Abortion law

Abortion laws vary widely among countries and territories, and have changed over time. Such laws range from abortion being freely available on request, to regulation or restrictions of various kinds, to outright prohibition in all circumstances. Many countries and territories that allow abortion have gestational limits for the procedure depending on the reason; with the majority being up to 12 weeks for abortion on request, up to 24 weeks for rape, incest, or socioeconomic reasons, and more for fetal impairment or risk to the woman's health or life. As of 2022, countries that legally allow abortion on request or for socioeconomic reasons comprise about 60% of the world's population. In 2024, France became the first country to explicitly protect abortion rights in its constitution.^[1]

Abortion continues to be a controversial subject in many societies on religious, moral, ethical, practical, and political grounds. Though it has been banned and otherwise limited by law in many jurisdictions, abortions continue to be common in many areas, even where they are illegal. According to a 2007 study conducted by the Guttmacher Institute and the World Health Organization, abortion rates are similar in countries where the procedure is legal and in countries where it is not,^[2]^[3] due to unavailability of modern contraceptives in areas where abortion is illegal.^[4] Also according to the study, the number of abortions worldwide is declining due to increased access to contraception.^[2]^[3]

History

Abortion has existed since ancient times, with natural abortifacients being found amongst a wide variety of tribal people and in most written sources. The earliest known records of abortion techniques and general reproductive regulation date as far back as 2700 BC in China, and 1550 BC in Egypt.^[5] Early texts contain little mention of abortion or abortion law. When it does appear, it is entailed in concerns about male property rights, preservation of social order, and the duty to produce fit citizens for the state or community. The harshest penalties were generally reserved for a woman who procured an abortion against her husband's wishes, and for slaves who produced abortion in a woman of high status. Religious texts often contained severe condemnations of abortion, recommending penance but seldom enforcing secular punishment. As a matter of common law in England and the United States, abortion was illegal anytime after quickening—when the movements of the fetus could first be felt by the woman. Under the born alive rule, the fetus was not considered a "reasonable being" in rerum natura; and abortion was not treated as murder in English law.

In the 19th century, many Western countries began to codify abortion laws or place further restrictions on the practice. Anti-abortion movements were led by a combination of groups opposed to abortion on moral grounds, and by medical professionals who were concerned about the danger presented by the procedure and the regular involvement of non-medical personnel in performing abortions. Nevertheless, it became clear that illegal abortions continued to take place in large numbers even where abortions were rigorously restricted. It was difficult to obtain sufficient evidence to prosecute the women and abortion doctors, and judges and juries were often reluctant to convict. For example, Henry Morgentaler, a Canadian pro-choice advocate, was never convicted by a jury. He was acquitted by a jury in the 1973 court case, but the acquittal was overturned by five judges on the Quebec Court of Appeal in 1974. He went to prison, appealed, and was again acquitted. In total, he served 10 months, suffering a heart attack while in solitary confinement. Many were also outraged at the invasion of privacy and the medical problems resulting from abortions taking place illegally in medically dangerous circumstances. Political movements soon coalesced around the legalization of abortion and liberalization of existing laws.

By the first half of the 20th century, many countries had begun to liberalize abortion laws, at least when performed to protect the woman's life and in some cases on the woman's request. Under Vladimir Lenin, the Soviet Union became the first modern state in legalizing abortions on request—the law was first introduced in the Russian SFSR in 1920, in the Ukrainian SSR in July 1921, and then in the whole country.^[6]^[7] The Bolsheviks saw abortion as a social evil created by the capitalist system, which left women without the economic means to raise children, forcing them to perform abortions. The Soviet state initially preserved the tsarist ban on abortion, which treated the practice as premeditated murder. However, abortion had been practiced by Russian women for decades and its incidence skyrocketed further as a result of the Russian Civil War, which had left the country economically devastated and made it extremely difficult for many people to have children. The Soviet state recognized that banning abortion would not stop the practice because women would continue using the services of private abortionists. In rural areas, these were often old women who had no medical training, which made their services very dangerous to women's health. In November 1920, the Soviet government legalized abortion in state hospitals. The state considered abortion as a temporary necessary evil, which would disappear in the future communist society, which would be able to provide for all the children conceived.^[8]^{[page needed]} In 1936, Joseph Stalin placed prohibitions on abortions, which restricted them to medically recommended cases only, in order to increase population growth after the enormous loss of life in World War I and the Russian Civil War.^[9]^[10]^[7] In the 1930s, several countries (Poland, Turkey, Denmark, Sweden, Iceland, Mexico) legalized abortion in some special cases (pregnancy from rape, threat to mother's health, fetal malformation). In Japan, abortion was legalized in 1948 by the Eugenic Protection Law,^[11] amended in May 1949 to allow abortions for economic reasons.^[12] Abortion was legalized in 1952 in Yugoslavia (on a limited basis^[which?]), and again in 1955 in the Soviet Union on request. Some Soviet allies (Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Romania) legalized abortion in the late 1950s under pressure from the Soviets.^[how?]^[13]^{[additional citation(s) needed]}

In the United Kingdom, the Abortion Act of 1967 clarified and prescribed abortions as legal up to 28 weeks (later reduced to 24 weeks). Other countries soon followed, including Canada (1969), the United States (1973 in most states, pursuant to Roe v. Wade—the U.S. Supreme Court decision which legalized abortion nationwide), Tunisia and Denmark (1973), Austria (1974), France and Sweden (1975), New Zealand (1977), Italy (1978), the Netherlands (1984), and Belgium (1990). However, these countries vary greatly in the circumstances under which abortion was to be permitted. In 1975, the West German Supreme Court struck down a law legalizing abortion, holding that they contradict the constitution's human rights guarantees. In 1976, a law was adopted which enabled abortions up to 12 weeks. After Germany's reunification, despite the legal status of abortion in former East Germany, a compromise was reached which deemed most abortions up to 12 weeks legal, but this law was struck down by the Federal Constitutional Court and amended to only remove the punishment in such cases, without any statement to legality. In jurisdictions governed under sharia law, abortion after the 120th day from conception (19 weeks from LMP) is illegal, especially for those who follow the recommendations of the Hanafi legal school, while most jurists of the Maliki legal school "believe that ensoulment occurs at the moment of conception, and they tend to forbid abortion at any point [similar to the Roman Catholic Church]. The other schools hold intermediate positions. ... The penalty prescribed for an illegal abortion varies according to particular circumstances involved. According to sharia, it should be limited to a fine that is paid to the father or heirs of the fetus."^[14]

Timeline of abortion on request

The table below lists in chronological order the United Nations member states that have legalized abortion on request in at least some initial part of the pregnancy, or that have fully decriminalized abortion. As of 2023, 67 countries have legalized or decriminalized abortion on request.

Notes

Where a country has legalized abortion on request, prohibited it, and legalized it again (e.g., former Soviet Union, Romania), only the later year is included. Countries that result from the merger of states where abortion on request was legal at the moment of unification show the year when it became legal across the whole national territory (e.g., Germany, Vietnam). Similarly, countries where not all subnational jurisdictions have legalized abortion on request are not included, leading to the exclusion of Australia, Mexico, and the United Kingdom. Countries where abortion on request was once legalized nationwide but has since been prohibited in at least part of the country, such as the United States and Poland, are also excluded. Countries are counted even if they were not yet independent at the time. The year refers to when the relevant law or judicial decision came into force, which may be different from the year when it was approved.

Year legalized	Countries	CpY	CC
1955	( Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan as part of the Soviet Union)	15	15
1957	China^[15]^[a]^[b] ( Czech Republic Slovakia as part of Czechoslovakia)^[c]	3	18
1965	Cuba	1	19
1973	Denmark Tunisia^[21]	2	21
1974	Singapore Sweden	2	23
1975	Austria France^[d] Vietnam^[e]	3	26
1977	( Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Montenegro North Macedonia Serbia Slovenia as part of Yugoslavia)	6	32
1978	Italy Luxembourg	2	34
1979	Norway^[f]^[g]	1	35
1983	Turkey	1	36
1984	Netherlands^[h]	1	37
1986	Cape Verde Greece	2	39
1988	Canada	1	40
1989	Mongolia^[28]	1	41
1990	Belgium Bulgaria Romania	3	44
1992	Germany^[i]	1	45
1993	Guinea-Bissau^[29]^[30]	1	46
1995	Guyana	1	47
1996	Albania^[j]	1	48
1997	Cambodia South Africa	2	50
2002	Nepal Switzerland	2	52
2007	Portugal	1	53
2010	Spain	1	54
2012	São Tomé and Príncipe^[32] Uruguay	2	56
2015	Mozambique^[k]	1	57
2018	Cyprus	1	58
2019	Iceland Ireland^[l]	2	60
2020	New Zealand	1	61
2021	Argentina^[m] South Korea Thailand	3	64
2022	Colombia San Marino	2	66
2023	Finland^[n]	1	67

International law

There are no international or multinational treaties that deal directly with abortion but human rights law and International criminal law touch on the issues.

The Nuremberg Military Tribunal decided the case of United States v Greifelt and Others (1948) on the basis that abortion was a crime within its jurisdiction according to the law defining crimes against humanity and thus within its definition of murder and extermination.^[36]

The Catholic Church remains highly influential in Latin America, and opposes the legalisation of abortion.^[37] The American Convention on Human Rights, which in 2013 had 23 Latin American parties, declares human life as commencing with conception. In Latin America, abortion on request is only legal in Cuba (1965), Uruguay (2012),^[38] Argentina (2021),^[35] Colombia (2022)^[39] and in parts of Mexico.^[40]^[41] Abortions are completely banned in the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua, and only allowed in certain restricted circumstances in most other Latin American nations.^[37]

In the 2010 case of A, B and C v Ireland, the European Court of Human Rights found that the European Convention on Human Rights did not include a right to an abortion.

In 2005, the United Nations Human Rights Committee (UN HRC) ordered Peru to compensate a woman (known as K.L.) for denying her a medically indicated abortion; this was the first time a United Nations Committee had held any country accountable for not ensuring access to safe, legal abortion, and the first time the committee affirmed that abortion is a human right.^[42] K.L. received the compensation in 2016.^[42] In the 2016 case of Mellet v Ireland, the UN HRC found Ireland's abortion laws violated International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights because Irish law banned abortion in cases of fatal fetal abnormalities.

National laws

While abortions are legal at least under certain conditions in almost all countries, these conditions vary widely. According to a United Nations (UN) report with data gathered up to 2019,^[43] abortion is allowed in 98% of countries in order to save a woman's life. Other commonly-accepted reasons are preserving physical (72%) or mental health (69%), in cases of rape or incest (61%), and in cases of fetal impairment (61%). Performing an abortion because of economic or social reasons is accepted in 37% of countries. Performing abortion only on the basis of a woman's request is allowed in 34% of countries, including in Canada, most European countries and China.^[43]

The exact scope of each legal ground also varies. For example, the laws of some countries cite health risks and fetal impairment as general grounds for abortion and allow a broad interpretation of such terms in practice, while other countries restrict them to a specific list of medical conditions or subcategories. Many countries that allow abortion have gestational limits for the procedure depending on the reason; with the majority being up to 12 weeks for abortion on request, up to 24 weeks for social, economic, rape, or incest reasons, and more for fetal impairment or threats to the woman's health or life.^[43]^: 26

In some countries, additional procedures must be followed before the abortion can be carried out even if the basic grounds for it are met. How strictly all of the procedures dictated in the legislation are followed in practice is another matter. For example, in the United Kingdom, a Care Quality Commission's report in 2012 found that several NHS clinics were circumventing the law, using forms pre-signed by one doctor, thus allowing abortions to patients who only met with one doctor.^[44]

Roe V. Wade has been established in the US for almost 50 years, put into motion in 1973, before its overturn in 2022 due to Dobbs v. Jackson. This ruling made abortion access not a constitutional right. The decision, most of which was leaked in early May, means that abortion rights will be rolled back in nearly half of the states immediately, with more restrictions likely to follow. For all practical purposes, abortion will not be available in large swaths of the country.[1] 13 States, Arkansas, Idaho, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming enacted a trigger law which placed an immediate but varying statewide abortion ban immediately following the overturning. These trigger laws were designed specifically to take effect immediately upon the fall of the Roe precedent. Other states, were bans are in effect after 6 weeks gestation, including Idaho, Tennessee, and Texas – have similar laws, which would take effect after 30 days of the overturning.[2]^[45]

Pill abortion access is legal in 36 states. However, a lawsuit in Texas is currently against the production and distribution of this Abortion pill, misoprostol. The ban would affect millions of women in the US who cannot access a medical procedural abortion due to a state ban. The group suing the FDA has asked for a preliminary injunction to take one of the two drugs used in a medication abortion, mifepristone, off the market while the case plays out.[3] This will effectively cause a nationwide ban of pill abortion if granted.^[46]

Summary tables

Legend
permitted	In many cases, abortion is permitted only up to a certain gestational age. If this limit is known and does not vary by subdivision, it is shown instead of "permitted".
permitted, with complex legality or practice
varies by subdivision
prohibited, with complex legality or practice
prohibited
unknown or unclear

Countries

The table below summarizes the legal grounds for abortion in all United Nations member states and United Nations General Assembly observer states and some countries with limited recognition. This table is mostly based on data compiled by the United Nations up to 2019,^[47] with some updates, additions and clarifications citing other sources.

