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ACADS

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ACADS
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesACADS, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, C-2 to C-3 short chain, ACAD3, SCAD, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase short chain
External IDsOMIM: 606885; MGI: 87868; HomoloGene: 20057; GeneCards: ACADS; OMA:ACADS - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

35

11409

Ensembl

ENSG00000122971

ENSMUSG00000029545

UniProt

P16219

Q07417

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001302554
NM_000017

NM_007383

RefSeq (protein)

NP_000008
NP_001289483
NP_001289483.1

NP_031409

Location (UCSC)Chr 12: 120.73 – 120.74 MbChr 5: 115.25 – 115.26 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, C-2 to C-3 short chain is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ACADS gene.[5] This gene encodes a tetrameric mitochondrial flavoprotein, which is a member of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family. This enzyme catalyzes the initial step of the mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway. The ACADS gene is associated with short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency.[6][5]

Structure

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The ACADS gene is approximately 13 kb in length and has 10 exons. The coding sequence of this gene is 1239 bp long.[7] The encoded protein has 412 amino acids, and its size is 44.3 kDa (Human) or 44.9 KDa (Mouse).[8][9]

Function

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The SCAD enzyme catalyzes the first part of fatty acid beta-oxidation by forming a C2-C3 trans-double bond in the fatty acid through dehydrogenation of the flavoenzyme. SCAD is specific to short-chain fatty acids, between C2 and C3-acylCoA. The final result of beta-oxidation is acetyl-CoA.[10] When there are defects that result in SCAD being misfolded, there is an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS); the increased ROS forces the mitochondria to undergo fission, and the mitochondrial reticulum takes on a grain-like structure.[11]

Clinical significance

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Mutations of the ACADS gene are associated with deficiency of the short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase protein (SCADD); this is also known as butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Many mutations have been identified in specific populations, and large-scale studies have been performed to determine the allelic and genotypic frequency for the defective gene.[12][13] As short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase is involved in beta-oxidation, a deficiency in this enzyme is marked by an increased amount of fatty acids. This deficiency is characterized by the presence of increased butyrylcarnitine (C4) in blood plasma, and increased ethylmalonic acid (EMA) concentrations in urine. Genotypes of individuals with this deficiency have it as a result of a mutation, variant, or a combination of the two.[14] Among one population with the disease, three subgroups have been identified: one group has a failure to thrive, feeding difficulties, and hypotonia; another group had seizures; finally, one group had hypotonia and no seizures.[15] Other studies showed that the deficiency may be asymptomatic in some individuals under normal conditions, with symptoms presenting under physiological stress conditions such as fasting or illness.[16] The treatment of this deficiency can sometimes be unclear, because it can sometimes be asymptomatic. The treatment for this disease is similar to treatment of other fatty acid oxidation disorders, by trying to restore biochemical and physiologic homeostasis, by promoting anabolism and providing alternative sources of energy. [14] Flavin adenine dinucleotide supplementation has also been identified as a therapy for this deficiency, because it is an essential cofactor for proper function of SCAD.[17] SCAD deficiency is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Carrier testing can be performed for at-risk family members, and prenatal testing is also a possibility. [14]

The ACADS gene has also been implicated in delaying the onset of Prader-Willi Syndrome, which is characterized by hypotonia, growth failure, and neurodevelopmental delays in the first years of life, and hyperphagia and obesity much later.[18]

In a genome-wide association study (GWAS), a single-nucleotide polymorphism in ACADS has been associated with a reduced amount of insulin release shown by an oral glucose tolerance test, or OGTT.[19]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000122971 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000029545 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ a b "Entrez Gene: Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, C-2 to C-3 short chain".
  6. ^ Tein I, Elpeleg O, Ben-Zeev B, Korman SH, Lossos A, Lev D, et al. (February 2008). "Short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase gene mutation (c.319C>T) presents with clinical heterogeneity and is candidate founder mutation in individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish origin". Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 93 (2): 179–189. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2007.09.021. PMID 18054510.
  7. ^ Corydon MJ, Andresen BS, Bross P, Kjeldsen M, Andreasen PH, Eiberg H, et al. (December 1997). "Structural organization of the human short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase gene". Mammalian Genome. 8 (12): 922–926. doi:10.1007/s003359900612. PMID 9383286. S2CID 9157185.
  8. ^ "Protein Information: P16219". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB). Archived from the original on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  9. ^ "Protein Information: Q07417". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB). Archived from the original on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  10. ^ Voet DJ, Voet JG, Pratt CW (2010). "Chapter 18, Mitochondrial ATP synthesis". Principles of Biochemistry (4th ed.). Wiley. p. 667. ISBN 978-0-470-23396-2.
  11. ^ Schmidt SP, Corydon TJ, Pedersen CB, Bross P, Gregersen N (June 2010). "Misfolding of short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase leads to mitochondrial fission and oxidative stress". Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 100 (2): 155–162. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.03.009. PMID 20371198.
  12. ^ Jethva R, Bennett MJ, Vockley J (December 2008). "Short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency". Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 95 (4): 195–200. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2008.09.007. PMC 2720545. PMID 18977676.
  13. ^ Okuyaz C, Ezgü FS, Biberoglu G, Zeviani M, Tiranti V, Yilgör E (June 2008). "Severe infantile hypotonia with ethylmalonic aciduria: case report". Journal of Child Neurology. 23 (6): 703–705. doi:10.1177/0883073807313048. PMID 18539996. S2CID 46624539.
  14. ^ a b c Wolfe L, Jethva R, Oglesbee D, Vockley J (1993). "Short-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency". In Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJ, Gripp KW, Amemiya A (eds.). GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 21938826.
  15. ^ Pedersen CB, Kølvraa S, Kølvraa A, Stenbroen V, Kjeldsen M, Ensenauer R, et al. (August 2008). "The ACADS gene variation spectrum in 114 patients with short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficiency is dominated by missense variations leading to protein misfolding at the cellular level". Human Genetics. 124 (1): 43–56. doi:10.1007/s00439-008-0521-9. PMID 18523805. S2CID 25491212.
  16. ^ Bok LA, Vreken P, Wijburg FA, Wanders RJ, Gregersen N, Corydon MJ, et al. (November 2003). "Short-chain Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: studies in a large family adding to the complexity of the disorder" (PDF). Pediatrics. 112 (5): 1152–1155. doi:10.1542/peds.112.5.1152. PMID 14595061.
  17. ^ van Maldegem BT, Duran M, Wanders RJ, Waterham HR, Wijburg FA (March 2010). "Flavin adenine dinucleotide status and the effects of high-dose riboflavin treatment in short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency". Pediatric Research. 67 (3): 304–308. doi:10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181cbd57b. PMID 19952864.
  18. ^ Giurgiutiu DV, Espinoza LM, Wood TC, DuPont BR, Holden KR (January 2008). "Persistent growth failure in Prader-Willi syndrome associated with short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase gene variant". Journal of Child Neurology. 23 (1): 112–117. doi:10.1177/0883073807307979. PMID 18184946. S2CID 31888136.
  19. ^ Hornbak M, Banasik K, Justesen JM, Krarup NT, Sandholt CH, Andersson Å, et al. (January 2011). "The minor C-allele of rs2014355 in ACADS is associated with reduced insulin release following an oral glucose load". BMC Medical Genetics. 12: 4. doi:10.1186/1471-2350-12-4. PMC 3022800. PMID 21211036.
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This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

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