Christian philosophy

Christian philosophy includes all philosophy carried out by Christians, or in relation to the religion of Christianity. Christian philosophy emerged with the aim of reconciling science and faith, starting from natural rational explanations with the help of Christian revelation. Several thinkers such as Origen of Alexandria and Augustine believed that there was a harmonious relationship between science and faith, others such as Tertullian claimed that there was contradiction and others tried to differentiate them.^[1]

There are scholars who question the existence of a Christian philosophy itself. These claim that there is no originality in Christian thought and its concepts and ideas are inherited from Greek philosophy. Thus, Christian philosophy would protect philosophical thought, which would already be definitively elaborated by Greek philosophy.^[2]

However, Boehner and Gilson claim that Christian philosophy is not a simple repetition of ancient philosophy, although they owe to Greek science the knowledge developed by Plato, Aristotle and the Neo-Platonists. They even claim that in Christian philosophy, Greek culture survives in organic form.^[3]

Historical aspects[edit]

Christian philosophy began around the 3rd century. It arises through the movement of the Christian community called Patristics,^[4] which initially had as a main objective the defense of Christianity. As Christianity spread, patristic authors increasingly engaged with the philosophical schools of the hellenized Roman Empire, and ultimately learned from some aspects of these surrounding ideas how to better articulate Christianity's own revelation of Jesus Christ as God incarnate and one with God the Father and God the Spirit. Many scholars consider Origen of Alexandria to be the first Christian teacher to fully present Christian philosophy and metaphysics as a stronger alternative to other schools (especially Platonism). See Origen Against Plato by Mark J. Edwards and the introduction to Origen: On First Principles translated and introduced by John Behr as two prominent examples of this history of a specifically Christian philosophy and metaphysics.

From the 11th century onwards, Christian philosophy was manifested through Scholasticism. This is the period of medieval philosophy that extended until the 15th century, as pointed out by T. Adão Lara. From the 16th century onwards, Christian philosophy, with its theories, started to coexist with independent scientific and philosophical theories.

The development of Christian ideas represents a break with the philosophy of the Greeks, bearing in mind that the starting point of Christian philosophy is the Christian religious message.

Lara divides Christian philosophy into three eras:

Early philosophy: Patristics (2nd–7th centuries)
Medieval philosophy: Scholastics (9th–13th centuries)
Pre-modern (14th–15th centuries)^[5]

Characteristics[edit]

Natural demonstration[edit]

The philosophical starting point of Christian philosophy is logic, not excluding Christian theology.^[6] Although there is a relationship between theological doctrines and philosophical reflection in Christian philosophy, its reflections are strictly rational. On this way of seeing the two disciplines, if at least one of the premises of an argument is derived from revelation, the argument falls in the domain of theology; otherwise it falls into philosophy's domain.^[7]^[8]

Justification of truths of faith[edit]

Fundamentally, Christian philosophical ideals are to make religious convictions rationally evident through natural reason. The Christian philosopher's attitude is determined by faith in matters relating to cosmology and everyday life. Unlike the Secular philosopher, the Christian philosopher seeks conditions for the identification of eternal truth, being characterized by religiosity^[9]

There is criticism of Christian philosophy because the Christian religion is hegemonic at this time and centralizes the elaboration of all values. The coexistence of philosophy and religion is questioned, as philosophy itself is critical and religion founded on revelation and established dogmas. Lara believes that there was questioning and writings with philosophical characteristics in the Middle Ages, although religion and theology predominated.^[10] In this way it was established by dogmas, in some aspects, which did not prevent significant philosophical constructions.

Tradition[edit]

A Christian philosophy developed from predecessor philosophies. Justin is based on Greek philosophy, an academy in Augustine and Patristics. It is in the tradition of Christian philosophical thought or Judaism, from whom it was inherited from the Old Testament and more fundamentally in the Gospel message, which records or at the center of the message advocated by Christianity.

Scholasticism received influence from both Jewish philosophy and Islamic philosophy. This Christian Europe did not remain exclusively influenced by itself, but it suffered strong influences from other cultures.^[11]

Systematizing view[edit]

The 'Divine Unity' (attempts) 'intercedes' to systematically and comprehensively systematize the problems of 'global/worldly' reality 'on' a 'cosmic-harmonic-balance' whole. There is a lack of creative 'Divine Spirit',^{[citation needed]} which is compensated by the overall vision. Christian Revelation itself provides the Christian with an overview.^[12]

Citations[edit]

^ Murray, Michael J.; Rea, Michael (2016). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Philosophy and Christian Theology. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
^ Existe uma filosofia cristã. 1978.
^ Boehner, Philoteus. Gilson, Etienne. História da filosofia cristã: desde às origens até Nicolau de Cusa, 8a edição, Petrópolis, Vozes, 2003, pág. 571
^ "What are the Patristics, and why should we study them?". www.monergism.com. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
^ Lara, pg. 13.
^ Boehner, pág. 10
^ Peter van Inwagen (May 2018). Metaphysics (4th ed.). Taylor and Francis. ISBN 9780429963575. metaphysics must be distinguished from sacred or revealed theology. Theology is, by definition, the science or study of God. Theology partly overlaps metaphysics. What is common to theology and metaphysics is usually called philosophical, or natural, theology. It is the remaining part of theology that is called sacred, or revealed, theology.^{[page needed]}
^ Murray, Michael J.; Rea, Michael (13 May 2002). "Philosophy and Christian Theology". Murray, Michael J. and Michael Rea, "Philosophy and Christian Theology", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. On this way of seeing the two disciplines, if at least one of the premises of an argument is derived from revelation, the argument falls in the domain of theology; otherwise it falls into philosophy's domain.
^ Boehner, pág. 10-11
^ Lara, pág. 11
^ Lara, pág. 13
^ Boehner, pág. 12