Legal grounds on which abortion is permitted in independent countries
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Abkhazia^[48]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Afghanistan	permitted^[o]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited^[o]	prohibited^[o]	prohibited
Albania^[31]	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	no limit	22 weeks	12 weeks
Algeria^[55]	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Andorra	prohibited^[p]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Angola^[q]	permitted	permitted	16 weeks	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Antigua and Barbuda^[60]	permitted^[r]	prohibited^[s]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Argentina^[35]	no limit	no limit	no limit	14 weeks	14 weeks	14 weeks
Armenia^[63]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	22 weeks	12 weeks
Australia [subdivisions]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	varies^[t]
Australian Capital Territory^[66]^[67]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
Christmas Island^[u]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	23 weeks
Cocos Islands^[v]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	23 weeks
Jervis Bay Territory^[w]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
New South Wales^[71]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	22 weeks
Norfolk Island^[x]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
Northern Territory^[75]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	prohibited^[y]
Queensland^[76]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	22 weeks
South Australia^[77]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	22 weeks and 6 days
Tasmania^[78]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	16 weeks
Victoria^[79]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	24 weeks
Western Australia^[80]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	23 weeks
Austria^[81]	no limit	no limit	3 months^[z]	no limit	3 months^[z]	3 months^[z]
Azerbaijan^[82]	no limit	no limit	permitted	permitted	22 weeks	12 weeks
Bahamas^[83]	permitted	permitted^[aa]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Bahrain	permitted	prohibited^[ab]	prohibited^[ab]	prohibited^[ab]	prohibited^[ab]	prohibited^[ab]
Bangladesh	no limit	prohibited^[ac]	prohibited^[ac]	prohibited^[ac]	prohibited^[ac]	prohibited^[ac]
Barbados^[86]	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	no limit	12 weeks	prohibited
Belarus^[ad]	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	no limit	22 weeks	12 weeks
Belgium^[90]	no limit	no limit	14 weeks^[ae]	no limit	14 weeks^[ae]	14 weeks^[ae]
Belize	no limit	no limit	prohibited	no limit	permitted	prohibited
Benin^[92]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	12 weeks	prohibited
Bhutan^[af]	180 days	180 days^[ag]	180 days	180 days^[ag]	prohibited	prohibited
Bolivia	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks^[ah]	prohibited	prohibited
Bosnia and Herzegovina [subdivisions]	no limit	no limit	permitted	permitted	permitted	10 weeks
Brčko District^[ai]	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	20 weeks	10 weeks	10 weeks
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina^[ai]	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	20 weeks	10 weeks	10 weeks
Republika Srpska^[98]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	10 weeks
Botswana^[99]	16 weeks	16 weeks	16 weeks	16 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Brazil^[100]^[101]	no limit	prohibited	no limit	prohibited^[aj]	prohibited	prohibited
Brunei^[104]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Bulgaria^[105]	no limit	20 weeks	permitted	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks
Burkina Faso^[106]	no limit	no limit	14 weeks	no limit	prohibited	prohibited
Burundi	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited^[ak]	prohibited
Cambodia^[108]	no limit	12 weeks	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks
Cameroon^[109]	permitted	28 weeks	28 weeks	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Canada^[al] [subdivisions]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted
Alberta	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	20 weeks
British Columbia	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	23 weeks and 6 days
Manitoba	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	19 weeks and 6 days
New Brunswick	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	16 weeks
Newfoundland and Labrador	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	15 weeks
Northwest Territories	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	19 weeks and 6 days
Nova Scotia	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	16 weeks
Nunavut	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	12 weeks
Ontario	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	23 weeks and 6 days
Prince Edward Island	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	12 weeks and 6 days
Quebec	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	23 weeks and 6 days
Saskatchewan	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	18 weeks and 6 days
Yukon	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	12 weeks and 6 days
Cape Verde^[112]	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Central African Republic	8 weeks	prohibited^[am]	8 weeks	8 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Chad	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Chile^[114]	no limit	prohibited	12 weeks^[an]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
China^[a]^[115]^[116]^[b]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted
Colombia	no limit^[ao]	no limit^[ao]	no limit^[ao]	no limit^[ao]	24 weeks^[ao]	24 weeks^[ao]
Comoros^[119]	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Congo	permitted^[ap]	prohibited^[ap]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Costa Rica	permitted	permitted	prohibited^[aq]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Croatia^[123]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	10 weeks	10 weeks
Cuba^[124]^[125]	no limit	22 weeks	no limit	35 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks
Cyprus^[126]	permitted	permitted	19 weeks	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Czech Republic^[127]^[128]	no limit	permitted^[ar]	12 weeks	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks
Democratic Republic of the Congo	permitted^[as]	permitted^[at]	permitted^[at]	permitted^[at]	prohibited	prohibited
Denmark^[132]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	12 weeks^[au]
Djibouti^[133]^[134]^[135]	permitted	permitted^[aa]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Dominica^[136]	permitted	prohibited^[av]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Dominican Republic^[138]	prohibited^[aw]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
East Timor^[ax]	no limit	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Ecuador	permitted	permitted	permitted^[ay]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Egypt^[146]^[147]	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
El Salvador^[148]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Equatorial Guinea^[149]	12 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Eritrea^[150]	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited^[az]	prohibited^[az]	prohibited^[az]
Estonia^[151]	22 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks^[ba]	22 weeks	12 weeks^[ba]	12 weeks^[ba]
Eswatini^[152]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Ethiopia^[153]^[154]^[155]	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	prohibited^[bb]	prohibited
Fiji^[156]	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	no limit	prohibited	prohibited
Finland^[n]^[158]	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	24 weeks	20 weeks	12 weeks
France^[159]^[bc]	no limit	no limit	16 weeks^[bd]	no limit	16 weeks^[bd]	16 weeks^[bd]
Gabon^[162]	10 weeks	prohibited^[be]	10 weeks	10 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Gambia^[163]^[164]^[165]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Georgia^[166]^[167]	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Germany	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks^[bf]	12 weeks^[bf]	12 weeks^[bf]
Ghana	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Greece^[170]	no limit	no limit	19 weeks	24 weeks	12 weeks^[bg]	12 weeks^[bg]
Grenada^[171]	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Guatemala^[172]^[173]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Guinea	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Guinea-Bissau^[29]^[174]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted
Guyana^[175]	no limit	no limit	16 weeks	16 weeks	8 weeks^[bh]	8 weeks^[bh]
Haiti^[bi]	permitted^[bj]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Honduras^[178]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Hungary	no limit	12 weeks^[bk]	12 weeks^[bk]	20 weeks^[bl]	12 weeks^[bk]	prohibited
Iceland^[180]	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks
India^[181]^[182]	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks^[bm]	24 weeks^[bn]	prohibited
Indonesia^[183]^[184]	no limit	no limit	14 weeks	no limit	prohibited	prohibited
Iran^[185]^[186]^[187]	4 months	4 months	prohibited^[bo]	4 months	prohibited	prohibited
Iraq	permitted^[bp]	prohibited^[bq]	prohibited	prohibited^[bq]	prohibited	prohibited
Ireland^[193]	viability^[br]	viability^[br]	12 weeks	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Israel	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted^[bs]	prohibited^[bs]
Italy^[195]	no limit	viability	90 days	90 days	90 days	90 days
Ivory Coast	permitted	prohibited^[bt]	permitted	prohibited^[bt]	prohibited	prohibited
Jamaica	permitted^[bu]	permitted^[bv]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Japan^[202]	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	prohibited	22 weeks	prohibited
Jordan^[203]	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kazakhstan^[204]^[205]	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	no limit	22 weeks	12 weeks
Kenya^[206]^[207]	permitted	permitted	permitted^[bw]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kiribati^[210]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kosovo^[211]	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	no limit	10 weeks	10 weeks
Kuwait^[212]	permitted	4 months	prohibited	4 months	prohibited	prohibited
Kyrgyzstan^[213]^[214]	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks
Laos	permitted^[bx]	28 weeks^[bx]	28 weeks^[bx]	28 weeks^[bx]	28 weeks^[bx]	prohibited^[bx]
Latvia^[218]^[219]	permitted	24 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Lebanon^[220]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Lesotho^[221]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Liberia^[222]	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Libya^[223]^[224]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Liechtenstein^[225]	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Lithuania^[226]	no limit	no limit	12 weeks^[by]	no limit	12 weeks^[by]	12 weeks^[by]
Luxembourg^[227]	no limit	no limit	14 weeks	no limit	14 weeks	14 weeks
Madagascar	prohibited^[bz]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Malawi^[231]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Malaysia^[232]	22 weeks	22 weeks	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Maldives^[ca]	no limit	prohibited	120 days	120 days^[cb]	prohibited	prohibited
Mali^[237]^[238]	permitted	permitted^[aa]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Malta^[239]	viability	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Marshall Islands	permitted^[bj]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Mauritania	permitted^[cc]	prohibited^[cc]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Mauritius^[244]	no limit	no limit	14 weeks	no limit	prohibited	prohibited
Mexico^[245] [subdivisions]	varies^[cd]	varies^[ce]	permitted^[cf]	varies^[ce]	varies^[ce]	varies^[ce]
Aguascalientes^[250]	permitted	12 weeks	permitted	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Baja California^[251]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Baja California Sur^[252]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Campeche^[253]	permitted	permitted	12 weeks^[cf]	prohibited^[ce]	prohibited^[ce]	prohibited^[ce]
Chiapas^[254]	permitted	prohibited^[ce]	90 days^[cf]	permitted	prohibited^[ce]	prohibited^[ce]
Chihuahua^[255]	permitted	permitted	90 days^[cf]	prohibited^[ce]	prohibited^[ce]	prohibited^[ce]
Coahuila^[256]	permitted	permitted^[cg]	90 days^[cf]	permitted	permitted^[cg]	permitted^[cg]
Colima^[257]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Durango^[258]	permitted	prohibited^[ce]	permitted	prohibited^[ce]	prohibited^[ce]	prohibited^[ce]
Guanajuato^[259]	prohibited^[ce]	prohibited^[ce]	permitted	prohibited^[ce]	prohibited^[ce]	prohibited^[ce]
Guerrero^[260]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Hidalgo^[261]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Jalisco^[262]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted^[ch]	permitted^[ch]	permitted^[ch]
Mexico City^[265]^[266]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Mexico State^[267]	permitted	prohibited^[ce]	permitted	permitted	prohibited^[ce]	prohibited^[ce]
Michoacán^[268]	permitted	permitted	12 weeks^[cf]	permitted	12 weeks	prohibited^[ce]
Morelos^[269]	permitted	prohibited^[ce]	permitted	permitted	prohibited^[ce]	prohibited^[ce]
Nayarit^[270]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted^[ci]	permitted^[ci]	permitted^[ci]
Nuevo León^[272]	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited^[ce]	prohibited^[ce]	prohibited^[ce]
Oaxaca^[273]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Puebla^[274]	permitted	12 weeks	permitted	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Querétaro^[275]	prohibited^[ce]	prohibited^[ce]	permitted	prohibited^[ce]	prohibited^[ce]	prohibited^[ce]
Quintana Roo^[276]^[277]	permitted	permitted	12 weeks^[cf]	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
San Luis Potosí^[278]	permitted	prohibited^[ce]	permitted	prohibited^[ce]	prohibited^[ce]	prohibited^[ce]
Sinaloa^[279]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	13 weeks	13 weeks
Sonora^[280]	permitted	prohibited^[ce]	permitted	prohibited^[ce]	prohibited^[ce]	prohibited^[ce]
Tabasco^[281]	permitted	prohibited^[ce]	permitted	prohibited^[ce]	prohibited^[ce]	prohibited^[ce]
Tamaulipas^[282]	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited^[ce]	prohibited^[ce]
Tlaxcala^[283]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited^[ce]	prohibited^[ce]
Veracruz^[284]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Yucatán^[285]	permitted	prohibited^[ce]	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited^[ce]
Zacatecas^[286]	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited^[ce]	prohibited^[ce]	prohibited^[ce]
Micronesia	permitted^[bj]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Moldova^[287]	21 weeks	21 weeks	21 weeks	21 weeks	21 weeks	12 weeks^[cj]
Monaco	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	no limit	prohibited	prohibited
Mongolia	23 weeks	23 weeks	permitted	permitted	14 weeks	14 weeks
Montenegro^[288]	32 weeks	32 weeks	20 weeks	20 weeks	10 weeks	10 weeks
Morocco^[ck]	no limit	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Mozambique	no limit	no limit	16 weeks	24 weeks^[cl]	12 weeks	12 weeks
Myanmar^[294]^[295]	no limit	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Namibia	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Nauru^[296]	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	20 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Nepal^[297]^[298]	28 weeks	28 weeks	18 weeks	28 weeks	12 weeks^[cm]	12 weeks^[cm]
Netherlands^[cn]	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks
New Zealand^[299]	no limit	no limit	permitted	permitted	permitted	20 weeks
Nicaragua	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Niger	permitted	permitted	prohibited	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Nigeria [subdivisions]	permitted	prohibited^[co]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Abia	permitted	prohibited^[co]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Adamawa	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Akwa Ibom	permitted	prohibited^[co]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Anambra	permitted	prohibited^[co]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Bauchi	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Bayelsa	permitted	prohibited^[co]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Benue	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Borno	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Cross River	permitted	prohibited^[co]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Delta	permitted	prohibited^[co]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Ebonyi	permitted	prohibited^[co]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Edo	permitted	prohibited^[co]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Ekiti	permitted	prohibited^[co]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Enugu	permitted	prohibited^[co]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Federal Capital Territory	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Gombe	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Imo	permitted	prohibited^[co]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Jigawa	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kaduna	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kano	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Katsina	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kebbi	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kogi	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kwara	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Lagos	permitted	prohibited^[co]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Nasarawa	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Niger	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Ogun	permitted	prohibited^[co]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Ondo	permitted	prohibited^[co]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Osun	permitted	prohibited^[co]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Oyo	permitted	prohibited^[co]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Plateau	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Rivers	permitted	prohibited^[co]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Sokoto	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Taraba	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Yobe	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Zamfara	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Northern Cyprus^[302]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	10 weeks
North Korea	permitted^[cp]	permitted^[cp]	unclear^[cp]	permitted^[cp]	unclear^[cp]	unclear^[cp]
North Macedonia	no limit	no limit	22 weeks^[cq]	22 weeks^[cq]	22 weeks^[cq]	12 weeks
Norway^[f]	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks
Oman	permitted^[cr]	permitted^[cr]	prohibited	120 days^[cr]	prohibited	prohibited
Pakistan^[313]^[314]	no limit	organ formation^[cs]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Palau	permitted^[ct]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Palestine	permitted^[cu]	prohibited^[cu]	prohibited^[cu]	prohibited^[cu]	prohibited	prohibited
Panama^[323]^[324]	no limit	prohibited	2 months	24 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Papua New Guinea^[325]	permitted	prohibited^[cv]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Paraguay^[329]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Peru^[330]	22 weeks	22 weeks	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Philippines^[331]	prohibited^[cw]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Poland^[334]	no limit	no limit	13 weeks	prohibited^[cx]	prohibited^[cy]	prohibited
Portugal^[337]	no limit	no limit	16 weeks	24 weeks	10 weeks	10 weeks
Qatar^[338]^[339]	no limit	4 months	prohibited	4 months	prohibited	prohibited
Romania^[340]	no limit	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	14 weeks
Russia^[341]^[342]^[343]	permitted	permitted	22 weeks	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks
Rwanda^[344]	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	no limit	prohibited	prohibited
Saint Kitts and Nevis	permitted	permitted^[cz]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Saint Lucia^[347]	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines^[348]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited
Samoa^[349]	20 weeks	20 weeks	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
San Marino^[350]	viability^[da]	viability	viability	12 weeks^[db]	12 weeks	12 weeks
São Tomé and Príncipe^[32]	no limit	no limit	no limit	16 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Saudi Arabia^[351]	no limit	4 months	40 days^[dc]	40 days^[dc]	prohibited	prohibited
Senegal	permitted^[dd]	prohibited^[dd]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Serbia^[358]^[359]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	10 weeks	10 weeks
Seychelles	12 weeks^[de]	12 weeks^[de]	12 weeks^[de]	12 weeks^[de]	prohibited	prohibited
Sierra Leone	permitted^[df]	permitted^[df]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Singapore^[369]	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks
Slovakia^[370]^[371]	no limit	permitted^[dg]	12 weeks	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks
Slovenia^[372]	no limit	no limit	10 weeks	10 weeks	10 weeks	10 weeks
Solomon Islands^[373]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Somalia^[374]^[375]^[dh]	permitted^[di]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
South Africa	no limit	20 weeks	20 weeks	no limit	20 weeks	12 weeks
South Korea^[dj]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted^[dk]	permitted^[dk]
South Ossetia^[381]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	22 weeks	12 weeks
South Sudan^[382]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Spain^[383]	22 weeks	22 weeks	14 weeks	22 weeks^[dl]	14 weeks	14 weeks
Sri Lanka^[384]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Sudan^[385]	no limit	prohibited	90 days^[dm]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Suriname	permitted^[dn]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Sweden^[387]	no limit	no limit	18 weeks	18 weeks	18 weeks	18 weeks
Switzerland^[388]	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Syria^[389]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Taiwan^[390]^[391]	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	no limit	24 weeks	prohibited
Tajikistan^[392]	permitted	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks
Tanzania^[do]	no limit	permitted^[dp]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Thailand^[396]^[397]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	20 weeks
Togo^[398]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Tonga	permitted^[dq]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Transnistria^[401]^[402]	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	no limit	22 weeks	12 weeks
Trinidad and Tobago	permitted^[dr]	permitted^[dr]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Tunisia^[21]	no limit	no limit	3 months	no limit	3 months	3 months
Turkey^[406]^[407]^[408]	no limit	10 weeks	20 weeks	no limit	10 weeks	10 weeks
Turkmenistan^[409]	no limit	no limit	permitted	permitted	22 weeks	5 weeks
Tuvalu^[410]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Uganda	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Ukraine^[411]	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks^[ds]	12 weeks^[ds]
United Arab Emirates^[414]^[415]	no limit	120 days^[dt]	120 days	no limit	prohibited^[dt]	prohibited^[dt]
United Kingdom [subdivisions]	no limit	no limit	permitted^[du]	no limit	24 weeks^[du]	varies^[dv]
England^[422]	no limit	no limit	permitted^[du]	no limit	24 weeks^[du]	prohibited
Northern Ireland^[421]	no limit	no limit	permitted^[du]	no limit	24 weeks^[du]	12 weeks
Scotland^[422]	no limit	no limit	permitted^[du]	no limit	24 weeks^[du]	prohibited
Wales^[422]	no limit	no limit	permitted^[du]	no limit	24 weeks^[du]	prohibited
United States^[423] [subdivisions]	no limit	varies^[dw]	varies^[dw]	varies^[dw]	varies^[dw]	varies^[dw]
Alabama^[424]	no limit	no limit	prohibited	prohibited^[dx]	prohibited	prohibited
Alaska	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
Arizona^[426]^[427]^[428]	no limit	no limit^[dy]	15 weeks^[dy]	15 weeks^[dy]	15 weeks^[dy]	15 weeks^[dy]
Arkansas^[429]^[430]	no limit	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
California^[dz]	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Colorado	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
Connecticut	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Delaware	no limit	no limit	viability	no limit	viability	viability
District of Columbia	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
Florida^[431]^[432]	no limit	no limit	15 weeks	15 weeks^[ea]	15 weeks	15 weeks
Georgia^[433]^[434]^[435]	no limit	no limit	22 weeks^[eb]	no limit	heartbeat^[ec]	heartbeat^[ec]
Hawaii	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Idaho^[436]	no limit	no limit^[ed]	15 weeks^[ee]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Illinois	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Indiana^[439]^[440]	no limit	no limit	12 weeks^[ef]	prohibited^[eg]	prohibited	prohibited
Iowa^[441]^[442]^[443]	no limit	no limit	22 weeks^[eb]	heartbeat^[ec]^[eh]	heartbeat^[ec]	heartbeat^[ec]
Kansas	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks
Kentucky^[444]^[445]	no limit	no limit	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Louisiana^[446]	no limit	no limit	prohibited	prohibited^[ei]	prohibited	prohibited
Maine^[448]	no limit	no limit	viability^[ej]	viability^[ej]	viability^[ej]	viability
Maryland^[449]	no limit	no limit	viability^[ek]	no limit	viability^[ek]	viability^[ek]
Massachusetts	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks
Michigan^[dz]^[452]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
Minnesota^[453]^[454]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
Mississippi^[455]^[456]^[457]	no limit	prohibited	20 weeks	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Missouri^[458]	no limit	no limit	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Montana	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Nebraska^[459]^[460]	no limit	no limit	22 weeks^[eb]	12 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Nevada	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks
New Hampshire^[461]	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks
New Jersey	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
New Mexico^[462]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
New York	no limit	no limit	24 weeks^[el]	24 weeks^[el]	24 weeks^[el]	24 weeks^[el]
North Carolina^[464]	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	12 weeks^[em]	12 weeks	12 weeks
North Dakota^[465]	no limit	no limit	6 weeks	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Ohio^[466]^[467]	no limit	no limit	viability^[en]	viability^[en]	viability^[en]	viability^[en]
Oklahoma^[468]^[469]	no limit	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Oregon	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
Pennsylvania	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks
Rhode Island	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
South Carolina^[470]^[471]^[472]	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	no limit	heartbeat^[ec]	heartbeat^[ec]
South Dakota^[473]	no limit	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Tennessee^[474]	no limit	no limit	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Texas^[475]^[476]	no limit	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Utah^[477]^[478]^[479]	no limit	no limit	no limit	18 weeks^[eo]^[en]	18 weeks^[en]	18 weeks^[en]
Vermont^[dz]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
Virginia	no limit	no limit	6 months	6 months	6 months	6 months
Washington^[480]	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
West Virginia^[481]	no limit	no limit	11 weeks^[ep]	prohibited^[eq]	prohibited	prohibited
Wisconsin^[482]^[483]^[484]	no limit	no limit^[en]	22 weeks^[eb]^[en]	22 weeks^[eb]^[en]	22 weeks^[eb]^[en]	22 weeks^[eb]^[en]
Wyoming^[485]^[486]^[487]	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability^[en]	viability^[en]
Uruguay^[488]^[489]	no limit	no limit	14 weeks^[er]	no limit	12 weeks^[er]	12 weeks
Uzbekistan^[491]	permitted	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks
Vanuatu^[492]	permitted	permitted^[es]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Vatican City	prohibited^[et]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Venezuela^[500]^[501]	22 weeks	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Vietnam^[502]^[503]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	22 weeks^[eu]
Yemen^[507]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Zambia^[508]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited
Zimbabwe^[509]^[510]	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks^[ev]	22 weeks	prohibited^[ew]	prohibited^[ew]

Autonomous jurisdictions

The table below summarizes the legal grounds for abortion in autonomous jurisdictions not included in the previous table.

Legal grounds on which abortion is permitted in other autonomous jurisdictions
Jurisdiction	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Akrotiri and Dhekelia^[513]	permitted	permitted	permitted^[ex]	permitted	permitted^[ex]	prohibited
American Samoa^[514]	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Anguilla^[515]	no limit	28 weeks	prohibited	28 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Aruba^[516]	permitted^[ey]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Bermuda^[517]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
British Virgin Islands^[518]	no limit	28 weeks	prohibited	28 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Cayman Islands^[519]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Cook Islands^[520]^[ez]	permitted	permitted^[fa]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Curaçao^[524]	permitted^[ey]	prohibited^[fb]	prohibited^[fb]	prohibited^[fb]	prohibited^[fb]	prohibited^[fb]
Falkland Islands^[526]	no limit	no limit	permitted^[ex]	no limit	24 weeks^[ex]	prohibited
Faroe Islands^[527]	no limit	no limit	16 weeks	16 weeks	prohibited^[fc]	prohibited
Gibraltar^[528]	no limit	no limit	12 weeks^[fd]	no limit	12 weeks^[ex]	prohibited
Greenland^[530]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	12 weeks
Guam^[531]^[532]	no limit	no limit^[fe]	26 weeks^[fe]	26 weeks^[fe]	13 weeks^[fe]	13 weeks^[fe]
Guernsey [subdivisions]	permitted^[ff]	permitted^[ff]	varies^[fg]	varies^[fg]	varies^[fg]	prohibited
Alderney^[535]^[fh]	permitted^[ff]	permitted^[ff]	prohibited^[fh]	prohibited^[fh]	prohibited^[fh]	prohibited
Guernsey^[536]	no limit	no limit	permitted^[ex]	no limit	24 weeks^[ex]	prohibited
Sark^[535]	permitted^[ff]	permitted^[ff]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Hong Kong^[539]	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	prohibited
Isle of Man^[540]	no limit	no limit	23 weeks	no limit	23 weeks	14 weeks
Jersey^[541]	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	24 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Macau^[542]	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Montserrat^[543]	no limit	viability	prohibited	viability	prohibited	prohibited
Niue	permitted^[fi]	permitted^[fi]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Northern Mariana Islands^[549]	prohibited^[fj]	prohibited^[fj]	prohibited^[fj]	prohibited^[fj]	prohibited^[fj]	prohibited^[fj]
Pitcairn Islands^[fk]	no limit	no limit	permitted^[du]	no limit	24 weeks^[du]	prohibited
Puerto Rico^[553]	no limit	no limit	no limit^[fl]	no limit^[fl]	no limit^[fl]	prohibited^[fl]
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha^[fm]	no limit	no limit	permitted^[du]	no limit	24 weeks^[du]	prohibited
Sint Maarten^[558]	permitted^[ey]	prohibited^[fn]	prohibited^[fn]	prohibited^[fn]	prohibited^[fn]	prohibited^[fn]
Tokelau^[559]	permitted^[fo]	permitted^[fo]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Turks and Caicos Islands^[561]	permitted^[fp]	permitted^[fp]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
United States Virgin Islands^[562]	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks

Comparative limits for countries with elective abortions

Legal limits may not be directly comparable. Limits may be expressed in trimesters, months, weeks of pregnancy (implantation), weeks from fertilization, or weeks from last menstrual period (LMP).

Countries with more restrictive laws

According to a report by Women on Waves,^{[better source needed]} approximately 25% of the world's population^{[as of?]} lives in countries with "highly restrictive abortion laws"—that is, laws which either completely ban abortion, or allow it only to save the mother's life. This category includes several countries in Latin America, Africa, Asia and Oceania, as well as Andorra and Malta in Europe.^[563] The Center for Reproductive Rights report that "[t]he inability to access safe and legal abortion care impacts 700 million women of reproductive age."^[564]

Some of the countries of Central America, notably El Salvador, have also come to international attention due to very forceful enforcement of the laws, including the incarceration of a gang-rape victim for homicide when she gave birth to a stillborn son and was accused of attempting an illegal abortion.^[565]^[566]^[567]

El Salvador has some of the strictest abortion laws of any country. Abortion under all circumstances, including rape, incest, and risk to the mothers health, is illegal. Women can be criminalized and penalized to up to 40 years in prison after being found guilty of an abortion. El Salvador's abortion laws are so severe that miscarriages and stillbirths can sometimes be enough for conviction. The Inter-American Court has already ruled that El Salvador was responsible for the death of Manuela, who was sentenced to 30 years in prison in 2008 for aggravated homicide after suffering an obstetric emergency that resulted in her losing her pregnancy.[4]^[568] Lack of access to abortion is recognized by Uruguay, Mexico, Argentina, and Colombia as a human rights issue. This shows progress in underdeveloped nations.

Ireland

Ireland has had a long withstanding rule of the land called the Offenses Against Persons Act of 1861, which is what first prohibited abortions. This law was enacted to prohibit abortions in Ireland in 1920 when Ireland became its own independent country. To counteract the infiltration of pro abortion laws, Ireland's Catholic organizations formed the Pro Life Amendment Campaign. This organization was formed to create an abortion ban at a constitutional level. Ireland's 8th constitutional amendment was made in 1986, “acknowledges the right to life of the unborn and [gave] due regard to the equal right to life of the mother.”^[569]

In 1992, a case of a 14 year old pregnant girl, threatening suicide to the courts if she were not allowed abortion, sparked change in Ireland's people. An appeals was made to the higher courts that suicidal thoughts were enough for endangerment of a mother's life for termination to be allowed. This case began the new wave of activism in Ireland which promoted the protection of the mother's life, and pushed for abortion rights. Activism grew into the larger public eye which prompted new laws to be made and introduced protecting the mother's life.^[569]

New wave of activism in Ireland stretched until 2013 when the Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act was signed into law. This law recognized the mother's life over the fetus's and would allow pregnancy termination in cases where the mother is in danger. In 2018 Ireland's abortion ban by constitution was repealed and abortions up to the first trimester were legalized and covered by Ireland's public health service.^[569]

Beginning of pregnancy controversy

Controversy over the beginning of pregnancy occurs in different contexts, particularly in a legal context, and is particularly discussed within the abortion debate from the point of measuring the gestational age of the pregnancy. Pregnancy can be measured from a number of convenient points, including the day of last menstruation, ovulation, fertilization, implantation and chemical detection. A common medical way to calculate gestational age is to measure pregnancy from the first day of the last menstrual cycle.^[fu] However, not all legal systems use this measure for the purpose of abortion law; for example countries such as Belgium, France, and Luxembourg use the term "pregnancy" in the abortion law to refer to the time elapsed from the sexual act that led to conception, which is presumed to be 2 weeks after the end of the last menstrual period.^[fv]

Exceptions in abortion law

Exceptions in abortion laws occur either in countries where abortion is as a general rule illegal or in countries that have abortion on request with gestational limits. For example, if a country allows abortion on request until 12 weeks, it may create exceptions to this general gestation limit for later abortions in specific circumstances.^[575]

There are a few exceptions commonly found in abortion laws. Legal domains which do not have abortion on demand will often allow it when the health of the mother is at stake. "Health of the mother" may mean something different in different areas: for example, prior to December 2018, Ireland allowed abortion only to save the mother's life, whereas abortion opponents in the United States argue health exceptions are used so broadly as to render a ban essentially meaningless.^[576]

Laws allowing abortion in cases of rape or incest often differ. For example, before Roe v. Wade, thirteen U.S. states allowed abortion in the case of either rape or incest, but only Mississippi permitted abortion of pregnancies due to rape, and no state permitted it for just incest.^[577]

Many^[vague] countries allow abortion only through the first or second trimester, and some may allow abortion in cases of fetal defects, e.g., Down syndrome, or where the pregnancy is the result of a sexual crime.

Other related laws

Laws in some countries with liberal abortion laws protect access to abortion services. Such legislation often seeks to guard abortion clinics against obstruction, vandalism, picketing, and other actions, or to protect patients and employees of such facilities from threats and harassment. Other laws create a perimeter around a facility, known variously as a "buffer zone", "bubble zone", or "access zone", where demonstrations opposing abortion are not permitted. Protests and other displays are restricted to a certain distance from the building, which varies depending on the law. Similar zones have also been created to protect the homes of abortion providers and clinic staff. Bubble zone laws are divided into "fixed" and "floating" categories. Fixed bubble zone laws apply to the static area around the facility itself, and floating laws to objects in transit, such as people or cars.^[578] Because of conflicts between anti-abortion activists on one side and women seeking abortion and medical staff who provides abortion on the other side, some laws are quite strict: in South Africa for instance, any person who prevents the lawful termination of a pregnancy or obstructs access to a facility for the termination of a pregnancy faces up to 10 years in prison (section 10.1 (c) of the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act^[579]).

