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Dick Gephardt

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Dick Gephardt
Official portrait, 1997
House Minority Leader
In office
January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2003
WhipDavid Bonior
Nancy Pelosi
Preceded byRobert H. Michel
Succeeded byNancy Pelosi
Leader of the House Democratic Caucus
In office
January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2003
Preceded byTom Foley
Succeeded byNancy Pelosi
House Majority Leader
In office
June 6, 1989 – January 3, 1995
SpeakerTom Foley
WhipWilliam H. Gray
David Bonior
Preceded byTom Foley
Succeeded byDick Armey
Chair of the House Democratic Caucus
In office
January 3, 1985 – January 3, 1989
LeaderTip O'Neill
Jim Wright
Preceded byGillis William Long
Succeeded byWilliam H. Gray
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Missouri's 3rd district
In office
January 3, 1977 – January 3, 2005
Preceded byLeonor Sullivan
Succeeded byRuss Carnahan
Member of the St. Louis Board of Aldermen from the 14th Ward
In office
1971–1976
Personal details
Born
Richard Andrew Gephardt

(1941-01-31) January 31, 1941 (age 83)
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
SpouseJane Gephardt (m. 1966; died 2024)[1]
Children3, including Chrissy
EducationNorthwestern University (BS)
University of Michigan (JD)
Military service
Allegiance United States
Branch/service United States Air Force
Years of service1965–1971
UnitMissouri Air National Guard
Dick Gephardt's voice
Duration: 6 minutes and 47 seconds.
Dick Gephardt on legislation sanctioning Russia for missile exports to Iran
Recorded June 9, 1998

Richard Andrew Gephardt (/ˈɡɛphɑːrd/;[2] born January 31, 1941) is an American attorney, lobbyist, and politician who represented Missouri's 3rd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1977 to 2005. A member of the Democratic Party, he was House majority leader from 1989 to 1995 and minority leader from 1995 to 2003. He ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in 1988 and 2004. Gephardt was mentioned as a possible vice presidential nominee in 1988, 1992, 2000, 2004, and 2008.[3]

Since his retirement from politics, Gephardt has become a significant lobbyist. He founded a Washington-based public affairs firm, Gephardt Government Affairs; an Atlanta-based labor consultancy, the Gephardt Group; and a direct primary care group, SolidaritUS Health.[4] He also consults for DLA Piper, FTI Consulting and Goldman Sachs[5] and is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One and co-chair of Issue One's Council for Responsible Social Media with former Massachusetts lieutenant governor Kerry Healey.[6][7][8]

Early life[edit]

Gephardt was born in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of Loreen Estelle (née Cassell) and Louis Andrew Gephardt, a Teamster milkman; part of his ancestry is German.[9] He graduated from the former Southwest High School in 1958. Gephardt is an Eagle Scout and recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America. He earned his B.S. at Northwestern University in 1962 where he was president of Beta Theta Pi, the student senate, and his freshman class. He earned his J.D. at the University of Michigan Law School in 1965.

In 1965, he was admitted to the Missouri Bar. He then entered the Missouri Air National Guard, where he served until 1971.

He and his wife Jane have three grown children, Matt, Katie, and Chrissy. His brother, Donald L. Gephardt, was the Dean of The College of Fine and Performing Arts at Rowan University in Glassboro, New Jersey.

Political career[edit]

See also: Electoral history of Dick Gephardt

Gephardt was Democratic committeeman for the 14th ward in St. Louis from 1968 to 1971, moving up to become 14th ward alderman from 1971 to 1976, as part of a group of young aldermen known informally as "The Young Turks."[10]

House of Representatives[edit]

In 1976, Gephardt was elected to Congress from the St. Louis–based 3rd District, succeeding 24-year incumbent Leonor Sullivan. He was elected 13 more times, opting not to run for reelection in 2004. For most of his Congressional career, Gephardt's National Political Director was St. Louis–based political consultant Joyce Aboussie. Gephardt voted in favor of the bill establishing Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a federal holiday in August 1983 but did not vote on the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 (or the vote to override President Reagan's veto in March 1988).[11][12][13]

