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List of medical schools in the United Kingdom

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Charterhouse Square, home to Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, part of Queen Mary, University of London. Medical training has taken place at Barts continuously since its foundation in 1123. Its college of medicine was formally founded in 1843. Prior to this date, however, it was already referred to as a "medical school".[1]

There are forty-six medical schools in the United Kingdom where students can study for a medical degree.[2] There are thirty-six medical schools in England, five in Scotland, three in Wales and two in Northern Ireland.

All but Warwick Medical School, Swansea Medical School and Ulster University offer undergraduate courses in medicine. The Bute Medical School (University of St Andrews) only offers an undergraduate pre-clinical course, with students proceeding to another medical school for clinical studies. Although Oxford University and Cambridge University offer both pre-clinical and clinical courses in medicine, students who study pre-clinical medicine at one of these universities may move to another university for clinical studies. At other universities students stay at the same university for both pre-clinical and clinical work.

History of medical training

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The first medical school in the United Kingdom was established at the University of Edinburgh in 1726.[3] Medical education prior to this was based on apprenticeships and learning from observation. Professors of medicine did very little if any training of students. Few students graduated as physicians during this earlier period.

The earliest example of this earlier style of medical training in Britain was in 1123 at St Bartholomew's Hospital, now part of Queen Mary, University of London. The first Chair of Medicine at a British university was established at the University of Aberdeen in 1497,[4] although this was only filled intermittently and there were calls "for the establishment of a medical school" in 1787.[5] Medical teaching has taken place erratically at the University of Oxford since the early 16th century, and its first Regius Professor of Physic was appointed in 1546. Teaching was reformed in 1833 and again in 1856,[6] but the current medical school was not founded until 1936.[7] The University of St Andrews established a Chair of Medicine in 1772, but did not have a medical school (at Dundee) until 1897.[8] The Linacre Readership in Medicine at the University of Cambridge was founded in 1524, and the Regius Professor of Physic was established in 1540. Teaching was reformed in 1829,[6] but the current medical school was established in 1976.[9] Teaching of apprentices was first recorded in 1561 at St Thomas's Hospital, London, and formalised between 1693 and 1709.[10]

Surgery was seen as a separate profession, initially learned by barber-surgeons through apprenticeship and regulated by its guild, and later by examination by the Royal Colleges of Surgery in England, Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Ireland.

The University of Edinburgh Medical School was founded in 1726 and was the first formally established medical school in the UK. This was followed by Glasgow in 1744, although the school was without a teaching hospital until 1794.[11] The oldest medical school in England is St George's, University of London, which began formal teaching in 1751.[12] In 1768 teaching at St Thomas's and Guy's hospitals in London was formalised with the foundation of the United Hospitals Medical School, which lasted until the foundation of a separate medical school at Guy's in 1825 (now both part of King's College London).[10] The London Hospital Medical College (LHMC) was founded in 1785 and is now part of Queen Mary, University of London's School of Medicine. In the first half of the 19th century, the newly founded university colleges in London opened teaching hospitals in 1834 (University College Hospital)[13] and 1839 (King's College Hospital).[14] The Middlesex Hospital Medical School (now part of UCL) was also founded in this period, in 1835.[13] The London School of Medicine for Women was founded in 1874, the first medical school in Britain to teach women (now part of UCL).[15]

Outside of London and the universities, medical teaching began in Manchester in 1752[16] and lectures in Birmingham in 1767.[17] Medical schools in Manchester (1824),[18] Birmingham (1825),[17] Sheffield (1829),[19] Leeds (1831),[20] Bristol (1833),[21] Newcastle (1834),[22] Liverpool (1834),[23] and Belfast (1835)[24] were formally established in the first half of the 19th century. Durham University introduced teaching by a Reader in Medicine from its opening in 1833, but had no medical school until the affiliation of the College of Medicine in Newcastle in 1854.[25] In the later 19th century a medical school was established at Cardiff in 1893.[26]

The Medical Act 1858 was a key development in the professionalising of medical practice and training, introducing the General Medical Council and the Medical Register.[27]

20th and 21st century

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The next expansion of medical schools began following the recommendations of the Royal Commission on Medical Education (1965–1968) (the Todd Report), which called for the immediate establishment of new schools in Southampton, Leicester and Nottingham to aid medical education in the United Kingdom;[28][29] all were built between 1970 and 1980. Medical schools at Warwick (located in Coventry), Swansea, Keele (located in Stoke-on-Trent) and Hull (in partnership with York) eventually opened in the 1990s and early 21st century, as well as new medical schools at University of East Anglia (located in Norwich) Durham, Brighton and Sussex, and Plymouth and Exeter.