On 3 November 2020, an association of 20 Kenyan charities urged the government of Kenya to withdraw from the Geneva Consensus Declaration (GCD), a US-led international accord that sought to limit access to abortion for girls and women around the world. GCD was signed by 33 nations, on 22 October 2020.^[580]

Judicial decisions

Year	Jurisdiction	Description	Abortion access affirmed or expanded?
1879	Canada	Abortion trial of Emily Stowe
1938	United Kingdom	R v Bourne Abortion in case of risk to physical or mental health included in risk to life. The decision was also implemented by some British territories and their successors.^[364]	Yes
1952	Canada	Azoulay v R^[581]
1969	Victoria (Australia)	R v Davidson^[fw] Abortion allowed in case of risk to life, and physical or mental health.^[582]	Yes
1971	United States	United States v. Vuitch	Restrictions upheld
1971	New South Wales (Australia)	R v Wald Abortion in case of socioeconomic reasons included in risk to physical or mental health.	Yes
1973	United States	Doe v. Bolton Abortion allowed after viability if necessary to protect her health.
1973	United States	Roe v. Wade Abortion allowed on demand in the entire country.
1975	Germany	German Federal Constitutional Court abortion decision	Law restricted
1976	Canada	Morgentaler v R	Restrictions upheld
1976	United States	Planned Parenthood v. Danforth	Legalization upheld
1979		Maher v. Roe
1979		Colautti v. Franklin
1980	Puerto Rico	Pueblo v. Duarte Application of Roe v. Wade to Puerto Rico.^[553]	Yes
1980	United States	Harris v. McRae
1981	United States	H. L. v. Matheson	Restrictions upheld
1981	Israel	A. v. B. Paternal consent not required.	Yes
1983	United States	City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health	Yes
1986	United States	Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
1988	Canada	R v Morgentaler	Yes
1989	Canada	Borowski v Canada (AG)
	United States	Webster v. Reproductive Health Services	Restrictions upheld
	Canada	Tremblay v Daigle	Yes
1990	United States	Hodgson v. Minnesota	Yes
1991	United States	Rust v. Sullivan
1992	Ireland	Attorney General v X Abortion allowed in case of risk to life, including risk of suicide.	Yes
1992	United States	Planned Parenthood v. Casey	Yes
1993	United States	Bray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic
	Germany	2 BvF 2/90^[168]
	Canada	R v Morgentaler	Yes
1995	New South Wales (Australia)	CES v. Superclinics Physical or mental health should be considered not only during the pregnancy but also after the birth.	Yes
1997	Poland	K 26/96 Abortion for economic or social reasons ruled unconstitutional.^[336]	Law restricted
1997	United States	Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
1998	South Africa	Christian Lawyers Association v Minister of Health Law allowing abortion on demand ruled constitutional.	Legalization upheld
2000	United States	Hill v. Colorado
2000	United States	Stenberg v. Carhart Supreme Court struck down Nebraska's partial-birth abortion ban.	Yes
2001	Argentina	T., S. v. Government of Buenos Aires City^[583]	Yes
2003	United States	Scheidler v. National Organization for Women
2006		Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England
		Scheidler v. National Organization for Women
		Gonzales v. Carhart Supreme Court upheld the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003.	Restrictions upheld
	Colombia	Constitutional Court allowed abortion in case of danger to woman's life or health, rape, and fetal deformation.^[118]	Yes
	Council of Europe	D v Ireland
	New South Wales (Australia)	R v Sood^[584]
2007	Council of Europe	Tysiąc v Poland^[585]
2007	Slovakia	Constitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion on demand constitutional.^[586]	Legalization upheld
2008	Nepal	Achyut Kharel v. Government of Nepal ^[587]
2009	Council of Europe	A, B and C v Ireland The court rejected the argument that article 8 conferred a right to abortion, but found that Ireland had violated the European Convention on Human Rights by failing to provide an accessible and effective procedure by which a woman can have established whether she qualifies for a legal abortion.	Yes
2009	Nepal	Lakshmi v. Government of Nepal Supreme Court upheld and expanded legal abortion.^[588]	Yes
2011	United Kingdom	British Pregnancy Advisory Service v Secretary of State for Health^[589]
2012	Argentina	F., A. L. Abortion allowed in case of rape of any woman, regardless of her mental health.^[590]	Yes
	Brazil	ADPF 54 Abortion allowed in case of anencephaly.^[591]	Yes
	Council of Europe	P. and S. v. Poland^[592]
2013	El Salvador	Case of "Beatriz"^[593]
2014	Bolivia	Ruling 0206/2014^[594]
2014	Ireland	P.P. v. Health Service Executive
2015	Dominican Republic	Constitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion in certain cases unconstitutional.^[595]	Law restricted
2015	Rwanda	RPA 0787/15/HC/KIG^[596]
2016	United States	Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt	Yes
2016	United Nations	Mellet v Ireland
2017	Chile	Constitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion in certain cases constitutional.^[114]	Yes
2017	Croatia	Constitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion on demand constitutional.^[597]	Legalization upheld
2018	United Kingdom	Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission v Department of Justice^[598]
2019	South Korea	Abortion allowed on request. Decision took effect in 2021.^[379]	Yes
	Australia	Clubb v Edwards
	Kenya	FIDA-Kenya and Others v. Attorney General and Others Abortion allowed in case of rape.^[208]	Yes
2020	Poland	K 1/20 Abortion in case of fetal deformity ruled unconstitutional. The decision was implemented on 27 January 2021.^[335]	Law restricted
	Thailand	Ruling No. 4/2563^[599]
	Colombia	Constitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion in certain cases constitutional rejecting both total ban and legalization.^[600]	Law upheld
2021	Ecuador	Abortion allowed in case of rape of any woman, regardless of her mental health.^[145]	Yes
	Mexico	Deadlines in case of pregnancy after rape ruled unconstitutional.^[248]^[249]
		Penalties for abortion ruled unconstitutional.^[40]^[41]
		^[601]
		^[602]^[603]
	Inter-American Court of Human Rights	Manuela and Others v. El Salvador^[604]
	United States	United States v. Texas	Restrictions upheld
	United States	Whole Woman's Health v. Jackson	Restrictions upheld
2022	Colombia	Constitutional Court decriminalized abortion up to 24 weeks of gestation.^[39]	Yes
	United States	Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization States may now ban or restrict abortion before viability, Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey overturned.	Law restricted
	India	Abortion allowed under the same criteria regardless of marital status.^[605]	Yes
2023	Mexico	Abortion allowed at federal health facilities anywhere in the country.^[246]^[247]	Yes

Notes

^ ^a ^b Mainland China.
^ ^a ^b In 2021, the Chinese government issued guidelines reducing "non-medically necessary" abortions as a "step toward women's development".^[16] The guidelines do not provide detail on what a "non-medically necessary" abortion is, nor what specific policies the government has planned to achieve this goal.^[17]^[18]
^ The law from 1957 legalizing the abortion on request was limited in 1962 when additional approval for each abortion had to be obtained from so called Abort Commission (which rejected about 15% of the requests). The Abort Commissions were abolished by law in 1986. Until 1993 each approved abortion was paid by state.^[19]^[20]
^ In some parts of Overseas France, abortion on request became legal in 2001.^[22]^[23]^[24]
^ Year when all subnational jurisdictions legalized abortion on request.
^ ^a ^b Including Svalbard.^[310]
^ The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 1978 and came into force in 1979.^[25]
^ In the Caribbean Netherlands, abortion on request became legal in 2011.^[26]^[27]
^ After explicit legalization struck down by supreme court decision, the law only removes punishment for abortion on request but with no statement about its legality.
^ The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 1995 and came into force in 1996.^[31]
^ The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 2014 and came into force in 2015.^[33]
^ The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 2018 and came into force in 2019.^[34]
^ The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 2020 and came into force in 2021.^[35]
^ ^a ^b Including Åland.^[157]
^ ^a ^b ^c The law of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan consisted primarily of statutory law and a limited use of Islamic jurisprudence.^[49] The Afghan penal code criminalized abortion and only removed the penalty if the abortion was prescribed by a doctor to save the woman's life,^[50]^[51] but other sources said that Afghanistan also allowed abortion in case of fetal impairment,^[52] and rarely for economic reasons if accepted by a religious council.^[53] After the 2021 Taliban offensive, the new government announced its intention to implement Islamic law exclusively, and it is unclear which legal grounds for abortion it accepts.^[54]
^ The UN source says that this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.^[56] However, other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in Andorra.^[57]
^ The UN source incorrectly shows Angola as allowing abortion on request, citing a penal code draft from 2014 that did not become law.^[58] The version of the penal code enacted in 2020 and entered into force in 2021 allows abortion only in certain circumstances.^[59]
^ A 2001 UN source says that abortion must be performed within the first 16 weeks and that it may be permitted after this period under very exceptional circumstances.^[61]
^ Before independence, a judicial decision in the parent country allowed abortion for this ground, but the decision has not been explicitly recognized by Antigua and Barbuda.^[61]^[62]^: 14
^ Abortion for this ground is permitted in all subdivisions except the Northern Territory.^[64]^[65]
^ Applies the laws of Western Australia.^[68]
^ Applies the laws of Western Australia.^[69]
^ Applies the laws of the Australian Capital Territory.^[70]
^ Most laws of New South Wales and Queensland, including their abortion laws, are set to apply to Norfolk Island after 2026.^[72]^[73] The Criminal Code of Norfolk Island, which remains in force in the territory, does not prohibit abortion.^[74]
^ Abortion up to 24 weeks may be performed if the medical practitioner considers the abortion is appropriate in all the circumstances, having regard to all relevant medical circumstances, the woman's current and future physical, psychological and social circumstances, and professional standards and guidelines. Later abortion may be performed, if two medical practitioners consider the abortion is appropriate in all the circumstances, having regard to the mentioned matters.^[75] These criteria are not considered as allowing abortion on request.^[64]^[65]
^ ^a ^b ^c If the woman was under age 14 when getting pregnant, no limit is specified.
^ ^a ^b ^c The penal code says that abortion is permitted for therapeutic purposes but is unclear whether it means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health. The UN source marks it as a permitted ground.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e The UN source marks it as a legal ground because the Penal Code explicitly prohibits abortion only if performed without the consent of the woman and of a medical practitioner.^[84] However, the decree regulating medical practice prohibits abortion unless the pregnancy threatens the woman's life.^[85]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e The UN source does not explicitly mark this legal ground for abortion but says that "Menstrual regulation is available on request for women with a last menstrual period of 10 weeks or less."^[47]
^ The law permits abortion for medical reasons without gestational limit, for social reasons up to 22 weeks of gestation, and on request up to 12 weeks of gestation.^[87] By regulation, fetal impairment is included as a medical reason,^[88] and rape is included as a social reason.^[89]
^ ^a ^b ^c Defined as 12 weeks from conception, considered as 14 weeks from the last menstrual period.^[91]
^ The penal code prohibits abortion except to save the woman's life, when the pregnancy is a result of rape or incest, or when the woman is of unsound mental condition.^[93] Guidelines for health workers mention grounds of risk to the woman's health and fetal impairment, and define a gestational limit of 180 days.^[94]
^ ^a ^b This ground is only cited in guidelines for health workers, not by law.^[93]^[94]
^ This ground is established by a regulation implementing a judicial decision, although it is not mentioned in the decision itself or in the law.^[95]
^ ^a ^b Continues to apply the abortion law of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.^[96]^[97]
^ The penal code criminalizes abortion except if done to save the woman's life or if the pregnancy is the result of rape.^[100] Due to a decision by the Supreme Federal Court, abortion is also permitted in case of anencephaly, and it may also be authorized by court order in other fatal cases of fetal impairment.^[101]^[102]^[103]
^ The penal code says that social demands are taken into account in a conviction for abortion.^[107] It is unclear if this circumstance reduces the penalty or may remove it.
^ There is no abortion law in Canada, but its subdivisions and professional bodies have regulations restricting the procedure to various grounds or gestational limits.^[110]^[111]
^ The penal code says that abortion may be permitted to an underage woman in a state of grave distress up to 8 weeks.^[113]
^ If the woman is under age 14, the gestational limit is 14 weeks.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[117]^[118]^[39]
^ ^a ^b This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law.^[120] The Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which is declared to be an integral part of the constitution, says that "Abortion, other than therapeutic, is prohibited and punishable by law."^[121] It is unclear whether the therapeutic ground means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health. The UN source says that only the ground to save the woman's life is accepted as a general legal principle.^[43]
^ A judicial pardon may be granted to the woman for an abortion on this ground.^[122]
^ In some cases, the gestational limit is 12 or 24 weeks.
^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle, allowed by regulation and established by treaty.^[129]^[130]
^ ^a ^b ^c This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by treaty, whose application is requested by the Constitutional Court.^[129]^[131]
^ If the woman is of young age or immature and so unable to care for the child in a proper way, no limit is specified.
^ Before independence, a judicial decision in the parent country allowed abortion for this ground, but the decision has not been explicitly recognized by Dominica.^[137]
^ The UN source says that this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle. However, other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in the Dominican Republic.^[139]^[140]
^ The UN source shows East Timor as allowing abortion also in case of risk to the woman's health or fetal impairment, citing the penal code enacted in March 2009 and entered into force in June 2009.^[141]^[142] However, the penal code was amended in July 2009 to restrict abortion only to save the woman's life.^[143]^[142]^[144]
^ This ground is explicitly mentioned in the law only in case of rape of a woman with a mental disability, but it is also established by judicial decision in case of rape of any woman.^[145]
^ ^a ^b ^c Abortion is permitted if the woman is under age 18.
^ ^a ^b ^c If the woman is under age 15 or over age 45, the gestational limit is 22 weeks.
^ Permitted up to 28 weeks of gestation if the woman is unfit to raise the child due to a physical or mental disability or for being under age 18. The penalty for abortion may be mitigated in case of extreme poverty.^[153]^[154]
^ Including Overseas France.^[160]
^ ^a ^b ^c Defined as 14 weeks of pregnancy, considered as 16 weeks from the last menstrual period.^[161]
^ The penal code says that abortion may be permitted to an underage woman in a state of grave distress up to 10 weeks.
^ ^a ^b ^c The criminal code specifies that abortion is not deemed an offence if the woman requests it, she has obtained counselling, and it is done by a physician within 12 weeks from conception. (Also, the woman is not punished for an abortion within 22 weeks if the other conditions are fulfilled.) The woman's living conditions are also taken into account in the indication of a serious risk to her health.^[168]^[169]
^ ^a ^b If the woman is a minor or incapable of resisting, the gestational limit is 19 weeks.
^ ^a ^b If the woman is HIV-positive or contraception failure, the gestational limit is 16 weeks.
^ A new penal code, published by presidential decree on 24 June 2020, would allow abortion on request in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, and in case of risk to the woman's physical or mental health, rape or incest.^[176] The code is set to take effect on 19 June 2025 unless modified before then.^[177]
^ ^a ^b ^c This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.
^ ^a ^b ^c Up to 18 weeks if the woman is incapacitated or did not recognize the pregnancy due to illness or medical error, or in case of failure of a health institution.^[179]
^ Up to 24 weeks in case of prolongation of the diagnostic procedure, or no limit in case of fetal abnormality incompatible with life after birth.^[179]
^ No limit in case of "substantial foetal abnormalities".^[181]
^ Including the failure of contraception.^[181]
^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law,^[188] but it may be included in other legal grounds if the pregnancy causes unbearable hardship, such as significant harm to mental health or risk of suicide.^[189]^{[better source needed]}
^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.^[190]^[191]
^ ^a ^b This ground is only cited in instructions to health committees, not by law.^[192]
^ ^a ^b If the risk to life or health is immediate, no gestational limit is specified.
^ ^a ^b Abortion is permitted if the woman is under age 18 or over age 40, or if she is not married or the pregnancy is not from marriage.^[194]
^ ^a ^b The UN source marks it as a legal ground but it is only established by treaty, not by law and not implemented as of 2020.^[196]^[197]
^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle and established by judicial decision.^[198]^[199]^[200]^[201]
^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[198]^[199]^[200]^[201]
^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[208] It is also mentioned in the National Guidelines on Management of Sexual Violence.^[209]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f The penal code prohibits "unlawful abortion", defined as "abortion not authorized by medical doctor commission". The penal code also lists the principles of legitimate defense and necessity to save one's life, which lead to exemption from penal liability.^[215] A decision by the Ministry of Health states that abortion is medically authorized, up to 28 weeks of gestation, due to certain medical conditions of the woman or fetus, rape, contraception failure, and certain socioeconomic conditions of the woman or her family.^[216] A WHO source also shows Laos as allowing abortion on request up to 12 weeks of gestation, citing guidelines for health workers from 2016,^[217] but they were issued before the penal code of 2017 defined "unlawful abortion" and are not mentioned in the decision by the Ministry of Health of 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c If the woman is under age 13 or over age 49, no limit is specified.
^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law.^[228] The UN source says that it is accepted as a general legal principle,^[43] but other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in Madagascar.^[229]^[230]
^ The law of Maldives is a combination of statutory and Islamic law.^[233] The Maldivian penal code criminalizes abortion after 120 days of gestation, except for risk to the woman's life.^[234] The Maldivian Islamic jurisprudence allows abortion only for risk to the woman's life, without gestational limit, or in cases of rape, incest, or certain medical conditions of a fetus conceived in marriage, up to 120 days of gestation.^[235]^[236]
^ Only for certain medical conditions of a fetus conceived in marriage.^[235]^[236]
^ ^a ^b The penal code prohibits abortion without any explicit exception,^[240] but the UN source says that abortion to save the woman's life is permitted as a general legal principle.^[43] The law on child protection prohibits abortion except for a "proven medical need",^[241] and the law on reproductive health prohibits abortion except in case of risk to the woman's life.^[242] The government has stated that the law of the country permits abortion on therapeutic grounds.^[243]
^ Abortion for this ground is permitted by law in all subdivisions except Guanajuato and Querétaro. In these two states, medical professionals at federal health facilities may provide abortion without prosecution,^[246]^[247] while others may be prosecuted but not imprisoned, and they may request judicial relief by amparo.^[40]^[41]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf Abortion for this ground is permitted by law in some states and Mexico City. In other states, medical professionals at federal health facilities may provide abortion without prosecution,^[246]^[247] while others may be prosecuted but not imprisoned, and they may request judicial relief by amparo.^[40]^[41]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g The penal codes of some states specify a gestational limit for abortion in case of rape. However, in July 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that it is unconstitutional to set a limit for abortion on this ground.^[248]^[249]
^ ^a ^b ^c This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[40]^[41]
^ ^a ^b ^c This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[263]^[264]
^ ^a ^b ^c This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[271]
^ If the woman is under age 15 or over age 40, the gestational limit is 21 weeks.
^ In 2016, the government of Morocco proposed allowing abortion in cases of rape, incest, mental disability and fetal impairment. However, the parliament did not approve the proposal,^[289]^[290] and as of 2021 the abortion articles in the penal code remain unchanged.^[291]^[292]
^ May be permitted with no gestational limit in case the fetus is not viable.^[293]
^ ^a ^b Up to 28 weeks if the woman has HIV or a similar incurable disease.^[297]^[298]
^ Including the Caribbean Netherlands.^[26]^[27]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r The Criminal Code of the predecessor of Nigeria prohibited abortion except to save the woman's life. A judicial decision on a similar law in the parent country allowed abortion also to preserve the woman's health, but the West African Court of Appeal, despite applying the reasoning of the parent country's decision, affirmed only the ground to save the woman's life in Nigerian law. The Criminal Code and its judicial precedent remain in force in the southern states of Nigeria. In the states corresponding to the former Northern Region, the Penal Code replaced the Criminal Code and its judicial precedent, and it also prohibits abortion except to save the woman's life.^[300]^[301]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f The criminal law of North Korea, as amended up to 2015, does not mention abortion.^[303]^[304] In 2015 the North Korean government issued a directive prohibiting medical professionals from performing abortions but did not indicate a penalty for doing so.^[305] In 2016, the government stated that abortion was "legal" and "provided upon request by the woman concerned for reasons of risks to her life, physical and mental health and fetal malformation", but it is unclear whether these were the only permitted reasons.^[306] It has also been reported that repatriated pregnant women are forced to have abortions to prevent children of mixed ethnicity.^[307]^[308]
^ ^a ^b ^c May be permitted with no gestational limit in some cases.^[309]
^ ^a ^b ^c The penal law prohibits abortion without any explicit exception, but it exempts from penal liability actions done by necessity to protect oneself or others from a severe and imminent danger, and in the practice of agreed medical activities or urgent medical intervention.^[311] The law regulating medical practice prohibits abortion except for risk to the woman's life or of unbearable illness, and in case of fetal impairment up to 120 days of gestation.^[312]
^ Different sources specify this limit as 120 days or four months of gestation.^[315]^[316]
^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law^[317] but it is accepted as a general legal principle.^{[citation needed]}
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d The law prohibits abortion except to save the woman's life.^[318] However, some sources say that abortion may also be permitted for health reasons and in cases of rape and fetal impairment,^[319]^[320]^[321] while other sources say that it is not possible to obtain an abortion in any circumstance.^[322]
^ The law prohibits abortion done "unlawfully" without defining it, and it explicitly permits abortion to preserve the woman's life.^[325] An opinion of the State Solicitor in 1982, based on court decisions on identical laws in the former parent country, considered that preservation of the woman's health was also a legal ground for abortion.^[326]^[327] However, in 2018, in the case of a woman who had aborted at four months of pregnancy due to risk to health, the Supreme Court acquitted her because she had been wrongly charged for the crime of killing an unborn child, which only applies shortly before birth (section 312), but ruled that she should have still been charged for the crime of abortion (section 225).^[328]
^ The law prohibits abortion without explicitly mentioning any exception,^[331] but in 2014 the Supreme Court ruled that indirect abortion done to save the woman's life was permitted under the principle of double effect.^[332]^[333]
^ This ground was mentioned in the law but it was invalidated by a judicial decision in 2020.^[335]
^ This ground was mentioned in the law but it was invalidated by a judicial decision in 1997.^[336]
^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[345]^[346]^[62]^: 14
^ In case of risk to the woman's life after fetal viability, the pregnancy may also be interrupted by attempting a live birth.
^ Permitted until fetal viability in case of a fetal anomaly that poses a risk to the woman's health.
^ ^a ^b Abortion may also permitted up to 40 days of gestation for other reasons that are not economic or social concerns.^[351]^[352]^[353]
^ ^a ^b The penal code prohibits abortion without any explicit exception,^[354] but the code of medical ethics permits abortion to save the woman's life.^[355]^[43]^[356] The government has stated that abortion is authorized in case of risk to the woman's health.^[357]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d In some cases, abortion may be allowed up to fetal viability or 26 weeks of gestation.^[360]^[361]
^ ^a ^b Sierra Leone established that the laws in force in England in 1880 would be in force in Sierra Leone from 1965.^[362] One of these laws prohibited abortion done "unlawfully" without defining it.^[363] A judicial decision in England in 1938 clarified that this law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health.^[364] It is unclear whether Sierra Leone applies only the original legal principle or also the judicial decision.^[365]^[366] In 2015 the parliament of Sierra Leone passed a law allowing abortion on request but it was not signed by the president so it did not come into force.^[367]^[368]
^ In some cases, the gestational limit is 12 weeks.
^ Including Somaliland.^[376]^[377]
^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.^{[clarification needed]}
^ The laws of South Korea prohibited abortion except for risk to the woman's health, rape, incest, or certain medical conditions, up to 24 weeks of gestation.^[378] On 11 April 2019, the Constitutional Court ruled that the abortion restrictions were unconstitutional, giving the legislature until the end of 2020 to amend the laws to allow abortion on request with some gestational limit. In October 2020 the government proposed a limit of 14 weeks for abortion on request and 24 weeks for certain other cases, but the legislature did not approve this or any other proposal on the subject before the end of the year, so the abortion laws became automatically invalid on 1 January 2021.^[379] As of 2024, the legislature had still not approved any of the proposals, leaving abortion decriminalized without a clear gestational limit.^[380]
^ ^a ^b This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[379]
^ In case of a fatal anomaly, no limit is specified.
^ From conception.
^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law^[386] but it is accepted as a general legal principle.^{[citation needed]}
^ In mainland Tanzania, articles 150 to 152 of the penal code prohibit abortion done "unlawfully", and article 230 of the same law permits abortion to preserve the woman's life. Article 219 additionally prohibits "child destruction", meaning abortion after fetal viability, presumed at 28 weeks of pregnancy, but still permits it to preserve the woman's life.^[393] In Zanzibar, the penal act has equivalent articles 129 to 131, 213 and 200.^[394]
^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. A judicial decision by the East African Court of Appeal, with jurisdiction over the predecessors of Tanzania, allowed abortion also to preserve the woman's health, and sources state that this decision remains binding after independence.^[395]
^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law^[399] but it is accepted as a general legal principle.^[400]
^ ^a ^b This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law^[403] but it is accepted as a general legal principle and established by judicial decision.^{[clarification needed]}^[404]^[405]
^ ^a ^b If the woman is under age 15 or over age 45, the gestational limit is 22 weeks.^[412]^[413]
^ ^a ^b ^c A Cabinet resolution on abortion, issued under the law on medical liability, permits abortion "based on the request of the spouses, after the approval of the committee", "and with the approval of the treating physician for the medical condition justifying the abortion", in the first 120 days of pregnancy.^[415] These provisions are considered to permit abortion in case of risk to the woman's physical or mental health, and may also include other cases.^[416]^[417]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is considered to be included in a ground for preserving physical or mental health.^[418]^[419]^[420]
^ Abortion for this ground is permitted only in Northern Ireland, up to 12 weeks of gestation.^[421]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Abortion for this ground is not permitted in some states.
^ Permitted in case of a lethal anomaly up to 20 weeks from fertilization, considered as 22 weeks from the last menstrual period.^[425]^[424]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e A law prohibits abortion on this ground but it is suspended by judicial decision and set to be repealed on 14 September 2024.^[428]
^ ^a ^b ^c This U.S. state has explicitly amended its constitution to guarantee the right to an abortion to its residents.
^ Permitted until viability if the fetus has a fatal anomaly.^[431]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Defined as 20 weeks from fertilization, considered as 22 weeks from the last menstrual period.^[423]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Prohibited after embryonic or fetal cardiac activity is detected, which is possible after approximately 6 weeks of gestation.
^ This ground is not mentioned in the state law but it is established by judicial decision based on federal law.^[437]
^ Defined as 13 weeks from fertilization, considered as 15 weeks from the last menstrual period.^[436]^[438]
^ Defined as 10 weeks from fertilization, considered as 12 weeks from the last menstrual period.^[439]
^ Permitted in case of a lethal anomaly up to 20 weeks from fertilization, considered as 22 weeks from the last menstrual period.^[439]
^ Permitted in case of a fetal abnormality incompatible with life up to 20 weeks from fertilization, considered as 22 weeks from the last menstrual period.^[442]
^ Permitted in certain cases of fatal anomalies.^[446]^[447]
^ ^a ^b ^c Abortion after viability is allowed if a physician judges it "necessary" under the "applicable standard of care".^[448]
^ ^a ^b ^c The law states that "the State may not interfere" with abortion on this ground before viability.^[449] Sources disagree whether it is actually prohibited after viability.^[450]^[423]^[451]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Also allowed after this period if there is an absence of fetal viability.^[463]
^ Permitted up to 24 weeks of gestation in case of a life-limiting anomaly.^[464]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ A law prohibits abortion on this ground or sets a lower gestational limit but it is suspended by judicial decision.
^ In case of a lethal anomaly or a severe brain abnormality, no limit is specified.
^ Defined as 8 weeks from implantation, approximately 11 weeks from the last menstrual period. If the patient is a minor or an incompetent or incapacitated adult, abortion in case of rape is permitted in the first 14 weeks from implantation, approximately 17 weeks from the last menstrual period.^[481]
^ Permitted with no gestational limit if the fetus has a lethal anomaly.^[481]
^ ^a ^b A judge may also remove the penalty for abortion on this ground in the first 3 months from conception.^[490]
^ The penal code says that abortion is permitted for "good medical reasons"^[492] but is unclear whether it means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health. The UN source marks it as a permitted ground.
^ The law of Vatican City is primarily based on the canon law of the Catholic Church and applies the Italian penal code in force in 1929 with local modifications.^[493] Both sources of law prohibit abortion without explicitly mentioning any exception.^[494]^[495] Article 49 of the penal code lists the principle of necessity to save one's life, which removes punishment for any action that would otherwise be a crime,^[496]^[497] but the Church's official interpretation of canon 1398 is more restrictive, allowing in such cases only indirect abortion under the principle of double effect.^[498]^[499]
^ Depending on the capacity at each level of hospital.^[504]^[505]^[506]
^ Abortion is not permitted for rape within marriage.^[511]
^ ^a ^b The 2014 Guidelines for Comprehensive Abortion Care says "In Zimbabwe termination of pregnancy may be permitted for HIV-positive women if they choose to do so."^[512]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law, but the identical text in the law of the parent country is considered to include this ground in a ground for preserving physical or mental health.^[418]^[419]^[420]
^ ^a ^b ^c This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.^[62]
^ The parliament has proposed a law allowing abortion also in case of risk to health, rape and fetal impairment,^[521] but it has not yet been approved.^[522]
^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law, but it is established by a judicial decision in the parent country. A UN source states this it in unclear whether this judicial precedent also applies to the Cook Islands, but it lists this ground as permitted there.^[523]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Although illegal, the government does not prosecute abortions performed under rules similar to other countries, including on request.^[525]
^ Permitted up to 16 weeks of gestation if medical circumstances make the woman unfit to care for her child.^[527]
^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is considered to be included in the ground for preserving physical or mental health.^[528]^[529]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Although the law permits abortions on request, no medical providers in the territory perform them except to save the woman's life.^[533]^[534]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f In Alderney and Sark, this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law.^[535] A judicial decision on an identical law in the parent country clarified that the law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health.^[364] It is unclear whether Alderney and Sark apply only the original legal principle or also the judicial decision.
^ ^a ^b ^c Abortion for this ground is permitted in the jurisdiction of Guernsey, but not in Alderney or Sark.^[535]^[536]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Although not allowed by Alderney law, abortions are provided in Alderney under the same conditions as in Guernsey, as health services in Alderney operate under Guernsey law.^[537] To resolve the legal contradiction, in 2022 the States of Alderney passed an abortion law identical to the one in Guernsey, and it awaits a regulation to establish the effective date.^[538]
^ ^a ^b A law enacted by New Zealand for Niue in 1966 prohibited abortion done "unlawfully", without defining it,^[544] but a judicial decision applicable in New Zealand allowed abortion in case of risk to the woman's life or health, and a UN source states this judicial precedent probably applies to Niue as well.^[545] In 2007, New Zealand repealed the sections of law that prohibited abortion in Niue,^[546] but they remain in force in Niue^[547] as legislation enacted by New Zealand after 1974 does not apply to Niue without its consent.^[548]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f The territory's constitution prohibits abortion "except as provided by law", and the territory has no law about the subject.^[549] A law from the predecessor of the territory prohibited abortion done "unlawfully" without defining it, and although predecessor laws remain in force in the territory unless modified, a judicial decision ruled this abortion law invalid for being too vague.^[550] As a result, although abortion remains prohibited in principle by the constitution, abortion providers cannot be prosecuted for it as there is no law specifying a penalty. Still, in practice, authorized medical providers in the territory perform abortions only to save the woman's life and possibly in case of rape.^[551] In 1995, an opinion issued by the territory's attorney general concluded that U.S. judicial decisions allowing abortion on request also applied to the territory, but these decisions were overturned in 2022.^[549]
^ Applies English law in force in 2010 unless locally modified.^[552]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d The penal code prohibits abortion except in case of risk to the woman's life or health.^[553] In 1980, a decision by the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico expanded the health criteria to also include mental health, including emotional, psychological, family and age aspects, with no gestational limit. However, the decision still maintained the prohibition on abortion if done without any therapeutic consideration.^[554]^[555]
^ Applies English law in force on 1 January 2006 unless locally modified, in each part of the territory.^[556] Tristan da Cunha explicitly applies the abortion law of the United Kingdom with minor modifications.^[557]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Although illegal, the government does not prosecute abortions performed under rules similar to other countries, including on request.^[62]
^ ^a ^b This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. The judicial handbook says that abortion is permitted for medical reasons but is unclear whether it means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health.^[560]
^ ^a ^b This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. A judicial decision on an identical law in the parent country clarified that the law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health.^[364] It is unclear whether the territory applies only the original legal principle or also the judicial decision.
^ ^a ^b All states allow abortion to prevent the woman's imminent death, and some if the pregnancy is a less-immediate threat to their life.
• Additional allowance for risk to the woman's physical health: Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.
• Allowance for risk to the woman's general health: California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Indiana, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, New York, Rhode Island, Virginia, Washington.
• Allowance for pregnancy due to rape or incest: Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Mississippi, North Dakota, South Carolina, West Virginia, Utah, and Wyoming.
• Allowance for lethal fetal abnormality: Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, South Carolina, West Virginia, Wyoming, and Utah.
Note that these allowances may have a time limit, which may be as early as cardiac-cell activity (approximately 6 weeks LMP); others may have no limit. Different allowances may have different limits in the same state.
^ Cardiac-cell activity is generally detectable in the 6th week LMP.
Allowance beyond this limit is made, at minimum, for an immediate threat to the woman's life. In general, states that permit limited elective abortion may allow abortion beyond that limit for some or all of the reasons listed above.
^ Typically, fetal viability begins in the 23rd or 24th week LMP.
^ The second trimester is variously defined as through 27th or 28th week LMP. In Massachusetts, the law allows elective abortion up to 24 weeks from implantation, which is approx. 27 weeks LMP.
^ Some examples of gestational age calculated from the first day of the last menstrual cycle:^[570]^[571]^[572]^[573]^[574]^{[excessive citations]}
^ For example Luxembourg abortion law states: "Avant la fin de la 12e semaine de grossesse ou avant la fin de la 14e semaine d'aménorrhée ...", which translates to "Before the end of the 12th week of pregnancy or before the end of the 14th week of amenorrhea".^[227]
^ Also known as the "Menhennitt ruling".