1988 presidential campaign[edit]

campaign logo
Gephardt campaigning for president in Tallahassee, 1987

Gephardt was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 1988 presidential election. Gephardt formally announced his candidacy in February 1987—one of the first to do so—and campaigned hard in Iowa, ultimately spending over 100 days in the state. He was stuck in low double digits in polls, but began moving ahead in Iowa in late December 1987 after running an ad that criticized trade barriers by Korea and Japan as unfair- known as the "Hyundai Ad." Gephardt won the Iowa caucuses and South Dakota primary in February while finishing a strong second in New Hampshire, making him a serious contender for the nomination.[14]

Gephardt's early victories did not translate into support in other states, though, and he was not able to raise adequate funds to compete in the Southern primaries. His campaign ran out of money after losing badly in the March "Super Tuesday" primaries, when he won only the Missouri primary. An ad aired by Governor Michael Dukakis's campaign focused on Gephardt's "flip-flopping" voting record and showed a Gephardt look-alike doing forward and backward flips for the camera. Many felt the ad killed any chance Gephardt had of winning the nomination.[citation needed] Gephardt dropped out after winning only 13% in Michigan, despite support from the United Auto Workers. Dukakis considered selecting Gephardt as his vice presidential running mate but instead chose Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen.

House leadership[edit]

Portrait of Gephardt from the 1997 Congressional Pictorial Directory

In part due to the visibility gained from his 1988 presidential bid, Gephardt was elected majority leader by his House colleagues in June 1989, making him the second-ranking Democrat in the House, behind then-Speaker Tom Foley. Gephardt served in that position until January 1995.

After Foley was unseated in the Republican landslide of 1994 that gave the Republicans a 52-seat majority, Gephardt became the leader of the House Democrats, as minority leader, initially opposite Newt Gingrich and then, from 1999 onward, Dennis Hastert. When Gingrich faced a coup within his own party in 1997, Gephardt could have become Speaker if there had been a floor vote and he gained the support of Republican members dissatisfied with Gingrich, but Gingrich refused to resign and no vote occurred. In the 1996, 1998, and 2000 elections, Gephardt led the Democrats to gains in the House,[15] although they did not retake the majority until 2006, after Gephardt had left Congress.

Gephardt became a prolific financial supporter of Democrats around the country in the early 1990s, assembling a team of top fundraising staff who helped him support hundreds of candidates for local and federal office. Although Gephardt worked hard for many of President Bill Clinton's programs, he and his union supporters strongly opposed NAFTA and other "free trade" programs, so Clinton relied on Republican support to pass those initiatives. During the impeachment proceedings of President Clinton, Gephardt led a walkout in the House after a censure motion was ruled irrelevant to the impeachment debate.[16]

Gephardt speaking at a vigil for Matthew Shepard in 1998

In 2000, Vice President and Democratic presidential nominee Al Gore named Gephardt to his short list of possible vice presidential candidates. The other names on the short list were Indiana Senator Evan Bayh, North Carolina Senator John Edwards, Massachusetts Senator John Kerry, Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman, and New Hampshire Governor Jeanne Shaheen.[17] Gore eventually selected Lieberman.

In the 2002 Congressional midterm elections, Gephardt campaigned on the economy and Social Security, but the continuing resonance of the September 11 attacks, the momentum for military action against Iraq, and President George W. Bush's popularity lead to Republican gains, with the Democrats losing four House seats. Harold Ford Jr. of Tennessee called the results an "absolute blowout" and called upon Gephardt to step down, saying that it was time for "new ideas and new faces". Due to his previous success, it has been said that Gephardt would have been easily returned as Minority Leader if he had decided to stay on.[15][18][19] However, Gephardt, who was planning to run for president in 2004, did not run for reelection as House Minority Leader, stepping down in January 2003. His leadership position was contested by the centrist Martin Frost, the outgoing Democratic Caucus Chair, and the liberal Nancy Pelosi, the Minority Whip, who was elected as Gephardt's successor. No longer having Congressional leadership duties freed Gephardt up to concentrate on a 2004 presidential bid.[20]

