Born in Edinburgh, Hancock studied sociology at Durham University before working as a journalist, writing for a number of British newspapers and magazines. His first three books dealt with international development, including Lords of Poverty (1989), a well-received critique of corruption in the aid system. Beginning with The Sign and the Seal in 1992, he shifted focus to speculative accounts of human prehistory and ancient civilisations, on which he has written a dozen books, most notably Fingerprints of the Gods and Magicians of the Gods. His ideas have been the subject of several films, as well as the Netflix series Ancient Apocalypse (2022), and Hancock makes regular appearances on the podcast The Joe Rogan Experience to discuss them. He has also written two fantasy novels and in 2013 delivered a controversial TEDx talk promoting the use of the psychoactive drink ayahuasca.
Hancock's interpretations of archaeological evidence and historic documents have been identified as a form of pseudoarchaeology[7][8] or pseudohistory.[9][10] They superficially resemble investigative journalism[11] but are biased towards preconceived conclusions by ignoring context, cherry picking or misinterpreting evidence, and withholding critical countervailing data.[12][13] His writings have neither undergone scholarly peer review nor been published in academic journals.[14] Hancock presents himself as a culture hero who fights the dogmatism of academics, claiming his work to be more valid than the research of professional archaeologists.[15]
Early life and education
Graham Bruce Hancock was born in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1950.[16] He moved to India with his parents at the age of three, where his father worked as a surgeon. Having returned to the UK, he graduated from Durham University with a degree in sociology in 1973.[17][18]
Career
As a journalist, Hancock worked for many British papers, such as The Times, The Sunday Times, The Independent, and The Guardian. He co-edited New Internationalist magazine from 1976 to 1979, and was the East Africa correspondent of The Economist from 1981 to 1983.[17][19][20] Before 1990, his works dealt mainly with problems of economic and social development. His book Lords of Poverty: The Power, Prestige, And Corruption Of The International Aid Business (1989) was based on his experience writing about international aid for The Economist. In the book, Hancock critiques the international aid system, stating in the book "aid is not bad ... because it is sometimes misused, corrupt or crass; rather, it is inherently bad, bad to the bone, and utterly beyond reform". Critics agreed that Hancock's work was a powerful critique of the international aid system, though a number disagreed with Hancock's thesis that aid was inherently bad.[21][22][23]
Since 1990, Hancock's works have focused mainly on speculative connections he makes between various archaeological, historical, and cross-cultural phenomena.[citation needed] He has stated that from about 1987 he was "pretty much permanently stoned ... and I felt that it helped me with my work as a writer, and perhaps at some point it did".[24] These include The Sign and the Seal, Fingerprints of the Gods, Keeper of Genesis (released in the US as Message of the Sphinx), The Mars Mystery, Heaven's Mirror (with wife Santha Faiia), Underworld: The Mysterious Origins of Civilization, and Talisman: Sacred Cities, Secret Faith (with co-author Robert Bauval).
In the 1997 book The Mars Mystery Hancock speculated based on the low-resolution Viking lander images, that the supposed face on the Cydonia region of Mars, along with a purported "five sided pyramid" may have been the work of an advanced civilisation on Mars that was later destroyed by a cataclysm.[25] In Hancock's book Talisman: Sacred Cities, Secret Faith,[26] co-authored with Robert Bauval, the two put forward what sociologist of religion David V. Barrett called "a version of the old Jewish-Masonic plot so beloved by ultra-right-wing conspiracy theorists."[27] They suggest a connection between the pillars of Solomon's Temple and the Twin Towers, and between the Star of David and The Pentagon.[28] A contemporary review of Talisman by David V. Barrett for The Independent pointed to a lack of originality as well as basic factual errors, concluding that it was "a mish-mash of badly-connected, half-argued theories".[29] In a 2008 piece for The Telegraph referencing Talisman, Damian Thompson described Hancock and Bauval as fantasists.[28] Hancock's Supernatural: Meetings With the Ancient Teachers of Mankind, was published in the UK in October 2005 and in the US in 2006. In it, Hancock examines paleolithiccave art in the light of David Lewis-Williams' neuropsychological model, exploring its relation to the development of the fully modern human mind.[30] In 2015, his Magicians of the Gods: The Forgotten Wisdom of Earth's Lost Civilization was published by St. Martin's Press.[31]