References

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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Mexico decriminalizes abortion: what will happen now in the states of the country?, El País, 8 September 2021. "They will be able to, thus, continue sending to court the women who abort outside of the local norms, but the judicial process will not allow them to enter jail." "It is possible that there are still judges who dictate jail for some women, and this would force them to sue in local and federal processes first and then apply for an amparo before a district judge. This one would have to follow, finally, the judicial precedent." (in Spanish)
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^ ^a ^b Abortion is no longer a crime in Australia. But legal hurdles to access remain, The Conversation, 3 March 2021. "With the exception of the Northern Territory, where abortion remains a medical practitioner's decision regardless of the gestation, and the ACT, where no gestational limits apply, Australian jurisdictions now permit abortion on request up to varying points in a pregnancy."
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^ ^a ^b Penal Code, Decree-Law no. 2848, of 7 December 1940, Presidency of Brazil. Articles 124 to 128 (in Portuguese).
^ ^a ^b Reproductive rights: legal abortion, Public Defenders' Office of the State of São Paulo, December 2023 (in Portuguese).
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^ "Access at a Glance: Abortion Services in Canada | Action Canada for Sexual Health and Rights". Action Canada for Sexual Health & Rights. While abortions after 20 weeks are statistically very rare (<2.5% of all abortions), there are people in Canada who require abortion beyond 20 weeks for serious and important reasons. There are only three service locations in Canada that offer abortion up to 23 weeks and 6 days (one in British Columbia, one in Southern Ontario, and one in Quebec). No providers in Canada offer abortion care beyond 23 weeks and 6 days.
^ https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/documents/countries/01-Cape-Verde-Law-and-Regulation-on-Voluntary-Interruption-of-Pregnancy-1987.pdf law no. 9/iii/86 & decree no. 7/87 https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/documents/countries/15-Cabo-Verde-Resolution-ratifying-Maputo-Protocol-2005.pdf resolution no. 131/vi/2005 https://www.parlamento.cv/GDRevisoesContitucionais.aspx?ImagemId=30
^ Penal Code, 2010. Article 79 (in French).
^ ^a ^b Law 21,030, Depenalisation of Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy in Three Causes, Ministry of Health of Chile, 23 September 2017 (in Spanish).
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^ "Vyhláška ministerstva zdravotnictví České socialistické republiky, kterou se provádí zákon České národní rady č. 66/1986 Sb., o umělém přerušení těhotenství" [Decree of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Socialist Republic, which implements the Act of the Czech National Council No. 66/1986 Coll., On Abortion]. Decree No. 75 of 7 November 1986 (in Czech). Ministry of Health
^ ^a ^b Is the abortion of a rape victim permitted in Congolese law?, Leganews.cd, 29 October 2019. (in French)
^ Ordinance 70–158 of 30 April 1970 determining the rules of medical deontology, Leganet.cd. (in French)
^ Memorandum no. 04/SPCSM/CFLS/EER/2018 of 6 April 2018 regarding the execution of the provisions of article 14 of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, Official Journal of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 5 June 2008. (in French)
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^ Decree no. 2008-0098/PR/MS regarding the Code of Medical Deontology, National Order of Medical Professions of Djibouti (in French).
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^ Offences Against the Person Act, Government of Dominica, version of 1995. Sections 8, 56, 57.
^ Dominica, Population Policy Data Bank, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, 2001. Archived from the original on 27 December 2005.
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^ The total criminalization of abortion in the Dominican Republic, Human Rights Watch, 19 November 2018.
^ Presa Release: Dominican Republic: Chamber of Deputies puts life and health of millions of women and girls at risk, Amnesty International, 20 June 2021.
^ Penal code of the Democratic Republic of Timor Leste, Global Abortion Policies Database, World Health Organization.
^ ^a ^b Penal Code, Court of Appeals of East Timor, March 2010 (in Portuguese).
^ Attitudes towards the legal context of unsafe abortion in Timor-Leste, Suzanne Belton, Andrea Whittaker, Zulmira Fonseca, Tanya Wells-Brown, and Patricia Pais, Reproductive Health Matters 17(34):55–64, November 2009.
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^ ^a ^b Sentence No. 34-19-IN/21 and accumulated, Constitutional Court of Ecuador, 28 Abril 2021 (in Spanish).
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^ ^a ^b "The Criminal Code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia" (PDF). World Intellectual Property Organization. Articles 545 to 552.
^ ^a ^b Dr. Yirgu Gebrehiwoth (2020). "Federal Ministry of Health - National Norms & Guidelines for Safe Abortion Services in Ethiopia second edition - original 2013/2014 modified 2018" (PDF). St. Paul's Hospital, Addis Ababa. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2021.
^ "Standard Treatment Guidelines for General Hospitals" (PDF). Food, Medicine and Healthcare Administration and Control Authority of Ethiopia. 2014.
^ Crimes decree 2009, Republic of Fiji Islands Government Gazette, 5 November 2009. Section 234.
^ Act on the autonomy of Åland, Finlex, May 2014.
^ Law No. 239/1970 on Termination of Pregnancy, Finlex (in Swedish).
^ Voluntary interruption of pregnancy, Public Health Code articles L2211-1 to L2223-2, Légifrance (in French).
^ Mayotte, Wallis and Futuna Islands and French Southern and Antarctic Lands, New Caledonia and French Polynesia, Public Health Code articles L2421-1 to L2446-3, Légifrance (in French).
^ What are the deadlines to abort?, Ministry of Health and of Prevention of France, 21 July 2022 (in French).
^ Penal Code, Official Journal of the Gabonese Republic, 30 June 2020. Title X (in French).
^ The Gambia's Political Transition to Democracy: Is Abortion Reform Possible?, Satang Nabaneh, Health and Human Rights, 9 December 2019.
^ Criminal Code (Act No. 25 of 1933), Gambia, International Labour Organization. Chapter XV, sections 140–142, and chapter XX, sections 198–199.
^ Women's Act, 2010, Office of the Vice President and Ministry for Women Affairs of Gambia, July 2010. Section 30.
^ Law of Georgia on health care, Legislative Herald of Georgia, version of 8 August 2014.
^ On the approval of the rules for the implementation of abortion, Minister of Labor, Health and Social Affairs of Georgia, 7 October 2014 (in Georgian).
^ ^a ^b Order of the Second Senate of 28 May 1993 – 2 BvF 2/90, Federal Constitutional Court of Germany.
^ German Criminal Code, Federal Office of Justice of Germany. Section 218a.
^ Penal code, Ministry of Justice of Greece, 27 August 2019 (in Greek).
^ Criminal Code. Articles 234, 250(2).
^ "chapter 3" (PDF). Mcd.gob.gt. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
^ (in Spanish) https://clacaidigital.info/bitstream/handle/123456789/390/GuiaHemorragia1y2trimestre.pdf
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^ Honduras ratifies a reform that prohibits abortion and same-sex marriage, El Periódico Extremadura, 29 January 2021 (in Spanish).
^ ^a ^b Law on the protection of fetal life, Wolters Kluwer (in Hungarian). Retrieved 27 September 2021.
^ "Lög um þungunarrof" [Law on Abortion]. Law No. 43 of 22 May 2019 (in Icelandic). Althing.
^ ^a ^b ^c Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971, of India Code, with Amendment Bill 2020. Version as of 16 December 2021.
^ Comprehensive abortion care, training and service delivery guidelines, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of India, 14 June 2018. Page 6.
^ "Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan. Pasal 60" [Law No. 17 of 2023 on Health. Article 60] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia. p. 33. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
^ "Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana. Pasal 463 dan Penjelasan atas Pasal 463" [Law No. 1 of 2023 on Criminal Code. Article 463 and Explanation of Article 463] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia. pp. 160, 321. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
^ Medical abortion law, Islamic Parliament Research Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 25 Khordad 1384 (15 June 2005) (in Persian). Archived from the original on 1 November 2020.
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^ Abortion in Iranian Legal System, Mahmoud Abbasi, Ehsan Shamsi Gooshki, and Neda Allahbedashti, Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, vol. 13, no. 1, February 2014.
^ Abortion, in case of disgrace and unbearable hardship, Islam Quest, 17 Farvardin 1394 (6 April 2015) (in Persian).
^ Penal Code, Ministry of Justice of Iraq.
^ Abortion Law: Conflict of Maternal-Fetal Rights, Dr. Khaled Hamad Fayadh, University of Fallujah College of Law.
^ First Amendment to Instructions to Health Committees, Government of Iraq, 29 October 2001 (in Arabic).
^ "Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018". Act No. 31 of 2018. Oireachtas.
^ Apply to terminate a pregnancy (Abortion), Government of Israel.
^ Law No. 194 of 22 May 1978, Rules for the Social Protection of Maternity and on the Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy, Ministry of Health of Italy (in Italian).
^ Ivory Coast: advocacy for medical abortions as in the case of rapes, Abidjan.net, 19 July 2020 (in French).
^ Law no. 2019-574 carrying the Penal Code, Official Journal of the Republic of Ivory Coast, 10 July 2019 (in French).
^ ^a ^b The Offences Against the Person Act, Laws of Jamaica, 7 April 2014. Articles 72 and 73.
^ ^a ^b Abortion Policy Review Advisory Group Final Report, Ministry of Health of Jamaica, 19 February 2007.
^ ^a ^b Abortion 'right'?, The Gleaner, 25 August 2013.
^ ^a ^b Abortion attitudes, training, and experience among medical students in Jamaica, West Indies, Glenmarie Matthews, Jessica Atrio, Horace Fletcher, Nathalie Medley, Leo Walker, and Nerys Benfield, Contraceptive and Reproductive Medicine, 1 May 2020.
^ "母体保護法の施行について" [On Enforcement of the Maternal Health Act]. Act No. 122 of 25 September 1996 (in Japanese). Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.
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^ Order of the Minister of Healthcare of the Republic of Kazakhstan On approval of the rules for artificial abortion and the list of medical and social indications, as well as contraindications for artificial abortion, Legal Information System of Regulatory Legal Acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 9 October 2020.
^ Penal Code, revised edition of 2012, National Council for Law Reporting. Articles 158–160 and 240.
^ The Constitution of Kenya, National Council for Law Reporting, 2010. Article 26(4).
^ ^a ^b FIDA-Kenya and Others v. Attorney General and Others, Kenyalaw.org, 12 June 2019.
^ National Guidelines on Management of Sexual Violence in Kenya, 3rd edition, Ministry of Health of Kenya, 2014. Pages 15, 25, 78.
^ Penal Code, VERTIC. Page 214.
^ Law no. 03/L-110 for termination of pregnancy, Official Gazette of Kosovo. Articles 6–7, 14–16.
^ Ministerial Decree No. 24 of 1981, Concerning the Practice of Human Medicine and Dentistry and the Professions Supporting Them, Global Abortion Policies Database, 22 February 1981 (in Arabic).
^ Law of the Kyrgyz Republic on the reproductive rights of citizens and guarantees of their implementation, Ministry of Justice of the Kyrgyz Republic. Article 16 (in Russian).
^ Clinical protocol for medical abortion in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy, Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic (in Russian).
^ Penal Code, Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic, 26 June 2017.
^ "ຂໍ້ຕົກລົງ ວ່າດ້ວຍ ການຄຸ້ມຄອງ ການໃຫ້ຖືພາແທນ ແລະ ການໃຫ້ຫຼຸລູກ" [Decision on the Management of Surrogacy and Abortion]. Decision No. 2077 of 8 July 2021 (in Lao). Ministry of Health of Laos. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
^ Situation of abortion in the Lao People's Democratic Republic, World Health Organization, 2017.
^ Organizational procedures for termination of pregnancy, Likumi.lv, 27 October 2007 (in Latvian).
^ Sexual and Reproductive Health Law, Likumi.lv, 1 September 2017 (in Latvian).
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^ "Penal Code Act, 2012 | Lesotho Legal Information Institute". lesotholii.org. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
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^ The procedure for performing an abortion operation, Ministry of Health of Lithuania, 28 January 1994.
^ ^a ^b Law of 17 December 2014 amending 1) of the Penal Code and 2) of the law of 15 November 1978 relating to sexual information, the prevention of clandestine abortion and the regulation of voluntary termination of pregnancy, Government of Luxembourg, 17 December 2014 (in French).
^ Penal code, Ministry of Justice of Madagascar, updated 31 March 2005. Article 317 (in French).
^ Legalization of abortion in Madagascar – The revision of the law again on the parliamentarians' carpet, La Vérité, 9 February 2021 (in French).
^ In Madagascar, clandestine abortions are the second cause of maternal deaths, Radio France Internationale, 1 October 2021 (in French).
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^ Constitution of the Republic of Maldives 2008, Attorney General's Office of Maldives.
^ Law no. 6/2014, Penal Code of the Maldives, University of Pennsylvania Law School.
^ ^a ^b Country Profile on Sexual and Reproductive Rights: Maldives, Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women, 2017.
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^ List of issues and questions in relation to the combined second and third periodic reports of Mauritania, Addendum, Replies of Mauritania, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 17 March 2014. Page 20.
^ The Criminal Code (Amendment) Act 2012, Official Gazette of Mauritius, 23 June 2012.
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^ ^a ^b ^c The Supreme Court of Mexico decriminalizes abortion in the whole country, The New York Times, 6 September 2023. "Wednesday's ruling does not affect local laws, and abortion remains illegal in 20 of the 32 states of the country. But even in those states, now women may legally abort at federal hospitals and clinics. The ruling also prohibits personnel of these centers from being penalized for performing abortions." (in Spanish)
^ ^a ^b ^c Decriminalization of abortion does not apply to the penal codes of the states, Verificado, 7 September 2023 (in Spanish).
^ ^a ^b The Supreme Court eliminates the deadlines to abort in cases of rape, El País, 7 July 2021 (in Spanish).
^ ^a ^b Press Release No. 196/2021: The time limit for the legal interruption of pregnancy as a result of rape constitutes an act of violence against the woman, which strikes against her rights to free development of personality and to mental health, Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, 7 July 2021 (in Spanish).
^ Penal Code for the State of Aguascalientes, Government of Aguascalientes, 22 January 2024. Articles 101 to 103 (in Spanish).
^ Decree No. 36, Official Journal of the State of Baja California, pages 21–26. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021.
^ Decree 2832, Official Journal of the State of Baja California Sur, 14 June 2022 (in Spanish).
^ Penal Code of the State of Campeche, Congress of Campeche, 10 May 2022. Articles 155 to 159 (in Spanish).
^ Penal Code for the State of Chiapas, Congress of Chiapas, 4 November 2020. Articles 178 to 183 (in Spanish).
^ Penal Code of the State of Chihuahua, Congress of Chihuahua, 6 July 2022. Articles 143 to 146 (in Spanish).
^ Penal Code of the State of Coahuila de Zaragoza, Congress of Coahuila, 6 October 2017. Articles 357 to 361 (in Spanish).
^ Penal Code for the State of Colima as of 15 June 2022, Directorate of Legislative Process. Articles 138 to 142 (in Spanish).
^ Penal Code of the Free and Sovereign State of Durango, Congress of Durango, 26 May 2022. Articles 148 to 150 (in Spanish).
^ Penal Code of the State of Guanajuato, Congress of Guanajuato, 14 June 2022. Articles 158 to 163 (in Spanish).
^ Decree No. 180, Official Gazette of the State of Guerrero, 20 May 2022 (in Spanish).
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^ Penal Code for the Free and Sovereign State of Jalisco, Congress of Jalisco, 17 May 2022. Articles 227 to 229 (in Spanish).
^ "Jalisco es el estado número 13 de México en despenalizar el aborto" [Jalisco is the 13th state of Mexico to decriminalize abortion] (in Spanish). CNN en Español. 26 April 2024.
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^ Penal Code of the State of Mexico, Government of Mexico State, 10 June 2022. Articles 248 to 251 (in Spanish).
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^ Penal Code for the State of Nayarit, Congress of Nayarit, 9 January 2020. Articles 368 to 372 (in Spanish).
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^ Penal Code for the State of Nuevo León, Congress of Nuevo León, 10 June 2022. Articles 327 to 331 (in Spanish).
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^ Decree number 004, Official Journal of the State of Quintana Roo, 28 October 2022 (in Spanish).
^ Penal Code of the State of San Luis Potosí, Judiciary of San Luis Potosí, 18 May 2022. Articles 148 to 150 (in Spanish).
^ Decree no. 79, Official Gazette of the State of Sinaloa, 11 March 2022 (in Spanish).
^ Penal Code of the State of Sonora, Congress of Sonora, 6 June 2022. Articles 265 to 270 (in Spanish).
^ Penal Code for the State of Tabasco, Government of Tabasco, 13 April 2022. Articles 130 to 136 (in Spanish).
^ Penal Code for the State of Tamaulipas, Congress of Tamaulipas, 14 June 2022. Articles 356 to 361 (in Spanish).
^ Penal Code for the Free and Sovereign State of Tlaxcala, Government of Tlaxcala, 10 May 2021. Articles 241 to 243 (in Spanish).
^ Penal Code for the Free and Sovereign State of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, Congress of the State of Veracruz, 2 March 2022. Articles 149 to 154 (in Spanish).
^ Penal Code of the State of Yucatán, Judiciary of Yucatán, 15 June 2022. Articles 389 to 393 (in Spanish).
^ Penal Code for the State of Zacatecas, Congress of Zacatecas, 8 June 2022. Articles 310 to 313 (in Spanish).
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^ Moroccan women are still waiting for the abortion reform wanted by Mohammed VI, Le Monde, 18 March 2018 (in French).
^ In Morocco, the Hajar Raissouni case revives the debate on abortion, France 24, 24 September 2019 (in French).
^ Penal code, consolidated version of 5 July 2018, Ministry of Justice of Morocco (in French).
^ Penal code, consolidated version of 14 June 2021, Ministry of Justice of Morocco (in Arabic).
^ Law of Revision of the Penal Code, Bulletin of the Republic of Mozambique, 24 December 2019 (in Portuguese).
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^ Abortion Policy Landscape: Myanmar, World Health Organization.
^ Crimes Act 2016, Nauru's Online Legal Database. Articles 53, 63–69.
^ ^a ^b "The National Penal (Code) Act, 2017" (PDF). Government of Nepal. 16 October 2017. Articles 188 and 189.
^ ^a ^b "The Right to Safe Motherhood and Reproductive Health Act, 2075 (2018)" (PDF). Government of Nepal. 18 September 2018. Articles 15 to 19.
^ Abortion Legislation: Information for Health Practitioners, Ministry of Health of New Zealand, 26 June 2020.
^ Re-characterizing abortion in Nigeria: an appraisal of the necessity test, Victor Nnamdi Opara, International Law Students' Association Journal of International & Comparative Law, vol. 11, issue 1, article 8, March 2005.
^ Penal Code (Northern States) Federal Provisions Act, 30 September 1960. Police and Human Rights Resources, Amnesty International.
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^ North Korea forbids doctors to perform abortions, implant birth control devices, Radio Free Asia, 14 October 2015.
^ Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 1 June 2016.
^ Written Contribution for Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), Tomás Ojea Quintana, for his upcoming report to the 46th Human Rights Council session in March 2021.
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^ The Penal Law Promulgated by Royal Decree 7/2018, Ministry of Legal Affairs of Oman, 11 January 2018. Articles 315–320, 44 and 51.
^ Royal decree no. 75/2019 promulgating a law regulating the practice of the medical profession and allied medical professions, Ministry of Legal Affairs of Oman, 11 January 2019. Article 36 (in Arabic).
^ Pakistan's Abortion Provisions, Center for Reproductive Rights.
^ Why Deadly Abortions Keep Killing Women in Pakistan, Pulitzer Center, 15 July 2021. "Because laws on abortion are vague, the decision to provide an abortion or not often comes down to a provider's personal or religious beliefs, which for many, makes the prospect unthinkable."
^ Service delivery standards and guidelines for high-quality safe uterine evacuation and postabortion care, Department of Health of Punjab, Pakistan, April 2015.
^ Abortion in Pakistan, Guttmacher Institute, November 2009.
^ Penal Code, Policinglaw.info. Article 1309.
^ Palestinian Legislative Council Public Health Law, Health, Development, Information and Policy Institute (HDIP), 23 April 2004.
^ The Unique Landscape of Abortion Law and Access in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, Health and Human Rights, 9 December 2019. "As one lawyer from Gaza explained in an interview, "... [Abortion] is only allowed for health reasons for the mother or for fetal anomalies."
^ For Palestinian women, abortion can mean lies, jail or worse, Reuters, 8 March 2016. "When fetal impairment is detected, an abortion can be performed if both parents consent, ... the ministry said."
^ Palestine: 'Marry-Your-Rapist' Law Repealed, Human Rights Watch, 10 May 2018. "Salhieh, the chief prosecutor, said that prosecutors obtained permission for seven women to have abortions in 2017, all in cases in which the women alleged that the pregnancy was a result of rape or incest and they were in the early stages of pregnancy."
^ Palestine's Abortion Problem, Foreign Policy, 4 December 2015. "Abortion, after all, is illegal under Palestinian law; while it is technically legal in order to protect the life of the mother, in practice, according to experts, it is impossible to get such a procedure. Especially for those ...]who might want an abortion without the knowledge of their husbands."
^ https://ministeriopublico.gob.pa/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/CODIGO-PENAL-2019-FINAL-1.pdf chapter I, section 3
^ (in Spanish) https://clacaidigital.info/bitstream/handle/123456789/778/revision_de_normas_de_salud_integral_de_la_mujer.%20Panama.pdf
^ ^a ^b Criminal Code Act 1974, Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute. Articles 225, 226, 280, 312.
^ Barnett, Katy (7 April 2016). News: High Court grants injunction staying asylum seeker's abortion. University of Melbourne Law School, 7 April 2016.
^ Situation of abortion in the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, World Health Organization, 2017.
^ Woman cleared in abortion case, The National, 27 June 2018.
^ Law No. 3440, BACCN, 20 August 2008. Article 109.4 (in Spanish).
^ "Guía Técnica Nacional de Aborto Terapéutico" [National Technical Guide - Therapeutic Abortion (modified 2015)] (PDF). Regional Directorate of Health of Cusco, Peru (in Spanish). 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 November 2021.
^ ^a ^b The Revised Penal Code, Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines, 8 December 1930. Articles 256–259.
^ Imbong v. Ochoa, Supreme Court of the Philippines, 8 April 2014.
^ Ninth periodic report submitted by the Philippines under article 18 of the Convention, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 6 July 2021. Paragraph 123.
^ Law of 7 January 1993 on family planning, protection of the human fetus and conditions of admissibility of interruption of pregnancy, Internet System of Legal Acts, Sejm of the Republic of Poland (in Polish).
^ ^a ^b Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 22 October 2020, act K 1/20, Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland, 27 January 2021, item 175 (in Polish).
^ ^a ^b Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 28 May 1997, K 26/96, Wolters Kluwer (in Polish).
^ Penal Code, Electronic Journal of the Republic (in Portuguese).
^ Law No. 11 of 2004 Issuing the Penal Code, Qatar Legal Portal. Abortion. Articles 315–317.
^ Law No. (2) of 1983 in the matter of practicing the professions of human medicine and dental medicine and surgery, Qatar Legal Portal, 1 January 1983. Article 17 (in Arabic).
^ Criminal Code of the Republic of Romania (2009, amended 2017), Legislationline.org.
^ "Федеральный закон от 21 ноября 2011 г. № 323-ФЗ "Об основах охраны здоровья граждан в Российской Федерации"" [Federal Law of November 21, 2011 No. 323-FZ "On the fundamentals of protecting the health of citizens in the Russian Federation"] (in Russian). Minzdrav.gov.ru. 5 April 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
^ "Приказ Минздравсоцразвития России №736 от 3 декабря 2007 г." minzdrav.gov.ru.
^ "Приказ Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации от 1 ноября 2012 г.№ 572н "Об утверждении Порядка оказания медицинской помощи по профилю "акушерство и гинекология (за исключением использования вспомогательных репродуктивных технологий)""". minzdrav.gov.ru.
^ Ministerial Order no. 002/MoH/2019 of 08/04/2019 determining conditions to be satisfied for a medical doctor to perform an abortion, Official Gazette of Rwanda, no. 14, 8 April 2019 (in Kinyarwanda, English, and French).
^ Offences Against the Person Act, Law Commission of the Ministry of Justice and Legal Affairs of Saint Kitts and Nevis, revised edition as of 31 December 2017. Sections 53–54.
^ Infant Life (Preservation) Act, Law Commission of the Ministry of Justice and Legal Affairs of Saint Kitts and Nevis, revised edition as of 31 December 2002.
^ Criminal Code, revised edition as 31 December 2005, Government of Saint Lucia, Chapter 1, Part 1, Sub-part D.
^ Criminal Code, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Section 149.
^ Crimes Act 2013, Ministry of Police of Samoa, 1 May 2013.
^ Law no. 127 – Regulation of the voluntary interruption of pregnancy, Grand and General Council, 7 September 2022. Articles 4–7 (in Italian).
^ ^a ^b Ministerial resolution no. 39644/1/12, dated 14/5/1427 AH, Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia, c. 10 June 2006 (in Arabic).
^ Livni, Ephrat (25 May 2019). "Saudi Arabia's abortion laws are more forgiving than Alabama's". Quartz.
^ Maffi, I.; Tønnessen, L. (2019). "The Limits of the Law: Abortion in the Middle East and North Africa". Health and Human Rights. 21 (2): 1–6. PMC 6927385. PMID 31885431.
^ Penal Code of Senegal, 21 July 1965, with amendments up to 29 January 1999. Article 305 (in French).
^ Code of Medical Ethics, National Order of Physicians of Senegal, 10 February 1967. Article 35 (in French).
^ Sénégal – Marième N'Diaye on the decriminalization of abortion: "the debate is open", Le Point, 11 April 2019 (in French).
^ Combined third to seventh periodic reports due in 2010, Senegal, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 13 December 2013. Page 55.
^ "Zakon o postupku prekida trudnoće u zdravstvenim ustanovama". www.paragraf.rs.
^ Dr. Katarina Sedlecki (30 September 2013). "НАЦИОНАЛНИ ВОДИЧ ДОБРЕ КЛИНИЧКЕ ПРАКСЕ ЗА БЕЗБЕДНИ ПРЕКИД ТРУДНОЋЕ" [NATIONAL GOOD CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDE FOR SAFE TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY] (PDF). Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Serbia (in Serbian). Ministry of Health of the Republic of Serbia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2016. pdf download