Buckingham University, the oldest private university in England, opened University of Buckingham Medical School, a graduate entry medical school in 2015.[30] University of Central Lancashire (UCLan) School of Medicine opened to medical students in 2015.[31]

In 2018 Health Secretary, Jeremy Hunt, announced the creation of five new medical schools in Sunderland, Chelmsford, Canterbury, Lincoln and Lancashire.[32]

Three medical schools were established in the 2020s, although UK government policy limited the number of places funded for UK students.[33]

Brunel Medical School at Brunel University London opened in 2021, admitting overseas students only.[34]

Three Counties Medical School at the University of Worcester opens in September 2023.[35]

Chester Medical School at the University of Chester will offer a postgraduate MB ChB degree course starting in 2024.[36]

Historical medical schools

[edit]
Main article: List of historical medical schools in the United Kingdom

(Please note that in the tables below and noting the complexities described above in deciding what date some level of teaching became what we now recognise as a medical school, the establishment date generally reflects the formal commencement of the current medical school.)

England

[edit]
Shepherd's House, King's College London School of Medicine and Dentistry at Guy's Campus in London
The School of Clinical Medicine at the University of Cambridge
The University College Hospital Cruciform building, used by the UCL Medical School
The Keele University Medical School
Name University Established Comments Degree awarded Ref.
Aston Medical School Aston 2015 MBChB [37]
Anglia Ruskin School of Medicine Anglia Ruskin 2018 First intake of students took place in the academic year of 2018/9, with a cohort of 100 students per annum. MBChB [38]
Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary
(University of London) 		1785 Current school formed by the merger of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital and the London Hospital Medical College which was founded in 1785. Teaching at St Barts dates from 1123. MBBS [39]
University of Birmingham Medical School Birmingham 1825 Formal medical education began at Birmingham in 1825[17] Merged with Mason Science College in 1900. MBChB [40][41]
Bristol Medical School Bristol 1833 Merged with the University College, Bristol (now University of Bristol) in 1893. MBChB [42]
Brighton and Sussex Medical School Brighton
Sussex 		2002 Affiliated with both the University of Brighton and the University of Sussex. BMBS [43]
Brunel Medical School Brunel 2021 Open to International students only. MBBS [44]
University of Buckingham Medical School Buckingham 2015 4.5 year course, first cohort graduated in June 2019. January start date. Associated hospitals are: Milton Keynes University Hospital; Warwick Hospital (South Warwickshire NHS Foundation Trust) and Stoke Mandeville Hospital (Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust); St Andrews Hospital Northampton. MBChB [45]
School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge Cambridge 1976 Teaching of medicine began in 1540, but lay dormant for many years. An abortive attempt to put medicine on a proper footing was undertaken in the 1840s, but eventually petered out by the 1860s. It was not until 1976 in response to the recommendation of the Royal Commission on Medical Education that a complete medical course was re-established at Cambridge through partnership with Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge. MB BChir [46]
UCLan School of Medicine Preston 2015 The school works in very close partnership with NHS Trusts and CCGs in both Lancashire and Cumbria.Recruiting international students from 2015,sponsored UK students from 2017 and UK government funded students from 2018 onwards. MBBS [47]
Edge Hill University Faculty of Health, Social Care & Medicine Edge Hill 2019 MBChB [48]
University of Exeter Medical School Exeter 2013
(Peninsula College: 2000) 		Established after the split of the Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry. BMBS [49]
Hull York Medical School Hull
York 		2003 Affiliated with both the University of Hull and the University of York. MBBS [50]
Imperial College School of Medicine Imperial College London 1997
(Charing Cross Hospital: 1818) 		Formed by the merger of St Mary's Hospital Medical School, the National Heart and Lung Institute, the Royal Postgraduate Medical School and the Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School. MBBS [51]
Keele University School of Medicine Keele 2003 Founded as the Department of Postgraduate Medicine in 1978; began teaching undergraduate clinical medicine in 2003 using the Manchester curriculum. As such, the MBChB degree was awarded by the University of Manchester until 2011. From 2012 (2007 intake) the MBChB degree was awarded by Keele University itself. MBChB (see comments) [52]
Kent and Medway Medical School University of Kent & Canterbury Christchurch 2020 The medical school has been formed as a collaboration between the University of Kent and Canterbury Christchurch University. The first cohort will consist of 150 students and is being supervised by Brighton and Sussex Medical School. BMBS [53]
King's College London School of Medicine and Dentistry King's College London
(University of London) 		1988
(St Thomas's Hospital: 1550) 		Result of a merger between King's College London and United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals in 1998. Known as GKT School of Medicine until 2005. Teaching began in 1550 at St Thomas's Hospital Medical School. MBBS [54]
Lancaster Medical School Lancaster 2006 Education undertaken by the Cumbria and Lancashire Medical and Dental Consortium. The MBChB degree was awarded by the University of Liverpool. The General Medical Council approved Lancaster in 2012 to deliver their own medical degree independently. Students starting after September 2013, will graduate with a Lancaster degree. MBChB [55]
Leeds School of Medicine Leeds 1831 MBChB [56]
Leicester Medical School Leicester 1975 MBChB [57]
Lincoln Medical School Lincoln 2018 First students commenced in 2019. BMBS [58]
Liverpool Medical School Liverpool 1834 MBChB [41]
Manchester Medical School Manchester 1824 Medical teaching began in 1752 when Charles White founded the first modern hospital in the Manchester area, the Manchester Royal Infirmary. The medical school was first constituted in 1824.[59] MBChB [60]
Newcastle University Medical School Newcastle 1834 Durham University College of Medicine 1851-1937, Medical School of King's College, University of Durham 1937-1963. Absorbed Durham University School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health (est. 2001) in 2017. MBBS [41]
University of Nottingham Medical School Nottingham 1970 Has an associated graduate school, the University of Nottingham Medical School at Derby. BMBS [61]
Norwich Medical School East Anglia 2000 Medical school of the University of East Anglia MBBS [50]
Oxford University Medical School Oxford 1946 Medicine has been taught at the University of Oxford sporadically since the 13th century but lay dormant through the 19th century. The current medical school, teaching both clinical and undergraduate students, was established in 1946. BM BCh [62]
Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry Plymouth 2013
(Peninsula College: 2000) 		Established after the split of the Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry. BMBS [63]
UCL Medical School University College London
(University of London) 		1998
(Middlesex Hospital: 1746) 		A merger in 1987 between the medical schools of Middlesex Hospital (1746) and University College Hospital (1834), and a subsequent merger in 1998 with the Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine (founded as the London School of Medicine for Women in 1874) formed the present school. MB BS [64][65]
Sheffield Medical School Sheffield 1828 Affiliated with the Royal Hallamshire Hospital. MBChB [41]
Southampton Medical School Southampton 1971 Students intercalate a Bachelor of Medical Sciences (BMedSci) degree within the 5 years of their course. An optional year-long Masters of Medical Science (MMedSci) intercalated degree is also on offer for students. BMBS, BMedSci (see comments) [66]
University of Sunderland School of Medicine University of Sunderland 2019 A new medical school that utilises state-of-the-art clinical simulation. The first cohort of students started in September 2019. MBChB
University of Surrey School of Medicine University of Surrey 2024 A new medical school offering a patient-centred, digitally-enabled and interprofessional 4-year programme for graduates. BMBS
St George's, University of London St George's
(University of London) 		1733 The second institution in England to provide formal medical education. MBBS [67]
Warwick Medical School Warwick 2000 A graduate-entry course in medicine. Previously Leicester-Warwick Medical School. MBChB [68][69]
Three Counties Medical School Worcester 2023 A four-year, graduate-entry MBChB programme MBChB [70]
Chester Medical School Chester 2024 A four-year, graduate-entry MBChB programme MBChB [71]