In addition to writing Hancock has been involved in a number of television documentaries about his pseudoarchaeological theories. 1996, he appeared in The Mysterious Origins of Man.[32] He also wrote and presented the documentaries Underworld: Flooded Kingdoms of the Ice Age (2002) and Quest for the Lost Civilisation (1998).[33][better source needed] In 2022 he presented Ancient Apocalypse, a Netflix documentary series that was widely viewed but panned by critics and academics.[34][35][36]
His first novel, Entangled: The Eater of Souls, the first in a fantasy series, was published in 2010. The novel makes use of Hancock's prior research interests. He has noted: "What was there to lose, I asked myself, when my critics already described my factual books as fiction?"[citation needed]
Pseudoarchaeology
Hancock's pseudo-archaeological work is defined by a narrative based on cherry picked information, and strident opposition to "mainstream archaeology." It superficially resembles investigative journalism, but is neither accurate, consistent or impartial. His ideas are built with references to myths, pseudoscience, outdated scientific models, and cutting-edge science, depending on what suits his claims.[37]
[I]t’s not my job to be “balanced” or “objective”. On the contrary, by providing a powerful, persuasive single-minded case for the existence of a lost civilisation, I believe that I am merely restoring a little balance and objectivity to a previously unbalanced situation.... [I]t’s my job—and a real responsibility to be taken seriously—to undermine and cast doubt on the orthodox theory of history in every way that I can and to make the most eloquent and persuasive case that I am capable of making for the existence of a lost civilisation.
Pseudoarchaeologists mislead their audience by misrepresenting the current state of knowledge, take quotes out of contexts, and withhold countervailing data. Garrett G. Fagan pointed out two typical examples in Hancock's book Fingerprints of the Gods (1995):[38]
Surviving fragment of the Piri Reis map Hancock wrote that "the best recent evidence suggests that"[39] large regions of Antarctica may have been ice free until about 6,000 years ago, referring to the Piri Reis map and Hapgood's work from the 1960s. What is left entirely unmentioned are the extensive studies of the Antarctic ice sheet by George H. Denton, published in 1981, which showed the ice to be hundreds of thousands of years old.[40][41]
When discussing the ancient city of Tiwanaku, Hancock presents it as a "mysterious site about which very little is known"[42] and that "minimal archaeology has been done over the years",[42] suggesting it dates to 17,000 years ago. Yet in the years prior to these statements dozens of studies had been published, major excavations were conducted and the site was radiocarbon dated by three sets of samples to around 1500 BC.[43]
Hancock believes Plato's story about the sunken island Atlantis to be based on this supposed civilization, and argues their homeland was in the Americas. He embraces the idea that the Younger Dryas climate change was caused by a cataclysmic meteor shower, approximately 12,900 years ago, a hypothesis that has little support in the scientific community.[45]
The survivors of the catastrophe, Hancock claims, arrived in places like Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica where they shared their superior technology with local hunter-gatherers, introducing them to agriculture, monumental architecture, and astronomy.[6] He suggests that these Atlanteans had monuments constructed that encode astronomical data as a warning to others and were remembered by later civilizations as "magicians and gods"[45] The narrative assumes that the advanced civilization lacked a writing system that enabled them to leave a less ambiguous message. Hancock does not explain why this warning is not uniform across different cultures and so hard to decode that generations of researchers missed it.[47]
Hancock believes that the technology his lost Ice Age civilization possessed was primarily spiritual.[51] According to anthropologist Jeb Card, in America Before (2019) Hancock describes his advanced Ice Age civilisation as a "global-sea based society comparable with the late pre-Industrial British Empire" with knowledge "that would seem like magic even today". Hancock suggests that the teachings of Atlanteans to later civilisations were "geometric, astronomical and spiritual" in nature, which were faciltated by the use of psychotropic plants used to access the Otherworld, allowing them to commune with souls and otherworldly beings.[45]