^ Termination of Pregnancy Act, consolidated to 30 June 2012, Seychelles Legal Information Institute.
^ Reproductive health policy for Seychelles, Ministry of Health of Seychelles, January 2012.
^ Courts Act, 1965, Government of Sierra Leone. Article 74.
^ Offences Against the Person Act 1861, Legislation.gov.uk. Articles 58–59.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Rex v. Bourne, Central Criminal Court of England and Wales, 18–19 July 1938.
^ Supplementary Information on Sierra Leone, scheduled for review by the U.N. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women during its 57th Session (February 2014), Center for Reproductive Rights, 24 January 2014. "This interpretation of the Offences Against the Person Act has not been tested in case law in Sierra Leone and therefore it remains unclear whether women terminating a pregnancy on such grounds would be criminally liable."
^ Understanding Abortion Access in Africa, Catholics for Choice, 19 February 2014. "Sierra Leone is one of several Commonwealth countries to model its abortion policy after England's 1938 Rex v. Bourne decision, which established necessity – that is, threats to a woman's mental and physical health – as grounds for legal abortion."
^ Sierra Leone abortion bill blocked by President Bai Koroma again, BBC News, 12 March 2016.
^ Fighting Unsafe Abortion and Abortion Stigma in Sierra Leone, Women's Health and Reproductive Rights Organization, 20 April 2021.
^ "Termination of Pregnancy Act – Singapore Statutes Online". sso.agc.gov.sg.
^ "Zákon Slovenskej národnej rady o umelom prerušení tehotenstva" [Act of the Slovak National Council on Abortion]. Law No. 73 of 23 October 1986 (in Slovak). Slovak National Council.
^ "Vyhláška Ministerstva zdravotníctva Slovenskej socialistickej republiky, ktorou sa vykonáva zákon Slovenskej národnej rady č.73/1986 Zb. o umelom prerušení tehotenstva" [Decree of the Ministry of Health of the Slovak Socialist Republic, which implements the Act of the Slovak National Council No. 73/1986 Coll. on abortion]. Decree No. 74 of 5 November 1986 (in Slovak). Ministry of Health.
^ Law on health measures in the exercise of the right to freely decide on the birth of children, Government of Slovenia (in Slovene).
^ Penal Code, Laws of Solomon Islands. Articles 157–159, 221.
^ Provisional Constitution, University of Minnesota: Human Rights Library, 7 September 2012. Article 15.5.
^ Penal Code, Global Abortion Policies Database, 6 December 1962. Article 36 and part X.
^ Penal Code, Somalilandlaw.com.
^ Jama, Ibrahim Hashi (30 January 2012). "THE 2000 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOMALILAND - english translation" (PDF). Somaliland law. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 May 2012.
^ Enforcement Decree of the Mother and Child Health Act, Government of South Korea.
^ ^a ^b ^c South Korea: Abortion decriminalized since January 1, 2021, Library of Congress, 18 March 2021.
^ Abortion in S. Korea: neither illegal nor legal, The Korea Herald, 7 March 2024.
^ "On the basics of protecting the health of citizens in the Republic of South Ossetia", chapter 6, article 51. Ugo-osetia.ru.
^ "Penal Code Act. Article 216" (PDF). Sudantribune.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
^ Organic Law 2/2010, of 3 March, of sexual and reproductive health and of voluntary interruption of pregnancy, Boletín Oficial del Estado, 4 March 2010 (in Spanish).
^ Penal code, Citizens Lanka, version as of 2002. Sections 303–307.
^ Penal Code, European Country of Origin Information Network, 1991.
^ https://www.dna.sr/media/138146/S.B._2015_no._44_wet_van_30_mrt_15_wijz._wetboek_van_strafrecht.pdf (in Dutch) title xix
^ Abortion law, Riksdag of Sweden, version as of 1 June 2013 (in Swedish).
^ Swiss penal code (Interruption of pregnancy), Federal Assembly of Switzerland (in French).
^ "قانون مزاولة المهن الطبية في الجمهورية العربية السورية" [Law on the Practice of Medical Professions in the Syrian Arab Republic]. Article 47b, Legislative Decree No. 12 of 5 January 1970 (in Arabic). People's Assembly of Syria.
^ Genetic Health Act, Laws and Regulations Database of the Republic of China, 8 July 2009.
^ Enforcement Rules of Genetic Health Act, Laws and Regulations Database of the Republic of China, 5 April 2012.
^ "Abortion legislation and its implementation in Europe and Central Asia" (PDF). International Planned Parenthood Federation. December 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 November 2021.
^ "The Penal Code, revised edition of 2019". Tanzania Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021.
^ Penal Act, 2018, Zanzibar House of Representatives, 16 March 2018.
^ A technical guide to understanding the legal and policy framework on termination of pregnancy in mainland Tanzania, Center for Reproductive Rights, 2012.
^ Act, Amendment of the Criminal Code (No. 28), Royal Government Gazette of Thailand, 6 February 2021 (in Thai).
^ Announcement of the Ministry of Public Health regarding the examination and counseling on options for termination of pregnancy under section 305 (5) of the Penal Code, Royal Government Gazette of Thailand, 26 September 2022 (in Thai).
^ Law No. 2007-005, On Reproductive Health, Official Journal of the Togolese Republic, 10 January 2007 (in French).
^ "Criminal Offences". www.paclii.org.
^ https://web.archive.org/web/20051227114327fw_/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/doc/tonga.doc (2001)
^ "Приказ Министерства здравоохранения и социальной защиты Приднестровской Молдавской Республики о порядке проведения и показаниях к операции искусственного прерывания беременности" [Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Protection of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic on the procedure and indications for artificial interruption of pregnancy] (in Russian). Zakon PMR. 13 August 2004. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023.
^ "Приказ Министерство здравоохранения Приднестровской Молдавской Республики о внесении изменений в приказ Министерства здравоохранения Приднестровской Молдавской Республики о порядке проведения и показаниях к операции искусственного прерывания беременности" [Order of the Ministry of Health of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic on making changes to the order of the Ministry of Health of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic on the procedure and indications for artificial interruption of pregnancy] (in Russian). Ministry of Justice of Transnistria. 18 August 2021.
^ "CRIMINAL LAW ACT CHAPTER 10:04 - original 2006 updated 2016 modified 2018" (PDF). Legal Affairs.Gov.TT. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 June 2022.
^ Code of Ethics in the Practice of Medicine: Responsibilities to Profession, Medical Board of Trinidad and Tobago.
^ https://web.archive.org/web/20051227114327fw_/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/doc/trinidad.doc (2001)
^ "Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi". www.mevzuat.gov.tr.
^ "Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi". www.mevzuat.gov.tr.
^ Penal Code of Turkey (2004, amended 2016), Legislationline.org. Article 99.
^ Law of Turkmenistan on the protection of the health of citizens, Neytralny Turkmenistan no. 138-139, 2 July 2015. Article 19 (in Russian).
^ https://tuvalu-legislation.tv/cms/images/LEGISLATION/PRINCIPAL/1965/1965-0007/PenalCode_1.pdf arts 150–152, 214, 227
^ https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/435-15 art.281.6
^ "Про реалізацію статті 281 Цивільного кодексу України". Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України.
^ "Про затвердження Інструкції про порядок проведення операції штучного переривання вагітності, форм первинної облікової документації та інструкцій щодо їх заповнення". Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України.
^ "مرسوم بقانون اتحادي بشأن المسؤولية الطبية" [Federal decree law on medical liability] (in Arabic). Government of the United Arab Emirates. 4 September 2023. Article 16.
^ ^a ^b "Cabinet resolution concerning the permitted abortion cases". Government of the United Arab Emirates. 14 June 2024.
^ "UAE: Abortion now allowed in rape, incest cases as new law issued". Khaleej Times. 24 June 2024.
^ "UAE introduces new abortion resolution: Here's what you need to know". Gulf News. 25 June 2024.
^ ^a ^b Rape and abortion, EFC.
^ ^a ^b Britain's abortion law, British Pregnancy Advisory Service.
^ ^a ^b Know Your Abortion Rights in the UK, 123 Healthwise.
^ ^a ^b The Abortion (Northern Ireland) (No. 2) Regulations 2020, Legislation.gov.uk.
^ ^a ^b ^c Abortion Act 1967, Legislation.gov.uk.
^ ^a ^b ^c State bans on abortion throughout pregnancy, Guttmacher Institute, 29 July 2024.
^ ^a ^b Alabama Human Life Protection Act, Alabama Legislature, 2019.
^ Section 26-23B-5, Alabama Legislature.
^ "Arizona Revised Statutes Title 13. Criminal Code §13-3603". Retrieved 9 December 2022.
^ SB 1164, Arizona State Senate, 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Important information about abortion access in Arizona". Arizona Attorney General.
^ SB149, Arkansas General Assembly, 2019.
^ SB6, Arkansas General Assembly, 2021.
^ ^a ^b CS/HB 5, Florida House of Representatives, 2022.
^ Florida restores state abortion ban beyond 15 weeks after temporary halt The Guardian, 6 July 2022.
^ Georgia Code section 16-12-141, Justia, 2020.
^ Georgia Code section 31-9B-1, Justia, 2020.
^ Georgia Supreme Court reinstates state's 6-week abortion ban, Axios, 23 November 2022.
^ ^a ^b Section 18-622, Idaho Legislature, 2023.
^ "Supreme Court allows emergency abortions in Idaho for now". NBC. 27 June 2024.
^ Section 18-604, Idaho Legislature, 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c Senate Bill 1, Indiana General Assembly, 2022.
^ Indiana's near-total abortion ban goes into effect after Supreme Court decision, WTHR, 21 August 2023.
^ "Iowa Code Chapter 146B, Abortion – Postfertilization age" (PDF). Iowa Legislature.
^ ^a ^b "Iowa Code Chapter 146E, Abortion – Fetal heartbeat" (PDF). Iowa Legislature.
^ "Iowa law banning abortions after about six weeks of pregnancy is now in effect". Iowa Public Radio. 29 July 2024.
^ KRS 311.722, Kentucky General Assembly.
^ Gonzalez, Oriana (16 February 2023). "Kentucky Supreme Court refuses to block state abortion bans". Axios.
^ ^a ^b Act No. 545, Louisiana State Legislature, 2022.
^ List of conditions that shall deem an unborn child "medically futile", Louisiana Department of Health, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Title 22 §1598. Abortions, Maine Revised Statutes, Maine Legislature.
^ ^a ^b Health – General §20–209, Statutes, Maryland General Assembly.
^ Maryland Abortion Laws, FindLaw.
^ Abortion Policies in Maryland, Guttmacher Institute.
^ Abortion penalties; repeal, Michigan Legislature.
^ 145.412 Repealed, Minnesota Statutes, Minnesota Legislature.
^ 145.412 Criminal acts, 2022 Minnesota Statutes, Minnesota Legislature.
^ House Bill 1400, Mississippi Legislature, 2014.
^ Senate Bill 2391 Mississippi Legislature, 2007.
^ Abortion trigger law goes into effect in Mississippi, where the case that overturned Roe v. Wade originated, ABC News, 7 July 2022.
^ HB126, Missouri General Assembly, 2019.
^ Nebraska Revised Statute 28-3,106. Abortion; performance; restrictions, Nebraska Legislature.
^ Legislative Bill 574, Nebraska Legislature, 22 May 2023.
^ House bill 1609-FN, General Court of New Hampshire, 2022.
^ Gov. Lujan Grisham signs Senate Bill 10, repealing 1969 abortion ban, KOB, 26 February 2021.
^ Chapter 45, article 25-A, section 2599-BB, Abortion, Consolidated Laws of New York, New York State Senate.
^ ^a ^b Session law 2023-14, General Assembly of North Carolina.
^ SB 2150, North Dakota Legislature.
^ "Ohio Constitution Article I, Section 22 – The Right to Reproductive Freedom with Protections for Health and Safety". Ohio Legislative Service Commission.
^ A judge temporarily blocks an Ohio law banning most abortions, National Public Radio, 14 September 2022.
^ Section 21-861, Oklahoma Senate, 2019.
^ SB 612, Oklahoma Legislature, 2022.
^ Title 44 – Health, Chapter 41 – Abortions, South Carolina Code of Laws, South Carolina Legislature.
^ Fetal Heartbeat and Protection from Abortion Act, South Carolina General Assembly, 2023.
^ South Carolina Supreme Court upholds 6-week abortion ban, CNN, 23 August 2023.
^ Codified law 22-17-5.1, South Dakota Legislature.
^ HB1029, Tennessee State Legislature, 2019.
^ Advisory on Texas law upon reversal of Roe v. Wade, Attorney General of Texas.
^ Texas can enforce 1925 abortion ban, state Supreme Court says, The Texas Tribune, 2 July 2022.
^ HB136, Utah State Legislature, 2019.
^ SB174, Utah State Legislature, 2020.
^ Utah judge blocks state's sweeping new abortion ban, Reuters, 12 July 2022.
^ Chapter 9.02, Abortion, Revised Code of Washington, Washington State Legislature.
^ ^a ^b ^c House Bill 302, West Virginia Legislature, 2022.
^ "Chapter 253, Maternal and child health". Wisconsin State Legislature.
^ "Abortion Laws in Wisconsin" (PDF). Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau. December 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2017.
^ Lehr, Sarah; Faust, Margaret (21 September 2023). "Abortions resume in Wisconsin after 15 months of legal uncertainty". NPR. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
^ HB0092, Wyoming Legislature, 2022.
^ HB0152, Wyoming Legislature, 2023.
^ Gruver, Mead (22 March 2023). "Judge halts Wyoming abortion ban days after it took effect". AP News. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
^ Law on voluntary interruption of pregnancy. Abortion law, National Directorate of Prints and Official Publications, 30 October 2012 (in Spanish).
^ Manual of Procedures for the Sanitary Management of Voluntary Termination of Pregnancy, Ministry of Public Health, 2014 (in Spanish).
^ Penal Code, National Directorate of Prints and Official Publications, updated on 9 July 2020 (in Spanish).
^ "Об утверждении стандартов искусственного прерывания беременности" [On approval of standards for artificial termination of pregnancy]. Law No. 312 of 10 September 2013 (in Russian). Archived from the original on 21 November 2021.
^ ^a ^b "Laws of the Republic of Vanuatu, consolidated edition 2006 – Penal Code, Ch. 135. Article 117" (PDF). International Labour Organization. 17 November 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2021.
^ Law on the sources of law, Acta Apostolicae Sedis, Supplement for the laws and provisions of Vatican City State, 1 October 2008. (in Italian)
^ Title VI. Delicts against human life and freedom, Code of Canon Law, Holy See.
^ Penal code for the Kingdom of Italy, 1889, University of Brescia College of Law. (in Italian)
^ Report to His Majesty the King from the Minister Keeper of the Seals (Zanardelli) at the hearing of 30 June 1889 for the approval of the final text of the penal code, pp. 145–146. "On the agreed proposal of the parliamentary commissions, the provision that was read in the bill, according to which it was declared 'not punishable the doctor or surgeon, when he justifies having acted in order to save the woman's life, endangered by the pregnancy or by childbirth', was deleted"; "The vote expressed in agreement in parliament led me to the aforesaid deletion, not to exclude the application of the concept that was expressed there, but because it was superfluous and inappropriate to declare it, providing if needed article 49 number 3, the application of which would be only, and without reason, restricted." (in Italian)
^ Criminal abortion in the Italian penal code, Pasquale Tuozzi, Filippo Serafini Legal Archive, 1902, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 29. "However, if you want to search for a provision in our code that covers the surgeon, in addition to article 45, in which the aforesaid reason is rooted, there is also number 3 of article 49, where it is declared the nonresponsibility of one who acts compelled by the need to save himself or others from a serious and imminent danger to the person, to which he did not voluntarily give cause, and which he could not otherwise avoid. Well, these extremes of the state of necessity all apply in the case of the surgeon, who, put in the harsh condition, not created by him, extinguishes an imperfect and perhaps uncertain existence, to save a certain and real existence, which is that of the woman in childbirth." (in Italian)
^ Abortion and the Catholic Church, Pro-Life Activist's Encyclopedia, American Life League.
^ Under Vatican ruling, abortion triggers automatic excommunication, National Catholic Reporter, 17 January 2003.
^ Penal Code of Venezuela, Official Gazette of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, 20 October 2000. Article 435 (in Spanish).
^ Protocols of care. Prenatal care and emergency obstetric care, Government of Venezuela, March 2014 (in Spanish).
^ Trần Minh Nghĩa (24 August 2018). "HƯỚNG DÉN QUỐC GIA" [NATIONAL GUIDELINES] (PDF). Ministry of Health - Government of Vietnam (in Vietnamese). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 November 2021.
^ https://m.thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/the-thao-y-te/luat-bao-ve-suc-khoe-nhan-dan-1989-21-lct-hdnn8-37690.aspx 44
^ Second Trimester Abortion in Viet Nam: Changing to Recommended Methods and Improving Service Delivery, Tuyet T.D. Hoang, Thuy Phan and Trang N.K. Huynh, 2 September 2008.
^ Termination of Pregnancy and Abortion in Vietnam, Angloinfo.
^ Country Profile on Sexual and Reproductive Rights: Vietnam, Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women, 2017.
^ https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1197106/1504_1218032308_republican-decree-by-law-no-12-for-1994-concerning-crimes-and-penalties.pdf (penal code) https://yemen-nic.info/db/laws_ye/detail.php?ID=11424 art.240 https://yemen-nic.info/db/laws_ye/detail.php?ID=11755
^ The Termination of Pregnancy Act, National Assembly of Zambia.
^ Ministry of Health and Child Welfare (2001). National Guidelines for Post Abortion Care (PDF) (1st ed.). Harare: Hunyani Printopak. ISBN 1-779-09-010-2.
^ "Induced Abortion and Postabortion Care in Zimbabwe". Guttmacher Institute. October 2018. In practice, it is extremely difficult to obtain a legal abortion; as a result, most abortions are clandestine and potentially unsafe. Updated as of 16 July 2019.
^ "Termination Of Pregnancy Act [Chapter 15:10] – law.co.zw".
^ "National Guidelines for Comprehensive Abortion care in Zimbabwe - 2014" (PDF). Ministry of Health and Child Care. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2021.
^ Abortion Ordinance, Sovereign Base Areas Gazette, 21 October 1974.
^ 46.3903 Authorized abortions, Annotated Code of American Samoa, American Samoa Bar Association.
^ Criminal Code of Anguilla, Government of Anguilla, 15 December 2014.
^ Criminal Code of Aruba, Government of Aruba, 28 September 2021. Articles 2:270 to 2:272 (in Dutch).
^ Criminal Code Act 1907, Bermuda Laws Online, 30 August 2020.
^ Criminal Code of the Virgin Islands, Government of the British Virgin Islands, 1997.
^ Penal Code, Government of the Cayman Islands, 2019.
^ Crimes Act 1969, Cook Islands Sessional Legislation, Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute. Sections 202–207.
^ Crimes Bill 2017, Cook Islands Parliament.
^ Bills, Cook Islands Parliament.
^ Cook Islands, Population Policy Data Bank, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011.
^ Criminal Code, Government of Curaçao, 2019. (in Dutch)
^ Much-needed abortion law is missing, Antilliaans Dagblad, 17 February 2015. (in Dutch)
^ Crimes Ordinance 2014, Falkland Islands Government, 2019.
^ ^a ^b Law no. 177 of 23 June 1956 on measures in connection with pregnancy etc., last amended by assembly law no. 168 from 16 December 2021, Løgting (in Danish and Faroese).
^ ^a ^b Crimes (Amendment) Act 2019, Government of Gibraltar.
^ Gibraltar votes 'yes' to easing abortion laws, The Guardian, 25 June 2021.
^ Law No. 232, Law for Greenland about Termination of Pregnancy, Government of Greenland, 12 June 1975 (in Danish and Greenlandic).
^ Offenses against the family, Compiler of Laws of Guam, 2018.
^ AG: Old abortion ban was always void; Legislature can now decide, The Guam Daily Post, 9 July 2022.
^ Abortions are legal in Guam, but doctors won't perform them, Associated Press, 7 June 2019.
^ No abortion providers on Guam, Pacific Daily News, 30 June 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Law on abortion, Guernsey Legal Resources, 1910. (in French)
^ ^a ^b Abortion (Guernsey) Law, 1997, Guernsey Legal Resources, consolidated text effective 2 February 2022.
^ Billet d'État (state note), States of Alderney, 20 July 2022.
^ Abortion (Alderney) Law, 2022, Guernsey Legal Resources.
^ Cap. 212 Offences against the person ordinance, Hong Kong e-Legislation.
^ Abortion Reform Act 2019, Isle of Man Legislation.
^ Termination of Pregnancy (Jersey) Law 1997, Jersey Legal Information Board, 2019.
^ Decree-Law no. 59/95/M, Official Press of Macau, 2004. (in Portuguese)
^ "Penal Code" (PDF). Government of Montserrat. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2018.
^ Niue Laws, Volume 3, Government of Niue, December 2006, p. 1168. Niue Act 1966, sections 166–168.
^ Niue, Population Policy Data Bank, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations. Archived from the original on 11 January 2005.
^ Niue Act 1966, New Zealand Government, reprint as of 1 March 2017.
^ Table of Acts in Force, Government of Niue, 1 June 2016.
^ Niue Laws, Volume 1, Government of Niue, December 2006, pp. 15–16. Constitution of Niue, section 36.
^ ^a ^b ^c Attorney General Opinion, Commonwealth Law Revision Commission, 10 March 1995.
^ Crimes and punishments, Trust Territory Code, chapter 2.
^ Health clinics performing abortions?, Saipan Tribune, 25 May 2000.
^ Pitcairn laws, Government of the Pitcairn Islands.
^ ^a ^b ^c Penal Code of Puerto Rico of 2012, Government of Puerto Rico, 7 June 2022. Articles 98 to 100 (in Spanish).
^ El Pueblo de Puerto Rico v. Pablo Duarte Mendoza, Decisiones de Puerto Rico, 17 April 1980 (in Spanish).
^ Department of Justice will not prosecute women and health professionals for the practice of abortion in Puerto Rico, Department of Justice of Puerto Rico, 26 June 2022 (in Spanish).
^ General Introduction to Legislation, Saint Helena Government.
^ Abortion Act (UK) (Tristan da Cunha) Ordinance, 1967, Saint Helena Government, 2017.
^ Criminal Code, Government of Sint Maarten, 2013. (in Dutch)
^ Crimes, Procedure and Evidence Rules 2003, Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute, 2016.
^ Handbook for the Law Commissioners of Tokelau, Government of Tokelau, August 2008.
^ Offences Against the Person Ordinance, Government of the Turks and Caicos Islands, 31 March 2018.
^ Abortion, 2019 US Virgin Islands Code, Title 14 § 151.
^ Worrell, Marc. "Abortion Laws Worldwide". Women on Waves.
^ "The World's Abortion Laws | Center for Reproductive Rights". reproductiverights.org. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
^ "El Salvador will seek third trial of woman accused of 'murdering' stillborn". The Guardian. Reuters. 6 September 2019. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
^ "El Salvador: Rape survivor sentenced to 30 years in jail under extreme anti-abortion law". www.amnesty.org. 6 July 2017.
^ "El Salvador: Women jailed for miscarriages". BBC News. 28 April 2015.
^ "El Salvador: Court Hears Case on Total Abortion Ban". Human Rights Watch. 23 March 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c "What Ireland's history with abortion might teach us about a post-Roe America". PBS NewsHour. 18 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
^ "How Doctors Date Pregnancies, Explained". Rewire. 17 October 2013.
^ Choices, NHS (18 October 2017). "Abortion". www.nhs.uk.
^ "Pregnancy—first day of the last menstrual period". meteor.aihw.gov.au.
^ "Estimated Date of Delivery (EDD) Pregnancy Calculator". reference.medscape.com.
^ "gestational age". TheFreeDictionary.com.
^ "About the Abortion Act". Government.no. 18 May 2000.
^ Kliff, Sarah (15 October 2008). "Abortion: What the 'Health' Exemption Really Means". Newsweek.
^ "States Probe Limits of Abortion Policy". The Pew Charitable Trusts. 22 June 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
^ Center for Reproductive Rights. (n.d.). Picketing and Harassment. Retrieved 14 December 2006. Archived 30 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1996 [No. 92 of 1996] – G 17602". www.saflii.org.
^ Bhalla, Nita (3 November 2020). "Kenyan charities urge government to quit U.S.-led anti-abortion pact". Reuters. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
^ Azoulay v. The Queen, 1952 CanLII 4, [1952] 2 S.C.R. 495 (11 April 1952), Supreme Court (Canada)
^ R v Davidson (Menhennitt ruling) [1969] VicRp 85, VR 667, Supreme Court (Vic, Australia)
^ T., S. c/ Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires s/ amparo, Supreme Court of Argentina, 11 January 2001 (in Spanish).
^ R v Sood (No 3) [2006] NSWSC 762, Supreme Court (NSW, Australia)
^ Tysiąc v Poland, Council of Europe, 20 March 2007.
^ Women's Rights in the Abortion Decision of the Slovak Constitutional Court, 2014.
^ Advocate Achyut Prasad Kharel v. Office of Prime-minister and Council of Ministers, Kathmandu and Ors. (Supreme Court of Nepal 4 August 2008), Text.
^ Nepal Supreme Court: Abortion Is a Right, 3 January 2011.
^ "British Pregnancy Advisory Service v Secretary of State for Health [2011] EWHC 235 (Admin) (14 February 2011)".
^ F., A. L. s/medida autosatisfactiva, Supreme Court of Argentina, 13 March 2012 (in Spanish).
^ "INTERRUPÇÃO DA GRAVIDEZ" [PREGNANCY INTERRUPTION]. Supremo Tribunal Federal - Justice - Brazil (in Portuguese). 26 April 2013. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014.
^ "P. and S. v. Poland" (PDF). Center for Reproductive Rights. 11 April 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2013.
^ "Sala de lo Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia" [Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice] (PDF). Government of San Salvador (in Spanish). 28 May 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2021.
^ Sentence 0206/2014, Plurinational Constitutional Court, 5 February 2014 (in Spanish).
^ Dominican Republic Constitutional Court Repeals Abortion Law, 12 April 2015.
^ RPA 0787/15/HC/KIG, Women's Link Worldwide, 30 October 2015.
^ Decision of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia No. UI-60/1991 and others of 21 February 2017 and Separate opinion, Narodne novine (in Croatian).
^ "In the matter of an application by the NI Human Rights Commission for JR (NI) and Reference by the Court of Appeal in NI pursuant to Paragraph 33 of Schedule 10 to the NI Act 1998 (Abortion) (NI)" (PDF). The Supreme Court (UKSC). 7 June 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2018.
^ Ruling No. 4/2563 (2020), Constitutional Court of Thailand, 19 February B.E. 2563 (2020). Archived from the original on 10 November 2021.
^ Sentence C-088/20, Constitutional Court of Colombia, 2 March 2020 (in Spanish).
^ Press Release No. 273/2021: SCJN invalidates provision of the Sinaloa Constitution that protected the right to life from conception and limited the right of women to reproductive autonomy, Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, 9 September 2021 (in Spanish).
^ Manetto, Francesco (21 September 2021). "La Suprema Corte invalida la objeción de conciencia médica e insta al Congreso a revisar la ley" [The Supreme Court invalidates medical conscientious objection and urges Congress to review the law]. El País (in Spanish).
^ Press Release No. 276/2021: The SCJN invalidates the precept of the general health law that provided for conscious objection of medical and nursing personnel without establishing the necessary safeguards to guarantee the right to health, Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, 20 September 2021 (in Spanish).
^ Manuela and Others v. El Salvador, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 2 November 2021 (in Spanish).
^ India's top court gives equal abortion access to all women, Associated Press, 29 September 2022.