2004 campaign for president[edit]

Main article: Dick Gephardt 2004 presidential campaign

Gephardt announced his second run for president on January 5, 2003. His successor as Minority Leader, Nancy Pelosi, endorsed him. His campaign was notable for the high-profile coming out of his daughter Chrissy in People magazine, while she was helping him on the campaign trail,[21][22] a subject they also discussed in interviews for the 2007 documentary film For the Bible Tells Me So;[23] he has continued to be an outspoken advocate for gay rights since the campaign.[24][citation needed]

Although Republicans considered him a formidable candidate, Gephardt was seen by many as too old-fashioned and unelectable.[25] His fundraising efforts were behind those of former Vermont Governor Howard Dean and Senators John Kerry and John Edwards, and tied with Joe Lieberman. Gephardt's support of the Iraq War resolution hurt him among liberal activists. He promoted a form of universal health care, and was backed by 21 labor unions, but did not have enough support to receive the AFL–CIO's endorsement.[25]

Supporters of Gephardt's campaign in 2003

Throughout early 2003, Gephardt was ahead in polling for the Iowa caucus, but by August Dean had taken the lead, his campaign fueled by antiwar activists. The Gephardt campaign was embarrassed by an early August St Louis Post-Dispatch article that revealed that 11 of the 33 "Gephardt team leaders" listed on his Iowa campaign's website actually supported other candidates or were neutral.

The race between Gephardt and Dean became negative, and took an ugly turn in October when a Gephardt staffer reportedly pushed a Dean staffer out of a meeting while calling him a "faggot".[26] Many press at the event claimed the Dean staffer was picking a fight and that the Gephardt staffer did not make the hurtful comment. Dean chairman Joe Trippi (who worked for Gephardt in 1988) and Gephardt chairman Steve Murphy became involved in a war of words over the incident, as well as Murphy's allegation that the Dean campaign was bringing in out-of-state non-residents to participate in the caucus. In the final days of the Iowa campaign, both Dean and Gephardt faded, and they finished third and fourth, respectively. Gephardt ended his presidential campaign after that disappointing result.[27]

After he dropped out of the presidential race, Gephardt was mentioned as a possible running mate for John Kerry. On March 7, 2004, New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson, also seen as a strong contender for the position, endorsed Gephardt for Vice President. "I think he's the best candidate," Richardson said of Gephardt in an interview with the Associated Press. "There's a good regional balance with Kerry and Gephardt." Kerry announced on July 6, 2004, that he had chosen John Edwards as his running mate. On the same day, the New York Post published a headline stating that Gephardt had become Kerry's running mate. The headline was compared to the 1948 "Dewey defeats Truman" headline in the Chicago Tribune that incorrectly reported the presidential election results that year. In 2007, it was revealed in Kerry campaign adviser Bob Shrum's book No Excuses: Concessions of a Serial Campaigner that Kerry wanted to choose Gephardt but was convinced by Shrum and others to choose Edwards.

Dick Gephardt 2004 presidential campaign endorsements

Senators

Representatives

Governors and Lt. Governors

State Legislatures leaders

Organizations

  • South Carolina Conference of Black Mayors
  • American Maritime Officers
  • International Association of Machinists
  • International Brotherhood of Teamsters
  • International Iron Workers Union
  • International Longshoremen's Association
  • International Union of Bricklayers
  • Seafarer's International Union
  • Transportation Workers Union

Political views[edit]

After his election to the U.S. House in 1976, Gephardt's political views gradually moved to the left. Originally, Gephardt was strongly anti-abortion and was viewed as a social conservative. He was initially extremely critical of the Supreme Court's landmark Roe v. Wade ruling that legalized abortion. He wrote on the subject in 1984:

Life is the division of human cells, a process that begins with conception. The (Supreme Court's abortion) ruling was unjust, and it is incumbent on the Congress to correct the injustice... I have always been supportive of pro-life legislation. I intend to remain steadfast on this issue.... I believe that the life of the unborn should be protected at all costs.[32]

In 1987, when Gephardt decided to run for president, he announced that he would no longer support legislation to restrict abortion rights. He told the National Right to Life Committee; "I now do not support any Constitutional amendment pertaining to the legality of abortion."