He also proposed that they were able to move and shape large stones with the help of meditation and psychoactive plants,[51] and asserted that granite blocks of the Great Pyramid of Giza were moved by "priests chanting", suggesting a form of acoustic levitation.[52]
Archaeologist John Hoopes has described Hancock's claims as effectively religious in nature and rooted in New Age beliefs.[53] Anthropologist Jeb Card stated that attempts to critique Hancock's work "using the criteria of professional archaeology is doomed to failure, as his goals are outside the goals of the materialist practice of scientific archaeology", describing the goals of Hancock as mythic and paranormal in nature.[45]
Racist implications
Archaeologists and skeptical writers have accused Hancock of reinforcing white supremacist ideas, due to the origins of some of Hancock's claims being drawn from racist sources. For instance, Hancock draws from the work of Donnelly, a proponent of the racist "mound builder myth" which insists that the Indigenous peoples were not capable of creating sophisticated structures, attributing them to white people or Atlanteans.[6][54] Hancock has distanced himself from this claim, yet failed to explain how a fully competent local population could serve as evidence for a lost civilization that transferred superior science and technology to them.[55]
Although Hancock has identified the Atlanteans as indigenous Americans,[54] he stated in Fingerprints of the Gods that Atlanteans were "white [and] auburn-haired".[6] Hancock has based some of his work on outdated race science and has argued for the presence of indigenous "Caucasoids" and "Negroids" in the Americas prior to 1492, which he claims are depicted in indigenous American art and mythology.[6]
The Maya were described by Hancock as only "semi-civilized" and their achievements as "generally unremarkable" to support the thesis that they inherited their calendar from a much older, far more advanced civilization.[56]
Hancock has rejected allegations that he is racist, and has expressed support for native rights.[57]
Representation of the central tenet of the Orion Correlation Theory – the outline of the Giza pyramids superimposed over the stars in Orion's Belt. This alleged match has been rejected by astronomers.
One of the many recurring themes in several of Hancock's works has been an exposition on Robert Bauval's Orion correlation theory (OCT). OCT posits that the relative locations of the three largest pyramids of the Giza pyramid complex were chosen by the builders to reflect the three stars of Orion's Belt of the constellation Orion. The pyramids are aligned to the cardinal direction within a fraction of a degree,[58] however they are mismatched with Orion's Belt exceeding five degrees, noted astronomer Tony Fairall.[59]
The Message of the Sphinx (1996)
The Message of the Sphinx: A Quest for the Hidden Legacy of Mankind (Keeper of Genesis in the United Kingdom) is a pseudoarchaeology[60][61] book written by Hancock and Robert Bauval in 1996 which argues that the creation of the Sphinx and Pyramids occurred as far back as 10,500 BC using astronomical data. Working from the premise that the Giza pyramid complex encodes a message, the book begins with the fringe Sphinx water erosion hypothesis, evidence that the authors believe suggests that deep erosion patterns on the flanks of the Sphinx were caused by thousands of years of heavy rain. The authors go on to suggest, using computer simulations of the sky, that the pyramids, representing the three stars of Orion's Belt, along with associated causeways and alignments, constitute a record in stone of the celestial array at the vernal equinox in 10,500 BC. This moment, they contend, represents Zep Tepi, the "First Time", often referred to in the hieroglyphic record. They state that the initiation rites of the Egyptian pharaohs replicate on Earth the sun's journey through the stars in this remote era, and they suggest that the "Hall of Records" of a lost civilisation may be located by treating the Giza Plateau as a template of these same ancient skies.[62]
Atlantis Reborn (1999)
Hancock and Bauval's Orion correlation theory was the subject of Atlantis Reborn, an episode of the BBC documentary series Horizon broadcast in 1999. The programme was critical of the theory, demonstrating that the constellation Leo could be found amongst famous landmarks in New York, and alleging that Hancock had selectively moved or ignored the locations of temples to support his argument.[4] It concluded that "as long as you have enough points and you don't need to make every point fit, you can find virtually any pattern you want."[63]