Other sources

Appel, Jacob M. (August 2005). "Judicial diagnosis 'conscience' vs. care how refusal clauses are reshaping the rights revolution". Medicine and Health. 88 (8): 279–281. PMID 16273974.
Rahman, Anika; Katzive, Laura; Henshaw, Stanley K. (2 June 1998). "A Global Review of Laws on Induced Abortion, 1985–1997". International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 24 (2): 56–64. doi:10.2307/2991926. JSTOR 2991926. PMID 14627052.
Center for Reproductive Rights. (2005). law sidebars10.pdf Abortion and the Law: Ten Years of Reform. Retrieved 22 November 2006. (archived from the original on 2009-03-27)
The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. (November 2006). Abortion Laws Around The World. Retrieved 18 April 2007.
Europe's Abortion Laws. (12 February 2007). BBC News. Retrieved 12 February 2007.
United Nations Population Division. (2007). World Abortion Policies 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2007.
Pollitt, Katha (2014). Pro: Reclaiming Abortion Rights. New York: Picador. ISBN 978-0-312-62054-7.

External links

Global Abortion Policies Database of the World Health Organization
The World's Abortion Laws, interactive website of the Center for Reproductive Rights
Abortion Policies: A Global Review, United Nations. Archived from the original on 27 December 2005.
Laws on Abortion in the Second Trimesters, The International Consortium for Medical Abortion (ICMA)
Abortion: Judicial History and Legislative Response, Congressional Research Service
"Despite overall expansion in the legal grounds for abortion, Policies remain restrictive in many countries" (PDF). Population Facts. 2014 (1). Population Division, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. August 2014.
Abortion Laws of the World, Harvard University
Abortion legislation in Europe Archived 5 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine, International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF), September 2012
Abortion Laws, United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Division for Gender Affairs

[cn-16] Mainland China.

[cn2-20] In 2021, the Chinese government issued guidelines reducing "non-medically necessary" abortions as a "step toward women's development".^[16] The guidelines do not provide detail on what a "non-medically necessary" abortion is, nor what specific policies the government has planned to achieve this goal.^[17]^[18]

[23] The law from 1957 legalizing the abortion on request was limited in 1962 when additional approval for each abortion had to be obtained from so called Abort Commission (which rejected about 15% of the requests). The Abort Commissions were abolished by law in 1986. Until 1993 each approved abortion was paid by state.^[19]^[20]

[28] In some parts of Overseas France, abortion on request became legal in 2001.^[22]^[23]^[24]

[sub-29] Year when all subnational jurisdictions legalized abortion on request.

[no-30] Including Svalbard.^[310]

[32] The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 1978 and came into force in 1979.^[25]

[35] In the Caribbean Netherlands, abortion on request became legal in 2011.^[26]^[27]

[37] After explicit legalization struck down by supreme court decision, the law only removes punishment for abortion on request but with no statement about its legality.

[41] The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 1995 and came into force in 1996.^[31]

[44] The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 2014 and came into force in 2015.^[33]

[46] The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 2018 and came into force in 2019.^[34]

[48] The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 2020 and came into force in 2021.^[35]

[fi-49] Including Åland.^[157]

[af-69] The law of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan consisted primarily of statutory law and a limited use of Islamic jurisprudence.^[49] The Afghan penal code criminalized abortion and only removed the penalty if the abortion was prescribed by a doctor to save the woman's life,^[50]^[51] but other sources said that Afghanistan also allowed abortion in case of fetal impairment,^[52] and rarely for economic reasons if accepted by a religious council.^[53] After the 2021 Taliban offensive, the new government announced its intention to implement Islamic law exclusively, and it is unclear which legal grounds for abortion it accepts.^[54]

[73] The UN source says that this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.^[56] However, other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in Andorra.^[57]

[76] The UN source incorrectly shows Angola as allowing abortion on request, citing a penal code draft from 2014 that did not become law.^[58] The version of the penal code enacted in 2020 and entered into force in 2021 allows abortion only in certain circumstances.^[59]

[79] A 2001 UN source says that abortion must be performed within the first 16 weeks and that it may be permitted after this period under very exceptional circumstances.^[61]

[81] Before independence, a judicial decision in the parent country allowed abortion for this ground, but the decision has not been explicitly recognized by Antigua and Barbuda.^[61]^[62]^: 14

[85] Abortion for this ground is permitted in all subdivisions except the Northern Territory.^[64]^[65]

[89] Applies the laws of Western Australia.^[68]

[91] Applies the laws of Western Australia.^[69]

[93] Applies the laws of the Australian Capital Territory.^[70]

[98] Most laws of New South Wales and Queensland, including their abortion laws, are set to apply to Norfolk Island after 2026.^[72]^[73] The Criminal Code of Norfolk Island, which remains in force in the territory, does not prohibit abortion.^[74]

[aunt-100] Abortion up to 24 weeks may be performed if the medical practitioner considers the abortion is appropriate in all the circumstances, having regard to all relevant medical circumstances, the woman's current and future physical, psychological and social circumstances, and professional standards and guidelines. Later abortion may be performed, if two medical practitioners consider the abortion is appropriate in all the circumstances, having regard to the mentioned matters.^[75] These criteria are not considered as allowing abortion on request.^[64]^[65]

[at-107] If the woman was under age 14 when getting pregnant, no limit is specified.

[therapeutic-110] The penal code says that abortion is permitted for therapeutic purposes but is unclear whether it means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health. The UN source marks it as a permitted ground.

[bh-113] The UN source marks it as a legal ground because the Penal Code explicitly prohibits abortion only if performed without the consent of the woman and of a medical practitioner.^[84] However, the decree regulating medical practice prohibits abortion unless the pregnancy threatens the woman's life.^[85]

[bd-114] The UN source does not explicitly mark this legal ground for abortion but says that "Menstrual regulation is available on request for women with a last menstrual period of 10 weeks or less."^[47]

[119] The law permits abortion for medical reasons without gestational limit, for social reasons up to 22 weeks of gestation, and on request up to 12 weeks of gestation.^[87] By regulation, fetal impairment is included as a medical reason,^[88] and rape is included as a social reason.^[89]

[be-122] Defined as 12 weeks from conception, considered as 14 weeks from the last menstrual period.^[91]

[126] The penal code prohibits abortion except to save the woman's life, when the pregnancy is a result of rape or incest, or when the woman is of unsound mental condition.^[93] Guidelines for health workers mention grounds of risk to the woman's health and fetal impairment, and define a gestational limit of 180 days.^[94]

[bt-127] This ground is only cited in guidelines for health workers, not by law.^[93]^[94]

[129] This ground is established by a regulation implementing a judicial decision, although it is not mentioned in the decision itself or in the law.^[95]

[ba-132] Continues to apply the abortion law of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.^[96]^[97]

[br-139] The penal code criminalizes abortion except if done to save the woman's life or if the pregnancy is the result of rape.^[100] Due to a decision by the Supreme Federal Court, abortion is also permitted in case of anencephaly, and it may also be authorized by court order in other fatal cases of fetal impairment.^[101]^[102]^[103]

[144] The penal code says that social demands are taken into account in a conviction for abortion.^[107] It is unclear if this circumstance reduces the penalty or may remove it.

[149] There is no abortion law in Canada, but its subdivisions and professional bodies have regulations restricting the procedure to various grounds or gestational limits.^[110]^[111]

[152] The penal code says that abortion may be permitted to an underage woman in a state of grave distress up to 8 weeks.^[113]

[154] If the woman is under age 14, the gestational limit is 14 weeks.

[co-159] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[117]^[118]^[39]

[cg-163] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law.^[120] The Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which is declared to be an integral part of the constitution, says that "Abortion, other than therapeutic, is prohibited and punishable by law."^[121] It is unclear whether the therapeutic ground means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health. The UN source says that only the ground to save the woman's life is accepted as a general legal principle.^[43]

[165] A judicial pardon may be granted to the woman for an abortion on this ground.^[122]

[172] In some cases, the gestational limit is 12 or 24 weeks.

[175] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle, allowed by regulation and established by treaty.^[129]^[130]

[cd-177] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by treaty, whose application is requested by the Constitutional Court.^[129]^[131]

[179] If the woman is of young age or immature and so unable to care for the child in a proper way, no limit is specified.

[185] Before independence, a judicial decision in the parent country allowed abortion for this ground, but the decision has not been explicitly recognized by Dominica.^[137]

[189] The UN source says that this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle. However, other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in the Dominican Republic.^[139]^[140]

[194] The UN source shows East Timor as allowing abortion also in case of risk to the woman's health or fetal impairment, citing the penal code enacted in March 2009 and entered into force in June 2009.^[141]^[142] However, the penal code was amended in July 2009 to restrict abortion only to save the woman's life.^[143]^[142]^[144]

[196] This ground is explicitly mentioned in the law only in case of rape of a woman with a mental disability, but it is also established by judicial decision in case of rape of any woman.^[145]

[er-202] Abortion is permitted if the woman is under age 18.

[ee-204] If the woman is under age 15 or over age 45, the gestational limit is 22 weeks.

[209] Permitted up to 28 weeks of gestation if the woman is unfit to raise the child due to a physical or mental disability or for being under age 18. The penalty for abortion may be mitigated in case of extreme poverty.^[153]^[154]

[215] Including Overseas France.^[160]

[fr-217] Defined as 14 weeks of pregnancy, considered as 16 weeks from the last menstrual period.^[161]

[219] The penal code says that abortion may be permitted to an underage woman in a state of grave distress up to 10 weeks.

[de-227] The criminal code specifies that abortion is not deemed an offence if the woman requests it, she has obtained counselling, and it is done by a physician within 12 weeks from conception. (Also, the woman is not punished for an abortion within 22 weeks if the other conditions are fulfilled.) The woman's living conditions are also taken into account in the indication of a serious risk to her health.^[168]^[169]

[gr-229] If the woman is a minor or incapable of resisting, the gestational limit is 19 weeks.

[gy-235] If the woman is HIV-positive or contraception failure, the gestational limit is 16 weeks.

[238] A new penal code, published by presidential decree on 24 June 2020, would allow abortion on request in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, and in case of risk to the woman's physical or mental health, rape or incest.^[176] The code is set to take effect on 19 June 2025 unless modified before then.^[177]

[principle-239] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.

[hu-242] Up to 18 weeks if the woman is incapacitated or did not recognize the pregnancy due to illness or medical error, or in case of failure of a health institution.^[179]

[243] Up to 24 weeks in case of prolongation of the diagnostic procedure, or no limit in case of fetal abnormality incompatible with life after birth.^[179]

[247] No limit in case of "substantial foetal abnormalities".^[181]

[248] Including the failure of contraception.^[181]

[256] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law,^[188] but it may be included in other legal grounds if the pregnancy causes unbearable hardship, such as significant harm to mental health or risk of suicide.^[189]^{[better source needed]}

[259] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.^[190]^[191]

[iq-261] This ground is only cited in instructions to health committees, not by law.^[192]

[ie-263] If the risk to life or health is immediate, no gestational limit is specified.

