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Formosan subterranean termite

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Formosan termite
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Blattodea
Infraorder: Isoptera
Family: Rhinotermitidae
Genus: Coptotermes
Species:
C. formosanus
Binomial name
Coptotermes formosanus
Shiraki, 1909
Synonyms
  • Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, 1909
  • Coptotermes formosae Holmgren, 1911
  • Coptotermes hongkonensis Oshima, 1914
  • Coptotermes intrudens Oshima, 1920
  • Coptotermes remotus Silvestri, 1928
  • Coptotermes eucalyptus Ping, 1984
  • Coptotermes xiaoliangensis Ping, 1984
  • Coptotermes guangzhouensis Ymg, 1985
  • Coptotermes heteromorphus Ping, 1985
  • Coptotermes (Polycrinitermes) communis Xia & He, 1986
  • Coptotermes rectangularis Ping, Xu, Xu & Gong,72 1986

The Formosan termite (Coptotermes formosanus) is a species of termite local to southern China and introduced to Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa, where it gets its name), Japan, South Africa, Sri Lanka,[1] Hawaii, and the continental United States.

The Formosan termite is often nicknamed the super-termite because of its destructive habits due to the large size of its colonies and its ability to consume wood at a rapid rate. Populations of these termites have become large enough to appear on New Orleans' weather radars.[2]

A mature Formosan colony can consume as much as 13 ounces of wood a day (about 400 g) and can severely damage a structure in as little as three months.

Formosan termites infest a wide variety of structures (including boats and high-rise condominiums) and can damage trees. In the United States, along with another species, Coptotermes gestroi, introduced from Southeast Asia, they are responsible for tremendous damage to property resulting in large treatment and repair costs.

Biology

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Coptotermes formosanus is a social insect.[3][4][5][6]

Nutrition

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Crops include sugarcane.[7][8][9][10]

Reproduction and lifecycle stages

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Fertile queen

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As an introduced species

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History

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[12] Formosan termites are rarely found north of 35°N. They have been reported in 11 states, including Alabama, California, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas. Their distribution is restricted to southern areas of the United States because their eggs don't hatch below about 20 °C (68 °F). More information can also be found at University of Florida Entomology.

Spread of Formosan infestation

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Formosan termites, since their probable landing at the Port of New Orleans around the middle of the 20th century, have become a most serious concern to pest control regulators and researchers. In the 1970's, the United States Department of Agriculture began to track the spread of Formosan infestations. Maps of counties infested by Formosans were published by the USDA in 1975, 1990, and 2001. Universities across Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Florida have published updates since then.

The annual expansion rate of Formosan infestation between 1990 and present varies from 5.3% in Mississippi to 8.1% in Texas.

Chouvenc & Helmick 2015 find that C. formosanus readily hybridizes with another invasive termite in Florida, C. gestroi.[13]

Economic impact

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Historic structures in Hawaii have been threatened, such as Iolani Palace in Honolulu.[14][15]

Acceleration of Formosan infestation is accelerating as Formosans fill gaps and move to the north

It has its greatest impact in North America.[16][17][18] C. formosanus is the most destructive, difficult to control, and economically important species of termite in the southern United States.[19]

The Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services discusses the average cost of Formosan termite damage as "in the $10,000 range per home.......can be much higher...in some severe cases the home may have to be demolished and rebuilt." Florida Consumer Protection.[20]

Formosan termite barriers

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Physical barriers to Formosan termites have been developed. Most of these barriers must be installed during construction, but a few can be installed after construction. The most important application of these post construction barriers is the stone particle barrier, used to protect exposed concrete perimeters.

The International Code Council (ICC) has issued an acceptance standard AC 380 Acceptance Criteria for Termite Physical Barrier Systems which requires five years of controlled field trials in multiple Formosan termite infested locations.[21] These acceptance criteria are rigorous and are drawn from the criteria used by state and federal pest control regulators for termite control methods.

Maps of Counties Infected

References

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  1. ^ "An annotated checklist of termites (Isoptera) from Sri Lanka". National Science Foundation. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  2. ^ "Swarm of termites shows up as cloud on weather radar". UPI. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
  3. ^ (Howarth 1985)
  4. ^ (Grace et al. 1996a).
  5. ^ (Tulane 2002, ARS 2002).
  6. ^ Grace et al. (1995)
  7. ^ (ARS 2002).
  8. ^ (Broughton and Grace 1994).
  9. ^ Cabrera et al. (2001)
  10. ^ Morales-Ramos and Rojas (2003)
  11. ^ Su and Scheffrahn (2000)
  12. ^ (Su and Tamashiro 1987).
  13. ^
    Lay summary: Geggel, Laura (30 March 2015). "'Super' Termite Hybrid May Wreak Havoc on Florida Animals". Live Science. Retrieved 2019-12-01.
    CHOUVENC, THOMAS; LI, HOU-FENG; AUSTIN, JAMES; BORDEREAU, CHRISTIAN; BOURGUIGNON, THOMAS; CAMERON, STEPHEN L.; CANCELLO, ELIANA M.; CONSTANTINO, REGINALDO; COSTA-LEONARDO, ANA MARIA; EGGLETON, PAUL; EVANS, THEODORE A.; FORSCHLER, BRIAN; GRACE, J. KENNETH; HUSSENEDER, CLAUDIA; KŘEČEK, JAN; LEE, CHOW-YANG; LEE, TIMOTHY; LO, NATHAN; MESSENGER, MATTHEW; MULLINS, AARON; ROBERT, ALAIN; ROISIN, YVES; SCHEFFRAHN, RUDOLF H.; SILLAM-DUSSÈS, DAVID; ŠOBOTNÍK, JAN; SZALANSKI, ALLEN; TAKEMATSU, YOKO; VARGO, EDWARD L.; YAMADA, AKINORI; YOSHIMURA, TSUYOSHI; SU, NAN-YAO (2015). "Revisiting Coptotermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae): a global taxonomic road map for species validity and distribution of an economically important subterranean termite genus". Systematic Entomology. 41 (2): 299–306. doi:10.1111/syen.12157. S2CID 19512935.
    Govorushko, Sergey (2018). "Economic and ecological importance of termites: A global review". Entomological Science. 22 (1): 21–35. doi:10.1111/ens.12328. S2CID 92474272.
    These reviews cite this research.
    Chouvenc, Thomas; Helmick, Ericka E.; Su, Nan-Yao (2015). "Hybridization of Two Major Termite Invaders as a Consequence of Human Activity". PLOS ONE. 10 (3). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e0120745. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1020745C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120745. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4373762. PMID 25806968. S2CID 5016465.
  14. ^ (Tulane 2002)
  15. ^ (Grace et al. 2002)
  16. ^ Lax and Osbrink (2003)
  17. ^ (Tulane 2002)
  18. ^ Raloff (2003)
  19. ^ Fei and Henderson (2003)
  20. ^ (Yates et al. 2000).
  21. ^ https://icc-es.org/acceptance-criteria/ac380/
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