Scotland

[edit]
The Wolfson Medical School at the University of Glasgow
Main article: Medical education in Scotland
Name University Established Comments Degree awarded Ref.
University of Aberdeen School of Medicine Aberdeen 1786 Medicine taught as early as the late 15th century, although no formal medical school was established until circa 1786 with a series of lectures offered by Dr George French and Dr Livingston from which the modern medical school emerged.[72] MBChB [73]
University of Dundee, School of Medicine Dundee 1967 From 1883 to 1897, University College Dundee was independent. From 1893 to 1967 medicine was taught in Dundee as part of the University of St Andrews. After 1967, medical teaching was under the auspices of the University of Dundee. MBChB [74]
University of Edinburgh Medical School Edinburgh 1726 Medicine has been taught in this city since the 16th century. The University of Edinburgh was the first to provide formal medical training beginning in 1726. MBChB [75]
Glasgow Medical School Glasgow 1751 Medicine first taught in 1637, however the current medical school can be said to have been established with the appointment of Dr William Cullen in 1751.[76] MBChB [77]
University of St Andrews School of Medicine St Andrews 1897 Medicine taught at St Andrews from 1413. First MD awarded 1696. First Professor appointed 1721. The medical school was established in 1897.[8] Clinical teaching undertaken at University College, Dundee until 1967. St Andrews awards BSc (Hons), with clinical teaching and MBChB degrees provided by Partner Medical Schools with the exception of the ScotGEM program which awards a joint MB ChB with the University of Dundee. BSc (Hons) (see comments) and MB ChB [78]