[il-265] Abortion is permitted if the woman is under age 18 or over age 40, or if she is not married or the pregnancy is not from marriage.^[194]

[ci-269] The UN source marks it as a legal ground but it is only established by treaty, not by law and not implemented as of 2020.^[196]^[197]

[274] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle and established by judicial decision.^[198]^[199]^[200]^[201]

[275] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[198]^[199]^[200]^[201]

[284] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[208] It is also mentioned in the National Guidelines on Management of Sexual Violence.^[209]

[la-293] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f The penal code prohibits "unlawful abortion", defined as "abortion not authorized by medical doctor commission". The penal code also lists the principles of legitimate defense and necessity to save one's life, which lead to exemption from penal liability.^[215] A decision by the Ministry of Health states that abortion is medically authorized, up to 28 weeks of gestation, due to certain medical conditions of the woman or fetus, rape, contraception failure, and certain socioeconomic conditions of the woman or her family.^[216] A WHO source also shows Laos as allowing abortion on request up to 12 weeks of gestation, citing guidelines for health workers from 2016,^[217] but they were issued before the penal code of 2017 defined "unlawful abortion" and are not mentioned in the decision by the Ministry of Health of 2021.

[lt-303] If the woman is under age 13 or over age 49, no limit is specified.

[308] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law.^[228] The UN source says that it is accepted as a general legal principle,^[43] but other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in Madagascar.^[229]^[230]

[315] The law of Maldives is a combination of statutory and Islamic law.^[233] The Maldivian penal code criminalizes abortion after 120 days of gestation, except for risk to the woman's life.^[234] The Maldivian Islamic jurisprudence allows abortion only for risk to the woman's life, without gestational limit, or in cases of rape, incest, or certain medical conditions of a fetus conceived in marriage, up to 120 days of gestation.^[235]^[236]

[316] Only for certain medical conditions of a fetus conceived in marriage.^[235]^[236]

[mr-324] The penal code prohibits abortion without any explicit exception,^[240] but the UN source says that abortion to save the woman's life is permitted as a general legal principle.^[43] The law on child protection prohibits abortion except for a "proven medical need",^[241] and the law on reproductive health prohibits abortion except in case of risk to the woman's life.^[242] The government has stated that the law of the country permits abortion on therapeutic grounds.^[243]

[329] Abortion for this ground is permitted by law in all subdivisions except Guanajuato and Querétaro. In these two states, medical professionals at federal health facilities may provide abortion without prosecution,^[246]^[247] while others may be prosecuted but not imprisoned, and they may request judicial relief by amparo.^[40]^[41]

[mx-330] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf Abortion for this ground is permitted by law in some states and Mexico City. In other states, medical professionals at federal health facilities may provide abortion without prosecution,^[246]^[247] while others may be prosecuted but not imprisoned, and they may request judicial relief by amparo.^[40]^[41]

[mx2-333] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g The penal codes of some states specify a gestational limit for abortion in case of rape. However, in July 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that it is unconstitutional to set a limit for abortion on this ground.^[248]^[249]

[mxco-341] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[40]^[41]

[mxjc-350] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[263]^[264]

[mxna-358] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[271]

[375] If the woman is under age 15 or over age 40, the gestational limit is 21 weeks.

[381] In 2016, the government of Morocco proposed allowing abortion in cases of rape, incest, mental disability and fetal impairment. However, the parliament did not approve the proposal,^[289]^[290] and as of 2021 the abortion articles in the penal code remain unchanged.^[291]^[292]

[383] May be permitted with no gestational limit in case the fetus is not viable.^[293]

[np-389] Up to 28 weeks if the woman has HIV or a similar incurable disease.^[297]^[298]

[390] Including the Caribbean Netherlands.^[26]^[27]

[ng-394] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r The Criminal Code of the predecessor of Nigeria prohibited abortion except to save the woman's life. A judicial decision on a similar law in the parent country allowed abortion also to preserve the woman's health, but the West African Court of Appeal, despite applying the reasoning of the parent country's decision, affirmed only the ground to save the woman's life in Nigerian law. The Criminal Code and its judicial precedent remain in force in the southern states of Nigeria. In the states corresponding to the former Northern Region, the Penal Code replaced the Criminal Code and its judicial precedent, and it also prohibits abortion except to save the woman's life.^[300]^[301]

[kp-402] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f The criminal law of North Korea, as amended up to 2015, does not mention abortion.^[303]^[304] In 2015 the North Korean government issued a directive prohibiting medical professionals from performing abortions but did not indicate a penalty for doing so.^[305] In 2016, the government stated that abortion was "legal" and "provided upon request by the woman concerned for reasons of risks to her life, physical and mental health and fetal malformation", but it is unclear whether these were the only permitted reasons.^[306] It has also been reported that repatriated pregnant women are forced to have abortions to prevent children of mixed ethnicity.^[307]^[308]

[mk-404] May be permitted with no gestational limit in some cases.^[309]

[om-408] The penal law prohibits abortion without any explicit exception, but it exempts from penal liability actions done by necessity to protect oneself or others from a severe and imminent danger, and in the practice of agreed medical activities or urgent medical intervention.^[311] The law regulating medical practice prohibits abortion except for risk to the woman's life or of unbearable illness, and in case of fetal impairment up to 120 days of gestation.^[312]

[413] Different sources specify this limit as 120 days or four months of gestation.^[315]^[316]

[415] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law^[317] but it is accepted as a general legal principle.^{[citation needed]}

[ps-421] The law prohibits abortion except to save the woman's life.^[318] However, some sources say that abortion may also be permitted for health reasons and in cases of rape and fetal impairment,^[319]^[320]^[321] while other sources say that it is not possible to obtain an abortion in any circumstance.^[322]

[428] The law prohibits abortion done "unlawfully" without defining it, and it explicitly permits abortion to preserve the woman's life.^[325] An opinion of the State Solicitor in 1982, based on court decisions on identical laws in the former parent country, considered that preservation of the woman's health was also a legal ground for abortion.^[326]^[327] However, in 2018, in the case of a woman who had aborted at four months of pregnancy due to risk to health, the Supreme Court acquitted her because she had been wrongly charged for the crime of killing an unborn child, which only applies shortly before birth (section 312), but ruled that she should have still been charged for the crime of abortion (section 225).^[328]

[434] The law prohibits abortion without explicitly mentioning any exception,^[331] but in 2014 the Supreme Court ruled that indirect abortion done to save the woman's life was permitted under the principle of double effect.^[332]^[333]

[437] This ground was mentioned in the law but it was invalidated by a judicial decision in 2020.^[335]

[439] This ground was mentioned in the law but it was invalidated by a judicial decision in 1997.^[336]

[450] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[345]^[346]^[62]^: 14

[455] In case of risk to the woman's life after fetal viability, the pregnancy may also be interrupted by attempting a live birth.

[456] Permitted until fetal viability in case of a fetal anomaly that poses a risk to the woman's health.

[sa-460] Abortion may also permitted up to 40 days of gestation for other reasons that are not economic or social concerns.^[351]^[352]^[353]

[sn-465] The penal code prohibits abortion without any explicit exception,^[354] but the code of medical ethics permits abortion to save the woman's life.^[355]^[43]^[356] The government has stated that abortion is authorized in case of risk to the woman's health.^[357]

[sc-470] In some cases, abortion may be allowed up to fetal viability or 26 weeks of gestation.^[360]^[361]

[sl-478] Sierra Leone established that the laws in force in England in 1880 would be in force in Sierra Leone from 1965.^[362] One of these laws prohibited abortion done "unlawfully" without defining it.^[363] A judicial decision in England in 1938 clarified that this law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health.^[364] It is unclear whether Sierra Leone applies only the original legal principle or also the judicial decision.^[365]^[366] In 2015 the parliament of Sierra Leone passed a law allowing abortion on request but it was not signed by the president so it did not come into force.^[367]^[368]

[482] In some cases, the gestational limit is 12 weeks.

[489] Including Somaliland.^[376]^[377]

[490] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.^{[clarification needed]}

[494] The laws of South Korea prohibited abortion except for risk to the woman's health, rape, incest, or certain medical conditions, up to 24 weeks of gestation.^[378] On 11 April 2019, the Constitutional Court ruled that the abortion restrictions were unconstitutional, giving the legislature until the end of 2020 to amend the laws to allow abortion on request with some gestational limit. In October 2020 the government proposed a limit of 14 weeks for abortion on request and 24 weeks for certain other cases, but the legislature did not approve this or any other proposal on the subject before the end of the year, so the abortion laws became automatically invalid on 1 January 2021.^[379] As of 2024, the legislature had still not approved any of the proposals, leaving abortion decriminalized without a clear gestational limit.^[380]

[kr-495] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[379]

[499] In case of a fatal anomaly, no limit is specified.

[502] From conception.

[504] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law^[386] but it is accepted as a general legal principle.^{[citation needed]}

[513] In mainland Tanzania, articles 150 to 152 of the penal code prohibit abortion done "unlawfully", and article 230 of the same law permits abortion to preserve the woman's life. Article 219 additionally prohibits "child destruction", meaning abortion after fetal viability, presumed at 28 weeks of pregnancy, but still permits it to preserve the woman's life.^[393] In Zanzibar, the penal act has equivalent articles 129 to 131, 213 and 200.^[394]

[515] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. A judicial decision by the East African Court of Appeal, with jurisdiction over the predecessors of Tanzania, allowed abortion also to preserve the woman's health, and sources state that this decision remains binding after independence.^[395]

[521] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law^[399] but it is accepted as a general legal principle.^[400]

[tt-527] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law^[403] but it is accepted as a general legal principle and established by judicial decision.^{[clarification needed]}^[404]^[405]

[ua-536] If the woman is under age 15 or over age 45, the gestational limit is 22 weeks.^[412]^[413]

[ae-541] A Cabinet resolution on abortion, issued under the law on medical liability, permits abortion "based on the request of the spouses, after the approval of the committee", "and with the approval of the treating physician for the medical condition justifying the abortion", in the first 120 days of pregnancy.^[415] These provisions are considered to permit abortion in case of risk to the woman's physical or mental health, and may also include other cases.^[416]^[417]

[gb-545] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is considered to be included in a ground for preserving physical or mental health.^[418]^[419]^[420]

[gbni-547] Abortion for this ground is permitted only in Northern Ireland, up to 12 weeks of gestation.^[421]

[us-550] Abortion for this ground is not permitted in some states.

[553] Permitted in case of a lethal anomaly up to 20 weeks from fertilization, considered as 22 weeks from the last menstrual period.^[425]^[424]

[usaz-557] A law prohibits abortion on this ground but it is suspended by judicial decision and set to be repealed on 14 September 2024.^[428]

[USstatecon-560] This U.S. state has explicitly amended its constitution to guarantee the right to an abortion to its residents.

[563] Permitted until viability if the fetus has a fatal anomaly.^[431]

[us4-567] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Defined as 20 weeks from fertilization, considered as 22 weeks from the last menstrual period.^[423]

[us3-568] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Prohibited after embryonic or fetal cardiac activity is detected, which is possible after approximately 6 weeks of gestation.

[571] This ground is not mentioned in the state law but it is established by judicial decision based on federal law.^[437]

[573] Defined as 13 weeks from fertilization, considered as 15 weeks from the last menstrual period.^[436]^[438]

[576] Defined as 10 weeks from fertilization, considered as 12 weeks from the last menstrual period.^[439]

[577] Permitted in case of a lethal anomaly up to 20 weeks from fertilization, considered as 22 weeks from the last menstrual period.^[439]

[581] Permitted in case of a fetal abnormality incompatible with life up to 20 weeks from fertilization, considered as 22 weeks from the last menstrual period.^[442]

[586] Permitted in certain cases of fatal anomalies.^[446]^[447]

[usme-588] Abortion after viability is allowed if a physician judges it "necessary" under the "applicable standard of care".^[448]

[usmd-592] The law states that "the State may not interfere" with abortion on this ground before viability.^[449] Sources disagree whether it is actually prohibited after viability.^[450]^[423]^[451]

[usny-605] Also allowed after this period if there is an absence of fetal viability.^[463]

[607] Permitted up to 24 weeks of gestation in case of a life-limiting anomaly.^[464]

[us2-611] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ A law prohibits abortion on this ground or sets a lower gestational limit but it is suspended by judicial decision.

[624] In case of a lethal anomaly or a severe brain abnormality, no limit is specified.

[627] Defined as 8 weeks from implantation, approximately 11 weeks from the last menstrual period. If the patient is a minor or an incompetent or incapacitated adult, abortion in case of rape is permitted in the first 14 weeks from implantation, approximately 17 weeks from the last menstrual period.^[481]

[628] Permitted with no gestational limit if the fetus has a lethal anomaly.^[481]

[uy-638] A judge may also remove the penalty for abortion on this ground in the first 3 months from conception.^[490]

[641] The penal code says that abortion is permitted for "good medical reasons"^[492] but is unclear whether it means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health. The UN source marks it as a permitted ground.

[649] The law of Vatican City is primarily based on the canon law of the Catholic Church and applies the Italian penal code in force in 1929 with local modifications.^[493] Both sources of law prohibit abortion without explicitly mentioning any exception.^[494]^[495] Article 49 of the penal code lists the principle of necessity to save one's life, which removes punishment for any action that would otherwise be a crime,^[496]^[497] but the Church's official interpretation of canon 1398 is more restrictive, allowing in such cases only indirect abortion under the principle of double effect.^[498]^[499]

[657] Depending on the capacity at each level of hospital.^[504]^[505]^[506]

[663] Abortion is not permitted for rape within marriage.^[511]

[zw-665] The 2014 Guidelines for Comprehensive Abortion Care says "In Zimbabwe termination of pregnancy may be permitted for HIV-positive women if they choose to do so."^[512]

[gbt-667] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law, but the identical text in the law of the parent country is considered to include this ground in a ground for preserving physical or mental health.^[418]^[419]^[420]

[awcwsx-671] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.^[62]

[678] The parliament has proposed a law allowing abortion also in case of risk to health, rape and fetal impairment,^[521] but it has not yet been approved.^[522]

[680] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law, but it is established by a judicial decision in the parent country. A UN source states this it in unclear whether this judicial precedent also applies to the Cook Islands, but it lists this ground as permitted there.^[523]

[cw-683] Although illegal, the government does not prosecute abortions performed under rules similar to other countries, including on request.^[525]

[686] Permitted up to 16 weeks of gestation if medical circumstances make the woman unfit to care for her child.^[527]

[gi-689] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is considered to be included in the ground for preserving physical or mental health.^[528]^[529]

[gu-695] Although the law permits abortions on request, no medical providers in the territory perform them except to save the woman's life.^[533]^[534]

[gg1-697] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f In Alderney and Sark, this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law.^[535] A judicial decision on an identical law in the parent country clarified that the law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health.^[364] It is unclear whether Alderney and Sark apply only the original legal principle or also the judicial decision.

[gg2-699] Abortion for this ground is permitted in the jurisdiction of Guernsey, but not in Alderney or Sark.^[535]^[536]

[gg3-702] Although not allowed by Alderney law, abortions are provided in Alderney under the same conditions as in Guernsey, as health services in Alderney operate under Guernsey law.^[537] To resolve the legal contradiction, in 2022 the States of Alderney passed an abortion law identical to the one in Guernsey, and it awaits a regulation to establish the effective date.^[538]

[nu-713] A law enacted by New Zealand for Niue in 1966 prohibited abortion done "unlawfully", without defining it,^[544] but a judicial decision applicable in New Zealand allowed abortion in case of risk to the woman's life or health, and a UN source states this judicial precedent probably applies to Niue as well.^[545] In 2007, New Zealand repealed the sections of law that prohibited abortion in Niue,^[546] but they remain in force in Niue^[547] as legislation enacted by New Zealand after 1974 does not apply to Niue without its consent.^[548]

[mp-717] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f The territory's constitution prohibits abortion "except as provided by law", and the territory has no law about the subject.^[549] A law from the predecessor of the territory prohibited abortion done "unlawfully" without defining it, and although predecessor laws remain in force in the territory unless modified, a judicial decision ruled this abortion law invalid for being too vague.^[550] As a result, although abortion remains prohibited in principle by the constitution, abortion providers cannot be prosecuted for it as there is no law specifying a penalty. Still, in practice, authorized medical providers in the territory perform abortions only to save the woman's life and possibly in case of rape.^[551] In 1995, an opinion issued by the territory's attorney general concluded that U.S. judicial decisions allowing abortion on request also applied to the territory, but these decisions were overturned in 2022.^[549]

[719] Applies English law in force in 2010 unless locally modified.^[552]

[pr-723] The penal code prohibits abortion except in case of risk to the woman's life or health.^[553] In 1980, a decision by the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico expanded the health criteria to also include mental health, including emotional, psychological, family and age aspects, with no gestational limit. However, the decision still maintained the prohibition on abortion if done without any therapeutic consideration.^[554]^[555]

[726] Applies English law in force on 1 January 2006 unless locally modified, in each part of the territory.^[556] Tristan da Cunha explicitly applies the abortion law of the United Kingdom with minor modifications.^[557]

[sx-728] Although illegal, the government does not prosecute abortions performed under rules similar to other countries, including on request.^[62]

[tk-731] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. The judicial handbook says that abortion is permitted for medical reasons but is unclear whether it means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health.^[560]

[tc-733] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. A judicial decision on an identical law in the parent country clarified that the law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health.^[364] It is unclear whether the territory applies only the original legal principle or also the judicial decision.

[exceptionsList-735] All states allow abortion to prevent the woman's imminent death, and some if the pregnancy is a less-immediate threat to their life.
• Additional allowance for risk to the woman's physical health: Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.
• Allowance for risk to the woman's general health: California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Indiana, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, New York, Rhode Island, Virginia, Washington.
• Allowance for pregnancy due to rape or incest: Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Mississippi, North Dakota, South Carolina, West Virginia, Utah, and Wyoming.
• Allowance for lethal fetal abnormality: Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, South Carolina, West Virginia, Wyoming, and Utah.
Note that these allowances may have a time limit, which may be as early as cardiac-cell activity (approximately 6 weeks LMP); others may have no limit. Different allowances may have different limits in the same state.

[736] Cardiac-cell activity is generally detectable in the 6th week LMP.
Allowance beyond this limit is made, at minimum, for an immediate threat to the woman's life. In general, states that permit limited elective abortion may allow abortion beyond that limit for some or all of the reasons listed above.

[737] Typically, fetal viability begins in the 23rd or 24th week LMP.

[738] The second trimester is variously defined as through 27th or 28th week LMP. In Massachusetts, the law allows elective abortion up to 24 weeks from implantation, which is approx. 27 weeks LMP.

[751] Some examples of gestational age calculated from the first day of the last menstrual cycle:^[570]^[571]^[572]^[573]^[574]^{[excessive citations]}

[752] For example Luxembourg abortion law states: "Avant la fin de la 12e semaine de grossesse ou avant la fin de la 14e semaine d'aménorrhée ...", which translates to "Before the end of the 12th week of pregnancy or before the end of the 14th week of amenorrhea".^[227]

[760] Also known as the "Menhennitt ruling".

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[43] Law of revision of the Penal Code, Gazette of the Republic of Mozambique, 31 December 2014. "The present law enters into force one hundred and eighty days after its publication." (in Portuguese)

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[mx1-54] Abortion in Mexico: the Supreme Court decriminalizes the voluntary interruption of pregnancy in a historic ruling for the country, BBC, 7 September 2021. "The ruling only obligates Coahuila to modify its penal code in this regard. Therefore, it does not imply that abortion is now legal in all of Mexico, nor that the decriminalization affects all states automatically or that they are obligated to change their local legislation." (in Spanish)

[mx2-55] Mexico decriminalizes abortion: what will happen now in the states of the country?, El País, 8 September 2021. "They will be able to, thus, continue sending to court the women who abort outside of the local norms, but the judicial process will not allow them to enter jail." "It is possible that there are still judges who dictate jail for some women, and this would force them to sue in local and federal processes first and then apply for an amparo before a district judge. This one would have to follow, finally, the judicial precedent." (in Spanish)

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[64] Penal Code, Government of the Republic of Afghanistan, 7 October 1976.

[65] Penal Code, Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, 15 May 2017 (in Pashto and Dari).

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[nswresearch-83] Abortion law: a national perspective, Tom Gotsis and Laura Ismay, NSW Parliamentary Research Service, May 2017, pp. 13, 40. This government publication, reflecting laws up to 2017 (including the Termination of Pregnancy Law Reform Act 2017 in the Northern Territory), lists New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia and the Northern Territory as the subdivisions of Australia not allowing abortion on request. Since then, laws allowing abortion on request have entered into force in Queensland (2018), New South Wales (2019) and South Australia (2022). The abortion law in the Northern Territory was amended in 2021 but still requires approval by a medical professional based on the same criteria as in 2017, thus it is still not considered as allowing abortion on request.

[conv-84] Abortion is no longer a crime in Australia. But legal hurdles to access remain, The Conversation, 3 March 2021. "With the exception of the Northern Territory, where abortion remains a medical practitioner's decision regardless of the gestation, and the ACT, where no gestational limits apply, Australian jurisdictions now permit abortion on request up to varying points in a pregnancy."

[86] Crimes Act 1900, ACT Legislation Register.

[87] Health Act 1993, ACT Legislation Register.

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[90] Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955, Federal Register of Legislation.

[92] Jervis Bay Territory Acceptance Act 1915, Federal Register of Legislation.

[94] Abortion Law Reform Act 2019 No 11, NSW legislation.

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[96] Norfolk Island Applied Laws and Service Delivery (Queensland) Ordinance 2021, Federal Register of Legislation.

[97] Criminal Code 2007 (NI), Federal Register of Legislation.

[aunt-99] Termination of Pregnancy Law Reform Act 2017, Northern Territory Legislation.

[101] Termination of Pregnancy Act 2018, Queensland Legislation.

[102] Termination of Pregnancy Act 2021, South Australian Legislation.

[103] Reproductive Health (Access to Terminations) Act 2013, Tasmanian Legislation.

[104] Abortion Law Reform Act 2008, Victorian Legislation.

[105] Public Health Act 2016, Western Australian Legislation. Sections 202MC to 202ME.

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[bt1-124] Penal Code of Bhutan, Judiciary of Bhutan.

[bt2-125] Standard Guidelines for the Health Workers on Management of Complication of Abortion, Ministry of Health of Bhutan.

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[br1-135] Penal Code, Decree-Law no. 2848, of 7 December 1940, Presidency of Brazil. Articles 124 to 128 (in Portuguese).

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[140] Syariah Penal Code Order, 2013, Brunei Darussalam Government Gazette, 22 October 2013. Articles 158–164.

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[142] Law no. 025-018/AN bearing the penal code, Police Academy of Burkina Faso. Articles 513-10 to 513–19 (in French).

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[Action-148] "Access at a Glance: Abortion Services in Canada | Action Canada for Sexual Health and Rights". Action Canada for Sexual Health & Rights. While abortions after 20 weeks are statistically very rare (<2.5% of all abortions), there are people in Canada who require abortion beyond 20 weeks for serious and important reasons. There are only three service locations in Canada that offer abortion up to 23 weeks and 6 days (one in British Columbia, one in Southern Ontario, and one in Quebec). No providers in Canada offer abortion care beyond 23 weeks and 6 days.

[150] ttps://abortion-policies.srhr.org/documents/countries/01-Cape-Verde-Law-and-Regulation-on-Voluntary-Interruption-of-Pregnancy-1987.pdf law no. 9/iii/86 & decree no. 7/87 https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/documents/countries/15-Cabo-Verde-Resolution-ratifying-Maputo-Protocol-2005.pdf resolution no. 131/vi/2005 https://www.parlamento.cv/GDRevisoesContitucionais.aspx?ImagemId=30

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[cl-153] Law 21,030, Depenalisation of Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy in Three Causes, Ministry of Health of Chile, 23 September 2017 (in Spanish).

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[co-158] Sentencia C-355/06 (Constitutional Court 10 May 2006).

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[161] Penal Code, Ministry of Justice of the Republic of the Congo. Article 317 (in French).

[162] Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 19 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, The Republic of the Congo, United Nations, 1 May 2014.

[164] Penal Code, Government of Costa Rica. Article 93 (in Spanish).