Following the broadcast, Hancock and Bauval complained to the Broadcasting Standards Commission, but the commission found that "the programme makers acted in good faith in their examination of the theories".[64] One complaint was upheld: that the programme unfairly omitted one of their arguments in rebuttal of astronomer Edwin Krupp.[65][66] The following year the BBC broadcast a revised version of the episode, Atlantis Reborn Again, in which Hancock and Bauval provided further rebuttals to Krupp.[4][66]
Hancock's theories are the basis of Ancient Apocalypse, a 2022 documentary series produced by Netflix, where Hancock's son Sean is "senior manager of unscripted originals".[67] In the series, Hancock argues that an advanced ice age civilization was destroyed in a cataclysm, but that its survivors introduced agriculture, monumental architecture and astronomy to hunter-gatherers around the world.[6] He attempts to show how several ancient monuments are evidence of this, and claims that archaeologists are ignoring or covering-up this alleged evidence.[68] It incorporates ideas from the Comet Research Group (CRG), including the controversial Younger Dryas impact hypothesis.[69]
Archaeologists and other experts have described the theories presented in the series as lacking in evidence and easily disproven.[6][70] It has been criticised for failing to present alternative hypotheses or contradicting evidence, and for unfounded accusations that "mainstream archaeology" conspires against Hancock's ideas.[68][71] Archaeologists have linked Hancock's claims to "racist" and "white supremacist" ideologies from the 19th century, which they say are insulting to the ancestors of indigenous peoples who built the monuments.[72] A Maltese archaeologist who appeared in the episode said that her interview had been manipulated.[73] The Society for American Archaeology (SAA) objected to the classification of the series as a documentary and requested that Netflix reclassify it as science fiction. The SAA also stated that the series
repeatedly and vigorously dismisses archaeologists and the practice of archaeology with aggressive rhetoric, willfully seeking to cause harm to our membership and our profession in the public eye; ... the theory it presents has a long-standing association with racist, white supremacist ideologies; does injustice to Indigenous peoples; and emboldens extremists.[74][75]
Other media appearances
Hancock gave a TEDx lecture titled "The War on Consciousness", in which he described his use of ayahuasca, an Amazonian brew containing a hallucinogenic compound DMT, and argued that adults should be allowed to responsibly use it for self-improvement and spiritual growth. He stated that for 24 years he was "pretty much permanently stoned" on cannabis, and that in 2011, six years after his first use of ayahuasca, it enabled him to stop using cannabis.[24] At the recommendation of TED's Science Board, the lecture was removed from the TEDx YouTube channel and moved to TED's main website where it "can be framed to highlight both [Hancock's] provocative ideas and the factual problems with [his] arguments".[76]
In 2009, Roland Emmerich released his blockbuster disaster movie 2012, citing Fingerprints of the Gods in the credits as an inspiration for the film,[77] stating: "I always wanted to do a biblical flood movie, but I never felt I had the hook. I first read about the Earth's Crust Displacement Theory in Graham Hancock's Fingerprints of the Gods."[78]
Hancock, Graham; Enver Carim (1986). AIDS: The Deadly Epidemic. London: V. Gollancz. ISBN0-575-03837-3.
Hancock, Graham (1989). Lords of Poverty: The Power, Prestige, and Corruption of the International Aid Business. Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN0-87113-253-2.
This article has an unclear citation style. The reason given is: unclear citation style, some {{sfn}}, some not; probably all sources should be listed and then cited with {{sfn}}. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting.(November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
^"...the belief of Hancock and other writers in a lost civilisation that passed its wisdom on to ancient Egypt or the Maya repeats the theme of Atlantis: the antediluvian world popularised by Ignatius Donnelly from 1882." Kevin Greene, Tom Moore, Archaeology: An Introduction, page 252 (Routledge, 2010 edition). ISBN978-0-203-83597-5
^Natawidjaya, Danny Hilman (2013). Plato tidak bohong Atlantis ada di Indonesia [Plato Never Lied: Atlantis Is In Indonesia] (in Indonesian). Indonesia: Booknesia. ISBN978-6021832929.
^Derricourt, Robin M. (2015). Antiquity Imagined: The Remarkable Legacy of Egypt and the Ancient Near East. London: I. B. Tauris. p. 37. ISBN9780857726995.
^Henty, Liz (2022). Exploring Archaeoastronomy: A History of its Relationship with Archaeology and Esotericism. Oxbow Books. pp. 159–160. ISBN9781789257885.
^Sandweiss, Daniel H. (30 November 2022). "Dear Ms. Bajaria and Ms. Corp"(PDF). Society for American Archaeology. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