[79]

Wales

[edit]
See also: Medical education in Wales
Name University Established Comments Degree awarded Ref.
Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff 1893 Founded in 1893 and previously known as the Welsh National School of Medicine and the University of Wales College of Medicine, it was re-amalgamated into Cardiff University in 2004. MBBCh [80]
Swansea University Medical School Swansea 2001 Swansea University Medical School provides a graduate-entry course in medicine only. MBBCh [81]
North Wales Medical School Bangor 2024 Proposed to open in September 2024. BMBS [82][83]

Northern Ireland

[edit]
Main article: Medical education in Ireland
Name University Established Comment Degree awarded Ref.
Queen's University Belfast Medical School Queen's University Belfast 1821 Only United Kingdom medical school to award graduates Bachelor of Obstetrics (BAO) degree. MB BCh BAO [84]
Magee School of Medicine Ulster University 2021 A graduate entry 4 year course - first 70 students accepted in 2021 MB BS [85]

Overseas territories

[edit]
St Matthews University Campus
Name Territory Established Comment Degree awarded Ref.
Saint James School of Medicine Anguilla 2010 in Anguilla (previously established in 1999 in Bonaire) Uses a US-based curriculum MD [86]
St. Matthews University Cayman Islands 2002 in the Cayman Islands (previously established in 1997 in Belize) Uses a US-based curriculum[87] MD [88]
University of Science, Arts and Technology Montserrat 2003 MD, MBBS [89]