References[edit]

Boehner, Philoteus. Gilson, Etienne. História da filosofia cristã: desde às origens até Nicolau de Cusa, 8a edição, Petrópolis, Vozes, 2003.
Lara, Tiago Adão. Curso de história da filosofia: A filosofia nos tempos e contratempos da cristandade ocidental, Petrópolis, Vozes, 1999.
Störig, Hans Joachim. História Geral da Filosofia, Petrópolis, Vozes, 2008.

External links[edit]

The Institute for Faithful Research

[1] Murray, Michael J.; Rea, Michael (2016). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Philosophy and Christian Theology. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.

[2] Existe uma filosofia cristã. 1978.

[3] Boehner, Philoteus. Gilson, Etienne. História da filosofia cristã: desde às origens até Nicolau de Cusa, 8a edição, Petrópolis, Vozes, 2003, pág. 571

[4] "What are the Patristics, and why should we study them?". www.monergism.com. Retrieved 2021-10-27.

[5] Lara, pg. 13.

[6] Boehner, pág. 10

[Inwagen-7] Peter van Inwagen (May 2018). Metaphysics (4th ed.). Taylor and Francis. ISBN 9780429963575. metaphysics must be distinguished from sacred or revealed theology. Theology is, by definition, the science or study of God. Theology partly overlaps metaphysics. What is common to theology and metaphysics is usually called philosophical, or natural, theology. It is the remaining part of theology that is called sacred, or revealed, theology.^{[page needed]}

[SEP_ChristianPhilosophy-8] Murray, Michael J.; Rea, Michael (13 May 2002). "Philosophy and Christian Theology". Murray, Michael J. and Michael Rea, "Philosophy and Christian Theology", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. On this way of seeing the two disciplines, if at least one of the premises of an argument is derived from revelation, the argument falls in the domain of theology; otherwise it falls into philosophy's domain.

[9] Boehner, pág. 10-11

[10] Lara, pág. 11

[11] Lara, pág. 13

[12] Boehner, pág. 12

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

v t e Western world and culture
Foundations	Cradle of civilization Old World Greco-Roman world Greece Hellenistic Kingdoms Rome Roman Empire Western Eastern Roman legacy Romanization Romano-Germanic culture Christendom
History	European Bronze Age Classical antiquity Late antiquity Middle Ages early high late Renaissance Early modern period Age of Discovery Reformation Age of Enlightenment Scientific Revolution Late modern period Age of Revolution Romanticism Abolitionism Emancipation Capitalism Industrial Revolution Great Divergence Modern era Modernism World War I Interwar period Universal suffrage World War II Cold War Post–Cold War era Information age War on terror
Culture	Alphabet Greek Latin Cyrillic Architecture Art Periods Calendar Cuisine Diet Classical tradition Studies Clothing History Dance Esotericism Astrology Folklore Immigration Law Languages Eurolinguistics Standard Average European Literature Canon Media Internet Music Chant Classical Folk Mythology Painting (contemporary) Philosophy Science Values Physical culture Sport Religion East–West Schism Western Christianity Decline Secularism
Philosophy	Ancient Greek philosophy Hellenistic philosophy Ancient Roman philosophy Judeo-Christian ethics Christian philosophy Scholasticism Rationalism Empiricism Existentialism Christian existentialism Humanism Christian humanism Secular humanism Liberalism Conservatism Socialism Continental philosophy Analytic philosophy Post-structuralism Tolerance Paradox Relativism Peritrope Atlanticism Values
Religion	Abrahamic Judaism Culture Christianity Culture Western/Eastern Catholic Church Latin Church Eastern Orthodoxy Greek Orthodox Church Protestantism Islam Culture Cultural Muslim Bábism Azali Baháʼí Druze Mandaeism Rastafari Samaritanism Paganism Baltic Celtic Finnish Germanic Anglo-Saxon Frankish Gothic Old Norse Hellenistic Roman Slavic Neo Agnosticism Atheism
Law	Natural law Rule of law Equality before the law Constitutionalism Human rights Life Thought Speech Press Religion Property Democracy International law
Contemporary integration	ABCANZ Armies Anglo-Portuguese Alliance ANZUS Arctic Council AUKUS Baltic Assembly Benelux British–Irish Council Bucharest Nine Council of Europe Craiova Group EEA EFTA ESA EU EU Customs Union Eurozone EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement Five Eyes G7 Lancaster House Treaties Lublin Triangle NATO Nordic Council OAS OSCE Pacific Islands Forum PROSUL/PROSUR Rio Treaty Schengen Special Relationship Three Seas Initiative USMCA Visegrád Group West Nordic Council Western Bloc Western European and Others Group Westernization