of verbs by adding the future suffix गा (-gā) which declines for number and gender of the grammatical person. The table below shows the future subjunctive and indicative forms of the verb करना karnā (to do).

Future Inflection

gender	singular	plural
♂	-गा -gā -गा -gā	-गे -gē -गे -gē
♀	-गी -गी -gī

personal pronouns				future subjunctive	future indicative		subjunctive perfective
person	plurality	formality	pronoun		♂	♀	♂	♀
1st	singular	—	मैं ma͠i मैं ma͠i	करूँ karū̃ करूँ karū̃	करूँगा karū̃gā करूँगा karū̃gā	करूँगी karū̃gī करूँगी karū̃gī	किया kiyā किया kiyā	की kī की kī
	plural	—	हम ham हम ham	करें karē̃ करें karē̃	करेंगे karē̃gē करेंगे karē̃gē	करेंगी karē̃gī करेंगी karē̃gī	किये kiyē किये kiyē	कीं kī̃ कीं kī̃
2nd	singular	intimate	तू tū तू tū	करे karē करे karē	करेगा karēgā करेगा karēgā	करेगी karēgī करेगी karēgī	किया kiyā किया kiyā	की kī की kī
	plural	familiar	तुम tum तुम tum	करो karo करो karo	करोगे karogē करोगे karogē	करोगी karogī करोगी karogī	किये kiyē किये kiyē	की kī की kī
		formal	आप āp आप āp	करें karē̃ करें karē̃	करेंगे karē̃gē करेंगे karē̃gē	करेंगी karē̃gī करेंगी karē̃gī	किये kiyē किये kiyē	कीं kī̃ कीं kī̃
translation (only 2nd person)				(that) you do.	you will do.		(if) you do.

demonstrative pronouns				future subjunctive	future indicative		subjunctive perfective
plurality	usage	proximal	distal		♂	♀	♂	♀
singular	literary	यह yah यह yah	वह vah वह vah	करे karē करे karē	करेगा karēgā करेगा karēgā	करेगी karēgī करेगी karēgī	किया kiyā किया kiyā	की kī की kī
	colloquial	ये ye ये ye	वो vo वो vo
singular
plural				करें karē̃ करें karē̃	करेंगे karē̃gē करेंगे karē̃gē	करेंगी karē̃gī करेंगी karē̃gī	किये kiyē किये kiyē	कीं kī̃ कीं kī̃
plural	literary	ये ye ये ye	वे ve वे ve
translation (only 3rd person fem.)				(that) she do.	she will do.		(if) she does.

Prospective future

The prospective future is constructed using the prospective future participle which is constructed from the oblique infinitive by adding the suffix वाला (-vālā) which also declines for the number and the gender of the pronoun. The participle is always followed by the auxiliary verb होना (honā) in its conjugated forms. The copula होना (honā) can be put into four grammatical moods: indicative, presumptive, subjunctive, and contrafactual. The table below shows the indicative mood forms of the prospective future for the verb करना karnā (to do).

Prospective Future Inflection

gender	singular	plural
♂	-नेवला -nēvālā -नेवला -nēvālā	-नेवाले -nēvālē -नेवाले -nēvālē
♀	-नेवाली -nēvālī -नेवाली -nēvālī

