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List of female United States presidential and vice presidential candidates

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The following is a list of female U.S. presidential and vice presidential nominees and invitees. Nominees are candidates nominated or otherwise selected by political parties for particular offices. Listed as nominees or nomination candidates are those women who achieved ballot access in at least one state (or, before the institution of government-printed ballots, had ballots circulated by their parties). They each may have won the nomination of one of the US political parties (either one of the two major parties or one of the third parties), or made the ballot as an Independent, and in either case must have votes in the election to qualify for this list. Exception is made for those few candidates whose parties lost ballot status for additional runs.

History

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19th century

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  • Victoria Woodhull was the first woman to formally run for president. She announced her candidacy in a letter to the New York Herald and was nominated by the national convention of the Equal Rights Party for the 1872 election.[3][4] Frederick Douglass was nominated for vice president by the convention, but took no part in Woodhull's campaign.[5] Only 33 at the time of the election, she was thus ineligible to serve as president due to the age requirement established by the United States Constitution. Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections records no votes for Woodhull in any state.[6]

20th century

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  • Former Wyoming Governor Nellie Tayloe Ross was a candidate for vice president at the 1928 Democratic National Convention. Her name was mentioned as a potential candidate as early as 1927, and the possibility of her nomination was the subject of serious speculation. Ross was formally nominated at the convention by Mrs. T. S. Oliver of Wyoming, who praised her "honesty, sincerity, and courage;" W. R. Chapman gave the seconding speech. She received 31 votes, finishing third out of a field of eleven candidates.[10]
  • Maine Senator Margaret Chase Smith was a candidate for the Republican Party nomination in 1964, becoming the first woman to seek the nomination of a major party for president. She qualified for the ballot in six state primaries and finished second in the Illinois primary with 25% of the vote. She became the first woman to have her name placed in nomination for the presidency at the national convention of a major political party.[12]
  • New York Representative Shirley Chisholm was the first woman to run in the Democratic primary, the first Black candidate to contest the nomination of a major party, and the first such candidate to win a primary. She received the votes of 152 delegates at the 1972 Democratic National Convention, placing fourth in a field of 13 candidates. Her campaign drew support from prominent national feminist and civil rights leaders, including Gloria Steinem and Betty Friedan, who attempted unsuccessfully to stand as Chisholm delegates in the New York presidential primary.[15]
  • Hawaii Representative Patsy Mink was a candidate in the 1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries. She was the first Asian American woman to run for president.[16]

21st century

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  • New York Senator Hillary Clinton became the first woman to be listed as a presidential candidate in every state and territory in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries.[24] Despite narrowly losing the nomination, Clinton won more votes in 2008 than any female primary candidate in American history. Clinton later became the first woman nominated for president by a major party after winning a majority of pledged delegates in the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries, and was formally nominated by the Democratic National Convention on July 26, 2016.[25][26] As a major party nominee, Clinton became the first woman to participate in a presidential debate and the first to carry a state in a general election. Clinton became the first woman to win the national popular vote, receiving nearly 66 million ballots to Donald Trump's 63 million, but lost the electoral college and thus the presidency.[27]
  • Faith Spotted Eagle received a faithless electoral vote from Washington in 2016, becoming the first Indigenous American to receive an electoral vote for president.[40]
  • Jo Jorgensen was the Libertarian nominee for president in 2020. She is the first woman to be nominated for president by that party. Jorgensen's 1.9 million votes represent the second-highest total for a female presidential candidate.
  • Harris was subsequently the 2020 Democratic vice presidential candidate. She became the first female, Black, and Asian American vice president upon winning the 2020 election, defeating the Republican candidate, incumbent Vice President Mike Pence.[44] Following Joe Biden's withdrawal from the 2024 election, Harris announced her candidacy for the 2024 Democratic presidential nomination.[45] On July 22, she received enough pledged delegate support to become the presumptive Democratic nominee for president.[46] She later went on be officially nominated by the Democratic National Convention by roll call on August 6, 2024, and will face former president Donald Trump in the general election.[47]

Presidential candidates

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Candidates who received electoral college votes

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Year Name Party Running mate Electoral
votes		 Total
electoral
votes		 Winner
2016 Hillary Clinton Democratic Party Tim Kaine 227 538 Donald Trump
Faith Spotted Eagle Not applicable[54] Not applicable 1
[edit]

This list, sorted by the number of votes received, includes female candidates who have competed for President of the United States in a general election and received over 40,000 votes.