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[430] "Guía Técnica Nacional de Aborto Terapéutico" [National Technical Guide - Therapeutic Abortion (modified 2015)] (PDF). Regional Directorate of Health of Cusco, Peru (in Spanish). 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 November 2021.

[ph-431] The Revised Penal Code, Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines, 8 December 1930. Articles 256–259.

[432] Imbong v. Ochoa, Supreme Court of the Philippines, 8 April 2014.

[433] Ninth periodic report submitted by the Philippines under article 18 of the Convention, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 6 July 2021. Paragraph 123.

[435] Law of 7 January 1993 on family planning, protection of the human fetus and conditions of admissibility of interruption of pregnancy, Internet System of Legal Acts, Sejm of the Republic of Poland (in Polish).

[pl2-436] Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 22 October 2020, act K 1/20, Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland, 27 January 2021, item 175 (in Polish).

[pl1-438] Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 28 May 1997, K 26/96, Wolters Kluwer (in Polish).

[440] Penal Code, Electronic Journal of the Republic (in Portuguese).

[441] Law No. 11 of 2004 Issuing the Penal Code, Qatar Legal Portal. Abortion. Articles 315–317.

[442] Law No. (2) of 1983 in the matter of practicing the professions of human medicine and dental medicine and surgery, Qatar Legal Portal, 1 January 1983. Article 17 (in Arabic).

[443] Criminal Code of the Republic of Romania (2009, amended 2017), Legislationline.org.

[444] "Федеральный закон от 21 ноября 2011 г. № 323-ФЗ "Об основах охраны здоровья граждан в Российской Федерации"" [Federal Law of November 21, 2011 No. 323-FZ "On the fundamentals of protecting the health of citizens in the Russian Federation"] (in Russian). Minzdrav.gov.ru. 5 April 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2022.

[445] "Приказ Минздравсоцразвития России №736 от 3 декабря 2007 г." minzdrav.gov.ru.

[446] "Приказ Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации от 1 ноября 2012 г.№ 572н "Об утверждении Порядка оказания медицинской помощи по профилю "акушерство и гинекология (за исключением использования вспомогательных репродуктивных технологий)""". minzdrav.gov.ru.

[447] Ministerial Order no. 002/MoH/2019 of 08/04/2019 determining conditions to be satisfied for a medical doctor to perform an abortion, Official Gazette of Rwanda, no. 14, 8 April 2019 (in Kinyarwanda, English, and French).

[448] Offences Against the Person Act, Law Commission of the Ministry of Justice and Legal Affairs of Saint Kitts and Nevis, revised edition as of 31 December 2017. Sections 53–54.

[449] Infant Life (Preservation) Act, Law Commission of the Ministry of Justice and Legal Affairs of Saint Kitts and Nevis, revised edition as of 31 December 2002.

[451] Criminal Code, revised edition as 31 December 2005, Government of Saint Lucia, Chapter 1, Part 1, Sub-part D.

[452] Criminal Code, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Section 149.

[453] Crimes Act 2013, Ministry of Police of Samoa, 1 May 2013.

[454] Law no. 127 – Regulation of the voluntary interruption of pregnancy, Grand and General Council, 7 September 2022. Articles 4–7 (in Italian).

[sa-457] Ministerial resolution no. 39644/1/12, dated 14/5/1427 AH, Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia, c. 10 June 2006 (in Arabic).

[458] Livni, Ephrat (25 May 2019). "Saudi Arabia's abortion laws are more forgiving than Alabama's". Quartz.

[459] Maffi, I.; Tønnessen, L. (2019). "The Limits of the Law: Abortion in the Middle East and North Africa". Health and Human Rights. 21 (2): 1–6. PMC 6927385. PMID 31885431.

[461] Penal Code of Senegal, 21 July 1965, with amendments up to 29 January 1999. Article 305 (in French).

[462] Code of Medical Ethics, National Order of Physicians of Senegal, 10 February 1967. Article 35 (in French).

[463] Sénégal – Marième N'Diaye on the decriminalization of abortion: "the debate is open", Le Point, 11 April 2019 (in French).

[464] Combined third to seventh periodic reports due in 2010, Senegal, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 13 December 2013. Page 55.

[466] "Zakon o postupku prekida trudnoće u zdravstvenim ustanovama". www.paragraf.rs.

[467] Dr. Katarina Sedlecki (30 September 2013). "НАЦИОНАЛНИ ВОДИЧ ДОБРЕ КЛИНИЧКЕ ПРАКСЕ ЗА БЕЗБЕДНИ ПРЕКИД ТРУДНОЋЕ" [NATIONAL GOOD CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDE FOR SAFE TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY] (PDF). Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Serbia (in Serbian). Ministry of Health of the Republic of Serbia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2016. pdf download

[468] Termination of Pregnancy Act, consolidated to 30 June 2012, Seychelles Legal Information Institute.

[469] Reproductive health policy for Seychelles, Ministry of Health of Seychelles, January 2012.

[471] Courts Act, 1965, Government of Sierra Leone. Article 74.

[472] Offences Against the Person Act 1861, Legislation.gov.uk. Articles 58–59.

[bourne-473] Rex v. Bourne, Central Criminal Court of England and Wales, 18–19 July 1938.

[474] Supplementary Information on Sierra Leone, scheduled for review by the U.N. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women during its 57th Session (February 2014), Center for Reproductive Rights, 24 January 2014. "This interpretation of the Offences Against the Person Act has not been tested in case law in Sierra Leone and therefore it remains unclear whether women terminating a pregnancy on such grounds would be criminally liable."

[475] Understanding Abortion Access in Africa, Catholics for Choice, 19 February 2014. "Sierra Leone is one of several Commonwealth countries to model its abortion policy after England's 1938 Rex v. Bourne decision, which established necessity – that is, threats to a woman's mental and physical health – as grounds for legal abortion."

[476] Sierra Leone abortion bill blocked by President Bai Koroma again, BBC News, 12 March 2016.

[477] Fighting Unsafe Abortion and Abortion Stigma in Sierra Leone, Women's Health and Reproductive Rights Organization, 20 April 2021.

[479] "Termination of Pregnancy Act – Singapore Statutes Online". sso.agc.gov.sg.

[480] "Zákon Slovenskej národnej rady o umelom prerušení tehotenstva" [Act of the Slovak National Council on Abortion]. Law No. 73 of 23 October 1986 (in Slovak). Slovak National Council.

[sk-481] "Vyhláška Ministerstva zdravotníctva Slovenskej socialistickej republiky, ktorou sa vykonáva zákon Slovenskej národnej rady č.73/1986 Zb. o umelom prerušení tehotenstva" [Decree of the Ministry of Health of the Slovak Socialist Republic, which implements the Act of the Slovak National Council No. 73/1986 Coll. on abortion]. Decree No. 74 of 5 November 1986 (in Slovak). Ministry of Health.

[483] Law on health measures in the exercise of the right to freely decide on the birth of children, Government of Slovenia (in Slovene).

[484] Penal Code, Laws of Solomon Islands. Articles 157–159, 221.

[485] Provisional Constitution, University of Minnesota: Human Rights Library, 7 September 2012. Article 15.5.

[486] Penal Code, Global Abortion Policies Database, 6 December 1962. Article 36 and part X.

[487] Penal Code, Somalilandlaw.com.

[488] Jama, Ibrahim Hashi (30 January 2012). "THE 2000 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOMALILAND - english translation" (PDF). Somaliland law. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 May 2012.

[491] Enforcement Decree of the Mother and Child Health Act, Government of South Korea.

[kr-492] South Korea: Abortion decriminalized since January 1, 2021, Library of Congress, 18 March 2021.

[493] Abortion in S. Korea: neither illegal nor legal, The Korea Herald, 7 March 2024.

[496] "On the basics of protecting the health of citizens in the Republic of South Ossetia", chapter 6, article 51. Ugo-osetia.ru.

[497] "Penal Code Act. Article 216" (PDF). Sudantribune.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2022.

[498] Organic Law 2/2010, of 3 March, of sexual and reproductive health and of voluntary interruption of pregnancy, Boletín Oficial del Estado, 4 March 2010 (in Spanish).

[500] Penal code, Citizens Lanka, version as of 2002. Sections 303–307.

[501] Penal Code, European Country of Origin Information Network, 1991.

[503] ttps://www.dna.sr/media/138146/S.B._2015_no._44_wet_van_30_mrt_15_wijz._wetboek_van_strafrecht.pdf (in Dutch) title xix

[505] Abortion law, Riksdag of Sweden, version as of 1 June 2013 (in Swedish).

[506] Swiss penal code (Interruption of pregnancy), Federal Assembly of Switzerland (in French).

[507] "قانون مزاولة المهن الطبية في الجمهورية العربية السورية" [Law on the Practice of Medical Professions in the Syrian Arab Republic]. Article 47b, Legislative Decree No. 12 of 5 January 1970 (in Arabic). People's Assembly of Syria.

[508] Genetic Health Act, Laws and Regulations Database of the Republic of China, 8 July 2009.

[509] Enforcement Rules of Genetic Health Act, Laws and Regulations Database of the Republic of China, 5 April 2012.

[510] "Abortion legislation and its implementation in Europe and Central Asia" (PDF). International Planned Parenthood Federation. December 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 November 2021.

[511] "The Penal Code, revised edition of 2019". Tanzania Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021.

[512] Penal Act, 2018, Zanzibar House of Representatives, 16 March 2018.

[514] A technical guide to understanding the legal and policy framework on termination of pregnancy in mainland Tanzania, Center for Reproductive Rights, 2012.

[516] Act, Amendment of the Criminal Code (No. 28), Royal Government Gazette of Thailand, 6 February 2021 (in Thai).

[517] Announcement of the Ministry of Public Health regarding the examination and counseling on options for termination of pregnancy under section 305 (5) of the Penal Code, Royal Government Gazette of Thailand, 26 September 2022 (in Thai).

[518] Law No. 2007-005, On Reproductive Health, Official Journal of the Togolese Republic, 10 January 2007 (in French).

[519] "Criminal Offences". www.paclii.org.

[520] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20051227114327fw_/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/doc/tonga.doc (2001)

[522] "Приказ Министерства здравоохранения и социальной защиты Приднестровской Молдавской Республики о порядке проведения и показаниях к операции искусственного прерывания беременности" [Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Protection of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic on the procedure and indications for artificial interruption of pregnancy] (in Russian). Zakon PMR. 13 August 2004. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023.

[523] "Приказ Министерство здравоохранения Приднестровской Молдавской Республики о внесении изменений в приказ Министерства здравоохранения Приднестровской Молдавской Республики о порядке проведения и показаниях к операции искусственного прерывания беременности" [Order of the Ministry of Health of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic on making changes to the order of the Ministry of Health of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic on the procedure and indications for artificial interruption of pregnancy] (in Russian). Ministry of Justice of Transnistria. 18 August 2021.

[524] "CRIMINAL LAW ACT CHAPTER 10:04 - original 2006 updated 2016 modified 2018" (PDF). Legal Affairs.Gov.TT. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 June 2022.

[525] Code of Ethics in the Practice of Medicine: Responsibilities to Profession, Medical Board of Trinidad and Tobago.

[526] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20051227114327fw_/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/doc/trinidad.doc (2001)

[528] "Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi". www.mevzuat.gov.tr.

[529] "Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi". www.mevzuat.gov.tr.

[530] Penal Code of Turkey (2004, amended 2016), Legislationline.org. Article 99.

[531] Law of Turkmenistan on the protection of the health of citizens, Neytralny Turkmenistan no. 138-139, 2 July 2015. Article 19 (in Russian).

[532] ttps://tuvalu-legislation.tv/cms/images/LEGISLATION/PRINCIPAL/1965/1965-0007/PenalCode_1.pdf arts 150–152, 214, 227

[533] ttps://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/435-15 art.281.6

[534] "Про реалізацію статті 281 Цивільного кодексу України". Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України.

[535] "Про затвердження Інструкції про порядок проведення операції штучного переривання вагітності, форм первинної облікової документації та інструкцій щодо їх заповнення". Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України.

[537] "مرسوم بقانون اتحادي بشأن المسؤولية الطبية" [Federal decree law on medical liability] (in Arabic). Government of the United Arab Emirates. 4 September 2023. Article 16.

[ae-538] "Cabinet resolution concerning the permitted abortion cases". Government of the United Arab Emirates. 14 June 2024.

[539] "UAE: Abortion now allowed in rape, incest cases as new law issued". Khaleej Times. 24 June 2024.

[540] "UAE introduces new abortion resolution: Here's what you need to know". Gulf News. 25 June 2024.

[gb1-542] Rape and abortion, EFC.

[gb2-543] Britain's abortion law, British Pregnancy Advisory Service.

[gb3-544] Know Your Abortion Rights in the UK, 123 Healthwise.

[gbni-546] The Abortion (Northern Ireland) (No. 2) Regulations 2020, Legislation.gov.uk.

[gb-548] Abortion Act 1967, Legislation.gov.uk.

[guttmacher-549] State bans on abortion throughout pregnancy, Guttmacher Institute, 29 July 2024.

[usal-551] Alabama Human Life Protection Act, Alabama Legislature, 2019.

[552] Section 26-23B-5, Alabama Legislature.

[554] "Arizona Revised Statutes Title 13. Criminal Code §13-3603". Retrieved 9 December 2022.

[555] SB 1164, Arizona State Senate, 2022.

[usaz-556] "Important information about abortion access in Arizona". Arizona Attorney General.

[558] SB149, Arkansas General Assembly, 2019.

[559] SB6, Arkansas General Assembly, 2021.

[usfl-561] CS/HB 5, Florida House of Representatives, 2022.

[562] Florida restores state abortion ban beyond 15 weeks after temporary halt The Guardian, 6 July 2022.

[564] Georgia Code section 16-12-141, Justia, 2020.

[565] Georgia Code section 31-9B-1, Justia, 2020.

[566] Georgia Supreme Court reinstates state's 6-week abortion ban, Axios, 23 November 2022.

[usid-569] Section 18-622, Idaho Legislature, 2023.

[570] "Supreme Court allows emergency abortions in Idaho for now". NBC. 27 June 2024.

[572] Section 18-604, Idaho Legislature, 2023.

[usin-574] Senate Bill 1, Indiana General Assembly, 2022.

[575] Indiana's near-total abortion ban goes into effect after Supreme Court decision, WTHR, 21 August 2023.

[578] "Iowa Code Chapter 146B, Abortion – Postfertilization age" (PDF). Iowa Legislature.

[usia-579] "Iowa Code Chapter 146E, Abortion – Fetal heartbeat" (PDF). Iowa Legislature.

[580] "Iowa law banning abortions after about six weeks of pregnancy is now in effect". Iowa Public Radio. 29 July 2024.

[582] KRS 311.722, Kentucky General Assembly.

[583] Gonzalez, Oriana (16 February 2023). "Kentucky Supreme Court refuses to block state abortion bans". Axios.

[usla-584] Act No. 545, Louisiana State Legislature, 2022.

[585] List of conditions that shall deem an unborn child "medically futile", Louisiana Department of Health, 2022.

[usme-587] Title 22 §1598. Abortions, Maine Revised Statutes, Maine Legislature.

[usmd-589] Health – General §20–209, Statutes, Maryland General Assembly.

[590] Maryland Abortion Laws, FindLaw.

[591] Abortion Policies in Maryland, Guttmacher Institute.

[593] Abortion penalties; repeal, Michigan Legislature.

[594] 145.412 Repealed, Minnesota Statutes, Minnesota Legislature.

[595] 145.412 Criminal acts, 2022 Minnesota Statutes, Minnesota Legislature.

[596] House Bill 1400, Mississippi Legislature, 2014.

[597] Senate Bill 2391 Mississippi Legislature, 2007.

[598] Abortion trigger law goes into effect in Mississippi, where the case that overturned Roe v. Wade originated, ABC News, 7 July 2022.

[599] HB126, Missouri General Assembly, 2019.

[600] Nebraska Revised Statute 28-3,106. Abortion; performance; restrictions, Nebraska Legislature.

[601] Legislative Bill 574, Nebraska Legislature, 22 May 2023.

[602] House bill 1609-FN, General Court of New Hampshire, 2022.

[603] Gov. Lujan Grisham signs Senate Bill 10, repealing 1969 abortion ban, KOB, 26 February 2021.

[604] Chapter 45, article 25-A, section 2599-BB, Abortion, Consolidated Laws of New York, New York State Senate.

[usnc-606] Session law 2023-14, General Assembly of North Carolina.

[608] SB 2150, North Dakota Legislature.

[609] "Ohio Constitution Article I, Section 22 – The Right to Reproductive Freedom with Protections for Health and Safety". Ohio Legislative Service Commission.

[610] A judge temporarily blocks an Ohio law banning most abortions, National Public Radio, 14 September 2022.

[612] Section 21-861, Oklahoma Senate, 2019.

[613] SB 612, Oklahoma Legislature, 2022.

[614] Title 44 – Health, Chapter 41 – Abortions, South Carolina Code of Laws, South Carolina Legislature.

[615] Fetal Heartbeat and Protection from Abortion Act, South Carolina General Assembly, 2023.

[616] South Carolina Supreme Court upholds 6-week abortion ban, CNN, 23 August 2023.

[617] Codified law 22-17-5.1, South Dakota Legislature.

[618] HB1029, Tennessee State Legislature, 2019.

[619] Advisory on Texas law upon reversal of Roe v. Wade, Attorney General of Texas.

[620] Texas can enforce 1925 abortion ban, state Supreme Court says, The Texas Tribune, 2 July 2022.

[621] HB136, Utah State Legislature, 2019.

[622] SB174, Utah State Legislature, 2020.

[623] Utah judge blocks state's sweeping new abortion ban, Reuters, 12 July 2022.

[625] Chapter 9.02, Abortion, Revised Code of Washington, Washington State Legislature.

[uswv-626] House Bill 302, West Virginia Legislature, 2022.

[629] "Chapter 253, Maternal and child health". Wisconsin State Legislature.

[630] "Abortion Laws in Wisconsin" (PDF). Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau. December 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2017.

[631] Lehr, Sarah; Faust, Margaret (21 September 2023). "Abortions resume in Wisconsin after 15 months of legal uncertainty". NPR. Retrieved 3 October 2023.

[632] HB0092, Wyoming Legislature, 2022.

[633] HB0152, Wyoming Legislature, 2023.

[634] Gruver, Mead (22 March 2023). "Judge halts Wyoming abortion ban days after it took effect". AP News. Retrieved 22 March 2023.

[635] Law on voluntary interruption of pregnancy. Abortion law, National Directorate of Prints and Official Publications, 30 October 2012 (in Spanish).

[636] Manual of Procedures for the Sanitary Management of Voluntary Termination of Pregnancy, Ministry of Public Health, 2014 (in Spanish).

[637] Penal Code, National Directorate of Prints and Official Publications, updated on 9 July 2020 (in Spanish).

[639] "Об утверждении стандартов искусственного прерывания беременности" [On approval of standards for artificial termination of pregnancy]. Law No. 312 of 10 September 2013 (in Russian). Archived from the original on 21 November 2021.

[vu-640] "Laws of the Republic of Vanuatu, consolidated edition 2006 – Penal Code, Ch. 135. Article 117" (PDF). International Labour Organization. 17 November 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2021.

[642] Law on the sources of law, Acta Apostolicae Sedis, Supplement for the laws and provisions of Vatican City State, 1 October 2008. (in Italian)

[643] Title VI. Delicts against human life and freedom, Code of Canon Law, Holy See.

[it1889-644] Penal code for the Kingdom of Italy, 1889, University of Brescia College of Law. (in Italian)

[645] Report to His Majesty the King from the Minister Keeper of the Seals (Zanardelli) at the hearing of 30 June 1889 for the approval of the final text of the penal code, pp. 145–146. "On the agreed proposal of the parliamentary commissions, the provision that was read in the bill, according to which it was declared 'not punishable the doctor or surgeon, when he justifies having acted in order to save the woman's life, endangered by the pregnancy or by childbirth', was deleted"; "The vote expressed in agreement in parliament led me to the aforesaid deletion, not to exclude the application of the concept that was expressed there, but because it was superfluous and inappropriate to declare it, providing if needed article 49 number 3, the application of which would be only, and without reason, restricted." (in Italian)

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v t e Lists of countries by laws and law enforcement rankings
Age of	Candidacy for political office Consent Criminal responsibility Drinking Driving Majority Marriage in the US Retirement Mandatory retirement School-leaving in the US Voting Suffrage Youth suffrage Working
Drugs and alcohol	Drug and precursor laws by country or territory Alcohol Alcohol consumption Bath salts Legal status of Mephedrone Legal status of Methylone Legal status of MPDV Cocaine use Legality Methamphetamine Legality Opiate use Psychedelics Amanita mushroom Legality Ayahuasca Legality Cannabis Legality Annual use Lifetime use Ibogaine Legality LSD Legality Psilocybin mushroom Legality Salvia divinorum Legality
Death	Legality of euthanasia Law enforcement killings Legality of suicide Legality of assisted suicide
Guns	Deaths Households Laws Ownership
Punishment	Death penalty Incarceration Life imprisonment
Policing	Prisoner abuse Size of police forces
Obscenity	Incest Laws Pornography Child pornography Fictional pornography depicting minors Simulated child pornography Internet pornography Prostitution Sex trafficking Sexual assault Child sexual abuse Rape Sodomy law
Reproduction	Abortion law Minors and abortion Adoption law International adoption Human cloning Sterilization Surrogacy
Censorship	Censorship by country Book censorship by country Cartographic censorship Film censorship by country Internet censorship by country Censorship of LGBT issues Political censorship Video gaming censorship by country
Human rights	Children's rights Children in the military Intersex rights Same-sex marriage Human trafficking
Freedom of movement	By country In the air Abode
Property and environment	Air Estate Land Minerals Mining Mortgage Water Riparian water
Business	Competition Mergers and acquisitions Monopoly Corporate Corporate liability Legality of cryptocurrency
Violence	Corporal punishment At home At school In court LGBT rights Police brutality Smoking Alcohol law Murder Slavery
International ownership	International waters Admiralty law UN Convention on the Law of the Sea Antarctic Treaty System World Intellectual Property Organization World Intellectual Property Indicators Foreign ownership International copyright treaties
Other	Animal rights Immigration law National legal systems Religious law Separation of church and state Sharia World Justice Project
List of international rankings Lists by country

v t e Sexual revolution
Main topics	Birth control Male contraceptive Free love Gay liberation Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf
Milestones	Abortion law Boys in the Sand Blue Movie Myra Breckinridge Deep Throat Divorce law by country Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Golden Age of Porn Loving v. Virginia Miller Test Obergefell v. Hodges "Porno chic" Pornography Pornography in the United States Swinging The Pill (1965)
Slogans	"Make love, not war" "The personal is political"
Events	AIDS epidemic Kinsey Reports Masters and Johnson Institute Playboy Protests of 1968 Stonewall riots Summer of Love
People	Pat Califia Marilyn Chambers Aleister Crowley Gerard Damiano Betty Dodson Larry Flynt Sigmund Freud Ralph Ginzburg Al Goldstein Bob Guccione Terri Hall Fred Halsted Nina Hartley Hugh Hefner Magnus Hirschfeld David Hurles Virginia Johnson Alfred Kinsey Linda Lovelace Robert Mapplethorpe William Margold William Masters Radley Metzger Bettie Page Wilhelm Reich Marquis de Sade Margaret Sanger Annie Sprinkle Andy Warhol Ruth Westheimer Oscar Wilde
Places	55th Street Playhouse Caldron (sex club) Catacombs (sex club) Club Baths The Factory Gay bathhouse LGBT culture Dallas-Fort Worth Houston Miami New York City San Francisco Mineshaft (gay club) New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre Plato's Retreat Sandstone retreat South of Market
Related	Counterculture of the 1960s Feminist views of pornography Freudo-Marxism Hippie Inside Deep Throat (2005 film) Kinsey (2004 film) LGBT Lust Lovelace (2013 film) Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution: An Unfettered History (2001 book) The Notorious Bettie Page (2005 film) Peace movement Slut-shaming Whatever (1994 novel)