personal pronouns				indicative mood
				present		imperfect past		future
person	plurality	formality	pronoun	♂	♀	♂	♀	♂	♀
1st	singular	—	मैं ma͠i मैं ma͠i	करनेवाला karnēvālā हूँ hū̃ करनेवाला हूँ karnēvālā hū̃	करनेवाली karnēvālī हूँ hū̃ करनेवाली हूँ karnēvālī hū̃	करनेवाला karnēvālā था thā करनेवाला था karnēvālā thā	करनेवाली karnēvālī थी thī करनेवाली थी karnēvālī thī	करनेवाला karnēvālā रहूँगा rahū̃gā करनेवाला रहूँगा karnēvālā rahū̃gā	करनेवाली karnēvālī रहूँगी rahū̃gī करनेवाली रहूँगी karnēvālī rahū̃gī
	plural	—	हम ham हम ham	करनेवाले karnēvālē हैं ha͠i करनेवाले हैं karnēvālē ha͠i	करनेवाली karnēvālī हैं ha͠i करनेवाली हैं karnēvālī ha͠i	करनेवाले karnēvālē थे thē करनेवाले थे karnēvālē thē	करनेवाली karnēvālī थीं thī̃ करनेवाली थीं karnēvālī thī̃	करनेवाले karnēvālē रहेंगे rahẽge करनेवाले रहेंगे karnēvālē rahẽge	करनेवाली karnevālī रहेंगी rahẽgī करनेवाली रहेंगी karnevālī rahẽgī
2nd	singular	intimate	तू tū तू tū	करनेवाला karnēvālā है hai करनेवाला है karnēvālā hai	करनेवाली karnēvālī है hai करनेवाली है karnēvālī hai	करनेवाला karnēvālā था thā करनेवाला था karnēvālā thā	करनेवाली karēvālī थी thī करनेवाली थी karēvālī thī	करनेवाला karnēvālā रहेगा rahegā करनेवाला रहेगा karnēvālā rahegā	करनेवाली karnēvālī रहेगी rahegī करनेवाली रहेगी karnēvālī rahegī
	plural	familiar	तुम tum तुम tum	करनेवाले karnēvālē हो ho करनेवाले हो karnēvālē ho	करनेवाली karnēvālī हो ho करनेवाली हो karnēvālī ho	करनेवाले karnēvālē थे thē करनेवाले थे karnēvālē thē	करनेवाली karnēvālī थी thī करनेवाली थी karnēvālī thī	करनेवाले karnēvālē रहोगे rahogē करनेवाले रहोगे karnēvālē rahogē	करनेवाली karnēvālī रहोगी rahogī करनेवाली रहोगी karnēvālī rahogī
		formal	आप āp आप āp	करनेवाले karnēvālē हैं ha͠i करनेवाले हैं karnēvālē ha͠i	करनेवाली karnēvālī हैं ha͠i करनेवाली हैं karnēvālī ha͠i	करनेवाले karnēvālē थे thē करनेवाले थे karnēvālē thē	करनेवाली karnēvālī थीं thī̃ करनेवाली थीं karnēvālī thī̃	करनेवाले karnēvālē रहेंगे rahẽge करनेवाले रहेंगे karnēvālē rahẽge	करनेवाली karnevālī रहेंगी rahẽgī करनेवाली रहेंगी karnevālī rahẽgī
translation				...is going to do.		...was going to do.		...will be going to do.

Imperative future

Imperatives in Hindi can be conjugated into two tenses, present and future tense. The conjugations are mentioned in the table below for the verb करना karnā (to do). Hindi also has imperatives forms which are constructed form the subjunctive form of the verbs for the formal 2nd person pronoun आप (āp), and also third person pronouns to give indirect commands.

pronouns			imperative mood		subjunctive mood
			present	future	present	future
2nd	intimate	तू tū तू tū	कर kar कर kar	करियो kariyo करियो kariyo	—
	familiar	तुम tum तुम tum	करो karo करो karo	करना karnā करना karnā	—
	formal	आप āp आप āp	करिये kariyē करिये kariyē	करियेगा kariyēgā करियेगा kariyēgā	करें karẽ करें karẽ
translation			do!	do (later)!	(please) do!

Semitic languages

Hebrew

Biblical Hebrew has a distinction between past and future tenses which is similar in form to those used in other Semitic languages such as Arabic and Aramaic. Gesenius refers to the past and future verb forms as Perfect and Imperfect, respectively, separating completed action from uncompleted action. However, the usage of verbs in these forms does not always have the same temporal meaning as in Indo-European languages, mainly due to the common use of a construct of inverting the time reference with a prefix "Waw consecutive" (ו' ההיפוך). With this construct, the Perfect-consecutive refers to the future and the Imperfect-consecutive refers to the past.

Usage of the imperfect to discuss future events is somewhat uncommon in Biblical Hebrew, as the Bible mainly discusses past events. It can be found in quoted speech, such as in the words of Moses (imperfect verbs stressed):

¹ וַיַּעַן מֹשֶׁה, וַיֹּאמֶר, וְהֵן לֹא-יַאֲמִינוּ לִי, וְלֹא יִשְׁמְעוּ בְּקֹלִי: כִּי יֹאמְרוּ, לֹא-נִרְאָה אֵלֶיךָ יְהֹוָה

¹ And Moses answered and said, But, behold, they will not believe me, nor hearken unto my voice: for they will say, The LORD hath not appeared unto thee.