Gephardt's views on economic policy also changed over the years. He voted for Ronald Reagan's tax cuts in 1981; in the 2000s, however, he became a staunch opponent of similar tax cuts by President George W. Bush, saying that the enormous surplus created during the administration of Bill Clinton should have been spent on health care instead. Gephardt is widely viewed as an economic populist. He supports universal health coverage, fair trade, and progressive taxation. Although he once chaired the centrist Democratic Leadership Council, Gephardt in his later years in Congress distanced himself from the organization, finding his pro-labor views at odds with the DLC's pro-business positions.

On October 10, 2002, Gephardt was among the 81 House Democrats who voted in favor of authorizing the invasion of Iraq. He was an early supporter of the war, and cosponsor of the authorization resolution. However, three years later Gephardt said of his support for the war that "It was a mistake ... I was wrong."[33]

Post-congressional career[edit]

Gephardt speaking in 2009

On January 3, 2005, Gephardt's three-decade political career ended with the expiration of his 14th term in the House of Representatives. That month, Gephardt started a consulting and lobbying firm, Gephardt Group, of which he is president and CEO.[34] Gephardt also joined the international law firm DLA Piper as strategic advisor in the government affairs practice group from June 2005 to December 2009.[35]

In his new role as a Washington lobbyist, Gephardt, on behalf of the Republic of Turkey, has been actively lobbying against the House resolution condemning the Armenian genocide of 1915 in the Ottoman Empire. While supportive of the resolution while in Congress, he now contends that facts need to be better known before any position is taken on this historical controversy.[36]

Gephardt served on the board of directors of the Embarq Corporation from June 2007[37] to July 1, 2009, when he became a member of the board of directors of CenturyLink, Embarq's successor corporation.[38] Gephardt also serves as a director of Centene Corporation, Ford Motor Company, Spirit Aerosystems Holdings, Inc., and United States Steel Corporation.[38] He joined Ford's board in 2009.[39]

In July 2007, Gephardt endorsed Hillary Clinton for president, leading some to speculate that he was interested in running for vice president in 2008. DLA Piper become a major donor to Clinton's campaign, donating about $190,000.[40] Gephardt was mentioned during the summer of 2008 as a possible vice-presidential choice for eventual nominee Senator Barack Obama.

A collection of Gephardt's congressional documents, dating from 1994 to 2004, was processed from 2006 to 2007 by the Missouri Historical Society for academic use, with a grant through the Institute of Museum and Library Services.[41] In 2005, Washington University in St. Louis inaugurated the Richard A. Gephardt Institute of Public Service (now the Gephardt Institute for Civic and Community Engagement), which educates students for life-long engaged citizenship and civic leadership.[42] Since 2005, Gephardt has been a consultant to Goldman Sachs and DLA Piper.[5] Since 2007 he has been a consultant to FTI Consulting.[5]

In 2007, Gephardt began serving on the advisory board of the Extend Health insurance company, and then became a member of its board of directors. In 2009, Gephardt advised UnitedHealth Group, one of America's largest private insurers, in waging a strong campaign against a public option for national health care.[43]

In 2010, Gephardt was elected chair of the Board of Trustees of The Scripps Research Institute, a nonprofit institute focusing on biomedical research.[44]

Gephardt at the LBJ Presidential Library in 2024

Gephardt has also been significantly involved with the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries. In addition to a large lobbying contract with the Medicines Company,[45] he serves as chair of the Council for American Medical Innovation (CAMI), formed by and affiliated with PhRMA. In this capacity he hired his own firm to lobby for the organization, to push to extend patents and block generic drugs from the market.[46] In 2016, Gephardt also co-founded a Direct primary care group called SolidaritUS Health, with the goal of increasing the accessibility of quality healthcare to working families.

