Chinese character description languages
Several systems have been proposed for describing the internal structure of Chinese characters, including their strokes, components, and the stroke order, and the location of each in the character's ideal square. This information is useful for identifying variants of characters that are unified into one code point by Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646, as well as to provide an alternative form of representation for rare characters that do not yet have a standardized encoding in Unicode or ISO/IEC 10646. Many aim to work for regular script, as well as to provide the character's internal structure which can be used for easier look-up of a character by indexing the character's internal make-up and cross-referencing among similar characters.
CDL[edit]
Character Description Language (CDL) is an XML-based declarative language co-created by Tom Bishop and Richard Cook for the Wenlin Institute. It defines characters by the arrangement of components, which are not required to reflect the semantic or etymological history of the character. In order for a component to fit into the allotted portion of the whole character's square, A set of fewer than 50 strokes allow one to construct approximately 1,000 components, which may in turn describe tens of thousands of characters.[1]
In Unicode[edit]
Chapter 12 of the Unicode specification[2] defines the "Ideographic Description Sequences" (IDS) syntax used to describe characters in featural terms, by arrangements of components with code points. Sixteen special characters in the range U+2FF0 to U+2FFF act as prefix operators to combine other characters or sequences to form larger characters.
| Character | Unicode Character Number | Full Unicode Name |
|---|---|---|
| ⿰ | U+2FF0 | Ideographic description character left to right |
| ⿱ | U+2FF1 | Ideographic description character above to below |
| ⿲ | U+2FF2 | Ideographic description character left to middle and right |
| ⿳ | U+2FF3 | Ideographic description character above to middle and below |
| ⿴ | U+2FF4 | Ideographic description character full surround |
| ⿵ | U+2FF5 | Ideographic description character surround from above |
| ⿶ | U+2FF6 | Ideographic description character surround from below |
| ⿷ | U+2FF7 | Ideographic description character surround from left |
| ⿼ | U+2FFC | Ideographic description character surround from right |
| ⿸ | U+2FF8 | Ideographic description character surround from upper left |
| ⿹ | U+2FF9 | Ideographic description character surround from upper right |
| ⿺ | U+2FFA | Ideographic description character surround from lower left |
| ⿽ | U+2FFD | Ideographic description character surround from lower right |
| ⿻ | U+2FFB | Ideographic description character overlaid |
| ⿾ | U+2FFE | Ideographic description character horizontal reflection |
| ⿿ | U+2FFF | Ideographic description character rotation |
Two additional ideographic description characters are scattered in other Unicode blocks. U+303E 〾 IDEOGRAPHIC VARIATION INDICATOR is not officially an ideographic description character, but is sometimes used in ideographic description sequences.
| Character | Unicode Character Number | Block | Full Unicode Name |
|---|---|---|---|
| 〾 | U+303E | CJK Symbols and Punctuation | Ideographic variation indicator |
| ㇯ | U+31EF | CJK Strokes | Ideographic description character subtraction |
These sequences are useful in describing to the reader a character that is not directly printable, either because it is absent in a given font, or is absent from the Unicode standard altogether. For example, the Sawndip character 
encoded in CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F as U+2DA21 𭨡 can be described as ⿰書史. Another use is for dictionary lookup purposes, as a rough input method for queries.
These sequences can be rendered either by keeping the individual characters separately or by parsing the Ideographic Description Sequence and drawing the ideograph so described.[3] They do not, by themselves, provide unambiguous rendering for all characters. For instance, the sequence ⿱十一 represents both ⼟ 'EARTH' with the middle bar being narrower, and ⼠ 'SCHOLAR' with the middle bar being wider.
Unicode's specification for these sequences is based on the characters and syntax of the earlier GBK standard. Additional symbols are later encoded to fill in the missing combinations.
The IDSgrep free software package by Matthew Skala[4][5] extends Unicode's IDS syntax to include additional features for dictionary lookup; it is capable of converting KanjiVG's database to its own extended IDS format, or of searching EIDS files generated by the related Tsukurimashou font family.
See also[edit]
- List of Shuowen Jiezi radicals
- List of Kangxi radicals
- List of Unicode radicals
- Cangjie input method
- Radical
- Stroke
Notes[edit]
- ^ Bishop & Cook 2013-12-31:pp2, 9
- ^ "Ideographic Description Characters" (PDF). The Unicode Standard, Version 6.0 (PDF). Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. February 2011. pp. 409–412. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 January 2024.
- ^ "The Unicode® Standard – Version 12.0 – Core Specification" (PDF). Unicode Consortium. March 2019. p. 26. Archived (PDF) from the original on Jun 2, 2023.
- ^ "IDSgrep". Tsukurimashou Project. 2024-01-31. Archived from the original on Feb 7, 2024.
- ^ Skala, Matthew (2015). "A Structural Query System for Han Characters" (PDF). International Journal of Asian Language Processing. 23 (2): 127–159. arXiv:1404.5585. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-01-13.
External links[edit]
Wenlin CDL[edit]
- Wenlin Institute (2015), Wenlin User's Guide
- Bishop, Tom; Cook, Richard, CDL specification
- Bishop, Tom; Cook, Richard (2003a), Character Description Language (CDL): The Set of Basic CJK Unified Stroke Types (PDF)
- Bishop, Tom; Cook, Richard (2003b), A Specification for CDL Character Description Language (PDF)
- 2003/12/31 correction: Bishop, Tom; Cook, Richard (2003c), Specification for CDL (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-05, retrieved 2018-01-17
- Cook, Richard (2003), Chinese Character Description Languages (PDF)
- Bishop, Tom (2007), A character description language for CJK (PDF), Multilingual, #91, Volume 18 Issue 7, pp. 62–8