— Exodus 4:1

The Perfect-consecutive is commonly found in prophetic text, describing an unspecified future, as in the Book of Isaiah:

² וְהָיָה בְּאַחֲרִית הַיָּמִים, נָכוֹן יִהְיֶה הַר בֵּית-יְהוָה בְּרֹאשׁ הֶהָרִים, וְנִשָּׂא, מִגְּבָעוֹת; וְנָהֲרוּ אֵלָיו, כָּל-הַגּוֹיִם.

² In the last days the mountain of the Lord’s temple will be established as the highest of the mountains; it will be exalted above the hills, and all nations will stream to it.

— Isaiah 2:2

Modern Hebrew always employs the imperfect as the future tense (and the perfect as the past tense). The usage of "Waw consecutive" has practically disappeared, except for quotes from the Bible and Poetic language.

Arabic

To form future tense in Arabic the prefix (سـ) "sa" is added to the present tense verb, or (سوف) "sawfa".

For example, consider the sentence:

آكلُ تفاحاً

Akulu

eat.1SG

tuffahan

apples

Akulu tuffahan

eat.1SG apples

I eat apples

To express the future we have two ways:

written as part of the verb

سـآكلُ تفاحاً

Saakulu

FUT-eat.1SG

tuffahan

apples

Saakulu tuffahan

FUT-eat.1SG apples

I will eat apples

written as a Clitic to indicate the future but preceding the verb

سوف آكلُ تفاحاً

Sawfa

FUT

akulu

eat.1SG

tuffahan

apples

Sawfa akulu tuffahan

FUT eat.1SG apples

I will eat apples

In Classical Arabic the latter indicates an individual future action that usually takes place further in the future than the first mentioned form, which is usually used with verbs that relate to other actions, and mostly referring to rather near future actions. However, in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) the distinction is minimal.

Moreover, the indication of the future tense in dialectal Arabic is quite varied from one dialect to the next. Generally speaking, the words meaning "want to" (بدي / أريد أن), "go to" (أروح), "intend to"(ناوي /نويت), and many others are used daily to indicate future actions. In Moroccan Arabic, the word "Ghad" (غاد) is used to indicate future, which literally means "there" (or there is to happen), that is in some way similar to the English formation "there I go.."

Mandarin Chinese

Mandarin Chinese has no grammatical tense, instead indicating time of action from the context or using adverbs. However, the auxiliary verb 會 / 会 - huì / ㄏㄨㄟˋ, a modal meaning "can", "know how", can alternatively indicate futurity. For lexical futurity, the word 要 yào, which can serve as a verb meaning "to want", can also serve as an adverb meaning "immediately": For example, 我要洗澡 wǒ yào xǐzǎo can mean either "I want to bathe" or "I am about to bathe". 即 jí、將 jiāng serve a similar function as tense-marking adverbs.

Creoles

Creoles are languages with a vocabulary heavily based on a superstrate language but a grammar based on substrate languages and/or universal language tendencies. Some Creoles model a future tense/irrealis mood marker on "go" from the superstrate (analogous to English "am going to"). In many creoles the future can be indicated with the progressive aspect, analogous to the English "I'm seeing him tomorrow." In general creoles tend to put less emphasis on marking tense than on marking aspect. When any of tense, aspect, and modality are specified, they are typically indicated with invariant pre-verbal markers in the sequence anterior relative tense (prior to the time focused on), irrealis mode (conditional or future), imperfective aspect.

Jamaican English Creole

The future marker in Jamaican Creole is /de go/ or /a go/: /de go hapm/ "is going to happen", /mi a go ɹon/ "I am going to run".

Belizean Creole English

In Belizean Creole, the future tense is indicated by a mandatory invariant pre-verbal particle /(w)a(n)/, /gwein/, or /gouɲ/.

Gullah

In Gullah the future is indicated by the pre-verbal marker gwine: Uh gwine he'p dem "I'm going to help them".

Hawaiian Creole English

In Hawaiian Creole, the pre-verbal future marker is gon: Ai gon bai wan pikap "I'm going to buy a pickup".

Haitian Creole

Haitian Creole, based on a French superstrate, interchangeably uses pral or va (from French 3rd person singular va "goes") pre-verbally to indicate the future: Mwen va fini lit. "I go finish"; Li pral vini jodi a "He will come today".

External links

• 4 Future Tenses Explained
• English Grammar Reference and Exercises