Gephardt has also served as a lobbyist for Boeing.[47] He is a labor consultant for Spirit Aerosystems and sits on its board of directors.[48] In these roles, Gephardt has presided over an aggressive anti-union campaign that has bewildered many of his traditional political allies. In July 2011, Spirit Aerosystems walked out of negotiations with the union that represents its engineering, technical and professional workforce.[49] The union subsequently voted down the company's last contract offer, with 96.5% voting no. The company did not change its contract offer significantly after this rejection and relations with its workforce have been contentious ever since. With negotiations at a standstill, production schedules for 2011 and 2012 were threatened.[50][51] Currently, as of June 2023, Spirit Aerosystems resolved a recent strike by agreeing to a new contract with its workers at the Wichita, Kansas plant. Key provisions in the contract include increased pay, workers being allowed to keep their current health plans, and removal of mandatory overtime requirements.[52]

References[edit]

  1. ^ https://www.naplesnews.com/obituaries/psar0689435
  2. ^ "Gephardt Campaign in Iowa". Washington Journal. C-SPAN. January 15, 2004. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
  3. ^ "GOP Envisions Gephardt as Possible Obama Running Mate". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  4. ^ SolidaritUS Health
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Richard Gephardt". Forbes. Archived from the original on July 8, 2013. Retrieved August 7, 2013.
  6. ^ "Issue One – ReFormers Caucus". 2023.
  7. ^ Feiner, Lauren (October 12, 2022). "Facebook whistleblower, former defense and intel officials form group to fix social media". CNBC. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
  8. ^ "Council for Responsible Social Media – Issue One". issueone.org. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
  9. ^ "Ancestry of Dick Gephardt". Wargs.com. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  10. ^ Kindleberger, Charles (2007). "Chapter 5: Planning Since the 1970s in the City of St. Louis". In Tranel, Mark (ed.). St. Louis Plans: The Ideal and the Real St. Louis. Missouri Historical Society Press. pp. 151. ISBN 978-1883982614.
  11. ^ "TO PASS H.R. 3706. (MOTION PASSED) SEE NOTE(S) 19".
  12. ^ "TO PASS S 557, CIVIL RIGHTS RESTORATION ACT, A BILL TO RESTORE THE BROAD COVERAGE AND CLARIFY FOUR CIVIL RIGHTS LAWS BY PROVIDING THAT IF ONE PART OF AN INSTITUTION IS FEDERALLY FUNDED, THEN THE ENTIRE INSTITUTION MUST NOT DISCRIMINATE".
  13. ^ "TO ADOPT, OVER THE PRESIDENT'S VETO OF S 557, CIVIL RIGHTS RESTORATION ACT, A BILL TO RESTORE BROAD COVERAGE OF FOUR CIVIL RIGHTS LAWS BY DECLARING THAT IF ONE PART OF AN INSTITUTION RECEIVES FEDERAL FUNDS, THEN THE ENTIRE INSTITUTION MUST NOT DISCRIMINATE. TWO-THIRDS OF THE SENATE, HAVING VOTED IN THE AFFIRMATIVE, OVERRODE THE PRESIDENTIAL VETO".
  14. ^ Risen, James (March 2, 1988). "But It Is Called Oversimplified : 'Hyundai' TV Ad Boosts Gephardt". Los Angeles Times.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b "AllPolitics Clinton, Gephardt Share Welfare Event Stage". CNN. August 12, 1997. Archived from the original on March 24, 2012.
  16. ^ "Clinton impeached". BBC News. December 19, 1998.
  17. ^ "Gore Down To Short List". ABC News. August 3, 2000. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
  18. ^ "Dick Gephardt: Home issue campaigner". BBC News. November 7, 2002.
  19. ^ "Top Democrat leader resigns". BBC News. November 7, 2002.
  20. ^ Anderson, Nick (November 7, 2002). "Election 2002 / NATIONAL RESULTS; Gephardt to Leave Leadership Post; Resigning as minority chief of the House could free the Democrat for a presidential bid". Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  21. ^ No Secrets Archived September 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, people, June 2, 2003
  22. ^ Gay Daughter Joins Gephardt Campaign Archived August 25, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, ABC News, June 9, 2003
  23. ^ Chrissy and Dick Gephardt appear on CNN to promote new film, For The Bible Tells Me So Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, PageOneQ, October 16, 2007