See also

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Notes and references

[edit]
  1. ^ The Morning Post (London, England), Tuesday, 11 January 1825; pg. [1]; Issue 16867
  2. ^ "Medical Schools in The UK". bemoacademicconsulting.com. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
  3. ^ "Medicine at the University of Edinburgh". University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  4. ^ "Foresthill Campus". University of Aberdeen. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  5. ^ A complete collection of the papers ... - Marischal College and University. 1787. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
  6. ^ a b Arnold Chaplain (1919). "The History of Medical Education in the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, 1500-1850". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 12 (Suppl): 83–107. PMC 2067111. PMID 19980832.
  7. ^ "Review of Oxford Medical School" (PDF). General Medical Council. 2015.
  8. ^ a b L. R. C. Agnew (1970). Charles Donald O'Malley (ed.). Scottish Medical Education. University of California Press. p. 254. ISBN 9780520015784. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  9. ^ "History of the School". Cambridge University School of Clinical Medicine. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  10. ^ a b "St Thomas's Hospital: Medical school records". King's College London. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  11. ^ L. R. C. Agnew (1970). Charles Donald O'Malley (ed.). Scottish Medical Education. University of California Press. p. 255. ISBN 9780520015784. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  12. ^ "Our History". St George's, University of London. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  13. ^ a b "Trust timeline". University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  14. ^ "Our history". King's College London Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  15. ^ "London School of Medicine for Women". UCL. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  16. ^ "History of Manchester Medical School". University of Manchester. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  17. ^ a b c Robert Arnott. "A Short History of the University of Birmingham Medical School, from 1825". Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  18. ^ "History of the Victoria University of Manchester". University of Manchester. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  19. ^ "Medical School Heritage Project". University of Sheffield. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  20. ^ "History of the School of Medicine". University of Leeds. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  21. ^ "History of the University". University of Bristol. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  22. ^ "History of the Medical School in Newcastle". Newcastle University. Archived from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  23. ^ "Liverpool: The university". Victoria County History – A History of the County of Lancaster, Vol. 4, pp 53–54. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  24. ^ "History of the Medical School". Queen's University Belfast. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  25. ^ Joseph Thomas Fowler (1904). Durham University: Earlier Foundations and Present Colleges. F. E. Robinson & Co., London.
  26. ^ "Timeline". Cardiff University. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  27. ^ "The making of the medical profession". University of Manchester – Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  28. ^ "Chapter 2, 1958-1967". NHSHistory.net. Retrieved 21 August 2007.
  29. ^ "Commission on Education". British Medical Journal 2: 57-58.
  30. ^ "Graduate Entry Medical School: MBBS University of Buckingham". Buckingham.ac.uk. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
  31. ^ Dabhi, Jaishila. "School of Medicine". UCLan.ac.uk. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  32. ^ "New medical schools: the story so far". HEPI. 28 October 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  33. ^ "Government refuses to fund UK students at new medical school despite 'chronic' doctor shortage". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  34. ^ "Medical School Homepage". Brunel University London. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  35. ^ "Three Counties Medical School". University of Worcester. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  36. ^ "Chester Medical School". University of Chester. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  37. ^ "Aston Medical School".
  38. ^ "School of Medicine - ARU". aru.ac.uk. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  39. ^ "History - Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry". Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
  40. ^ "The Medical School". University of Birmingham. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
  41. ^ a b c d "The Medical School". University of Birmingham. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
  42. ^ "Bristol University". history-ontheweb.co.uk. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
  43. ^ "about BSMS: Brighton & Sussex Medical School". Brighton and Sussex Medical School. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
  44. ^ "Medical School Homepage". Brunel University London. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  45. ^ "University of Buckingham Medical School". University of Buckingham. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  46. ^ "History of the School". University of Cambridge. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
  47. ^ "Medical School Homepage". The University of Central Lancashire. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  48. ^ "Medical School Homepage". Edge Hill University. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  49. ^ "Medical School Homepage". The University of Exeter. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  50. ^ a b "HEFCE: News: A thousand more doctors to be trained each year". Higher Education Funding Council for England. Retrieved 21 August 2007.
  51. ^ "History of Imperial College". Imperial College London. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  52. ^ "Keele University School of Medicine : Research". Keele University. Archived from the original on 6 August 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2007.
  53. ^ "Bachelor of Medicine Bachelor of Surgery BM BS - KMMS". www.kmms.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  54. ^ "About King's College London : News and What's On". King's College London. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2007.
  55. ^ "About the Course". University of Lancaster. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
  56. ^ "History of the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health". University of Leeds. Archived from the original on 8 July 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2007.
  57. ^ "E-Bulletin: New structure for Leicester Medical School". University of Leicester. Retrieved 21 August 2007.
  58. ^ "LincolnMedical School". University of Lincoln. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  59. ^ "History of Victoria University of Manchester". University of Manchester. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  60. ^ "History of MMS (MMS - University of Manchester)". University of Manchester. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
  61. ^ "Medical School - About the University". University of Nottingham. Archived from the original on 19 August 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2007.
  62. ^ "Medical Sciences Timeline". University of Oxford. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  63. ^ "Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry". Plymouth University. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  64. ^ "UCL Medical School > About the School". University College London. Archived from the original on 5 July 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2007.
  65. ^ "Royal Free and University College Medical School > School > History". University College London. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2007.
  66. ^ "Alcoholism and Liver Disease :: University of Southampton". University of Southampton. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2007.
  67. ^ "History of St. George's". St George's University of London. Archived from the original on 1 June 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2007.
  68. ^ "Warwick Medical School - About". Warwick Medical School. Retrieved 21 August 2007.
  69. ^ "Warwick Medical School: Study". University of Warwick. Retrieved 21 August 2007.
  70. ^ "Medicine MBChB". worcester.ac.uk.
  71. ^ "Medicine: about the course". chester.ac.uk.
  72. ^ "History of Scottish Medicine" (PDF). John D. Comrie (1927).
  73. ^ Carter, Jennifer (1994). Crown and Gown: Illustrated History of the University of Aberdeen, 1495-1995. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press.
  74. ^ "University of Dundee > Past, Present And Future". University of Dundee. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
  75. ^ "College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine". The University of Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 15 August 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
  76. ^ "University of Glasgow :: Faculty of Medicine :: 18th century". University of Glasgow.
  77. ^ "University of Glasgow :: Faculty of Medicine :: 17th century". University of Glasgow. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  78. ^ "Bute Medical School". University of St Andrews. Retrieved 23 August 2007.
  79. ^ Blair, JSG (1987). History of Medicine in the University of St Andrews. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press.
  80. ^ "Card". Cardiff University. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  81. ^ "School of Medicine, Swansea". School of Medicine, Swansea. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
  82. ^ "New north Wales medical school to start training Wales' future doctors". GOV.WALES. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  83. ^ "Written Statement: North Wales Medical School (26 January 2023)". GOV.WALES. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  84. ^ "Queen's University Belfast > About Us". Queen's University Belfast. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
  85. ^ "Ulster University Opens the Doors to its First Medical Students with a new School of Medicine in the heart of the Community". Ulster University. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  86. ^ "St James School of Medicine Anguilla". St James School of Medicine Anguilla. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  87. ^ Day, Michael (16 October 2004). "Rejected in the UK, medical students head for the sun". Retrieved 19 January 2018 – via www.Telegraph.co.uk.
  88. ^ "St Matthews University". St Matthews University. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  89. ^ "USAT - Montserrat". University of Science, Arts and Technology. Archived from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2012.

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