  24. ^ Home State Record: Dick Gephardt, New Hampshire Public Radio, December 30, 2003
  25. ^ Jump up to: a b Swarns, Rachel L. (January 20, 2004). "THE 2004 CAMPAIGN: THE MISSOURI CONGRESSMAN; Gephardt's Poignant Echo at the Site of His 1988 Victory". The New York Times.
  26. ^ "An unlikely bigfoot". Boston Phoenix. Archived from the original on February 2, 2010. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  27. ^ "Gephardt Ends Bid for White House". Washington Post. January 21, 2004. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
  28. ^ "MO US President - D Primary Race - Feb 3, 2004". Our Campaigns. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  29. ^ "CA US President - D Primary Race - Mar 2, 2004". Our Campaigns. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  30. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj "Profile of Rep. Richard Gephardt (D-MO)". Politics1. Archived from the original on April 22, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  31. ^ "Candidate - David R. Obey". Our Campaigns. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  32. ^ Saletan, William and Zenilman, Avi. The Flip-Flops of Dick Gephardt, Slate.com (2003-09-15)
  33. ^ "The Next Hurrah: Gephardt on Iraq: "I was wrong"". Thenexthurrah.typepad.com. October 17, 2005. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  34. ^ "Gephardt Group (2008)". Gephardt Group. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
  35. ^ "Richard Gephardt - Forbes". Forbes. Archived from the original on July 8, 2013.
  36. ^ "The New Republic". Armeniapedia.org. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  37. ^ "News Release | EMBARQ". Investors.embarq.com. July 1, 2007. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  38. ^ Jack Stack (May 1, 2010). "What Does Dick Gephardt Know About Management?". New York Times.
  39. ^ Morain, Dan (July 17, 2007). "He backs Clinton; her backers help him". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
  40. ^ "Earmarks" (PDF). Earmarks.omb.gov. April 13, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2009. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
  41. ^ "About the Gephardt Institute". Gephardt Institute for Civic and Community Engagement. August 17, 2018. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  42. ^ "The Nation Magazine". The Nation Company, L.P. September 30, 2009. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved October 13, 2009.
  43. ^ "Business Executive and Former U.S. House Leader Richard A. Gephardt Elected to Lead Scripps Research Institute Board of Trustees" "TSRI - News & Views, Business Executive and Former U.S. House Leader Richard A. Gephardt Elected to Lead Scripps Research Institute Board of Trustees". Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2012.
  44. ^ Sam Stein (September 24, 2009). "Gephardt: The Public Option Is "Not Essential," Trigger Could Work". Huffington Post.
  45. ^ Sebastian Jones (October 19, 2009). "Dick Gephardt's Spectacular Sellout". The Nation magazine.
  46. ^ Carney, Timothy (2011-02-24) Who were Boeing's lobbyists?, Washington Examiner
  47. ^ "Richard A. Gephardt Joins Onex Team" Archived October 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Spirit Aero news release 2005-04-29 (PDF)
  48. ^ SPEEA Archived October 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, SPEEA
  49. ^ SPEEA Members Reject Spirit Contract Offer Archived September 26, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Wichita Eagle
  50. ^ Work To Rule At Spirit Disputed Archived October 16, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Wichita Business Journal
  51. ^ Insinna, Valerie (June 30, 2023). "Spirit AeroSystems union workforce approves new contract, ending strike at Kansas plant". Reuters. Retrieved July 23, 2023.

External links[edit]

U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Missouri's 3rd congressional district
1977–2005 		Succeeded by
Preceded by House Majority Leader
1989–1995 		Succeeded by
Preceded by House Minority Leader
1995–2003 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by Chair of the House Democratic Caucus
1985–1989 		Succeeded by
New office Chair of the Democratic Leadership Council
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