† Popular vote winner

Year Picture Name Party Votes Elected president
2016 Hillary Clinton Democratic Party 65,853,514† Donald Trump
2020 Jo Jorgensen Libertarian Party 1,865,724[55] Joe Biden
2016 Jill Stein Green Party 1,457,218 Donald Trump
2012 468,907[56] Barack Obama
1988 Lenora Fulani New Alliance Party 217,219[57] George H. W. Bush
2008 Cynthia McKinney Green Party 161,797[58] Barack Obama
1972 Linda Jenness Socialist Workers Party 83,380[59] Richard Nixon
1992 Lenora Fulani New Alliance Party 73,714[60] Bill Clinton
1984 Sonia Johnson Citizens Party 72,200[61] Ronald Reagan
2012 Roseanne Barr Peace and Freedom Party 67,326[62] Barack Obama
1976 Margaret Wright People's Party 49,024[63] Jimmy Carter
1940 Gracie Allen Surprise Party 42,000[64] Franklin D. Roosevelt
[edit]

This list, sorted by the number of votes received, includes female candidates who have sought their party's presidential nomination in at least one primary or caucus and received over 5,000 votes. Note that Kamala Harris, the 2024 Democratic Party presidential candidate, is not listed because she did not participate in the primaries.[a]
  Party nominee

Year Picture Name Party Votes Contests won Party nominee
2008 Hillary Clinton Democratic Party 17,857,501[68] 23 Barack Obama
2016 Hillary Clinton Democratic Party 16,914,722[69] 34 Hillary Clinton
2024 Nikki Haley Republican Party 4,381,799 2 Donald Trump
2020 Elizabeth Warren Democratic Party 2,780,679[70] 0 Joe Biden
2020 Amy Klobuchar Democratic Party 524,375[70] 0 Joe Biden
2024 Marianne Williamson Democratic Party 443,784 0 Kamala Harris[a]
1972 Shirley Chisholm Democratic Party 430,703[71] 1[72] George McGovern
2020 Tulsi Gabbard Democratic Party 261,253[70] 0 Joe Biden
1964 Margaret Chase Smith Republican Party 227,007[73] 0 Barry Goldwater
2004 Carol Moseley Braun Democratic Party 103,189[74] 0 John Kerry
1996 Elvena Lloyd-Duffie Democratic Party 91,929[75] 0 Bill Clinton
2012 Michele Bachmann Republican Party 41,170[76] 0 Mitt Romney
2016 Carly Fiorina Republican Party 40,666[76] 0 Donald Trump
1996 Heather Anne Harder Democratic Party 29,156[77][78][79] 0 Bill Clinton
2020 Marianne Williamson Democratic Party 22,334[70] 0 Joe Biden
2024 Teresa Bukovinac Democratic Party 18,931 0 Kamala Harris[a]
1972 Patsy Mink Democratic Party 8,286[80] 0 George McGovern
1964 Fay Carpenter Swain Democratic Party 7,140[81] 0 Lyndon B. Johnson
2024 Rachel Swift Republican Party 7,017 0 Donald Trump
2020 Jo Jorgensen Libertarian Party 5,123[82] 2 Jo Jorgensen

All candidates

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Party nominees

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Year Name Party Running mate Votes Ballot access
1872 Victoria Woodhull Equal Rights Party Frederick Douglass [83] 0 states
1884 Belva Ann Lockwood National Equal Rights Party Marietta Stow[84] 4,149 6 states [85]
1888 Belva Ann Lockwood National Equal Rights Party First: Alfred Love Second: Charles Stuart Wells[86] [87]
1940 Gracie Allen Surprise Party Not applicable 42,000
1952 Ellen Linea W. Jensen Washington Peace Party
Mary Kennery[88] American Party
Agnes Waters National Woman's Party
1968 Charlene Mitchell Communist Party Michael Zagarell 1,075 2 states [89]
1972 Linda Jenness Socialist Workers Party Andrew Pulley 83,380[59] 25 states
Evelyn Reed Socialist Workers Party Andrew Pulley 13,878
1976 Margaret Wright People's Party Benjamin Spock 49,024
1980 Ellen McCormack Right to Life Party Carroll Driscoll 32,327
Maureen Smith Peace and Freedom Party Elizabeth Cervantes Barron 18,116
Deirdre Griswold Workers World Party Gavrielle Holmes[90] 13,300
1984 Sonia Johnson Citizens Party Richard Walton 72,200 19 states [91]
Gavrielle Holmes[92] Workers World Party Gloria La Riva[93] 2,656[94] 2 states
1988 Lenora Fulani New Alliance Party Joyce Dattner 217,219 34 states
Wynonia Burke 4 states
Mamie Moore 9 states
Willa Kenoyer Socialist Party, Liberty Union Party Ron Ehrenreich 3,928
1992 Lenora Fulani New Alliance Party Maria Elizabeth Muñoz 73,714
Helen Halyard Socialist Equality Party Fred Mazelis 3,050
Isabell Masters Looking Back Party Walter Masters 327
Gloria La Riva Workers World Party Larry Holmes 181
1996 Monica Moorehead Workers World Party Gloria La Riva 29,083
Marsha Feinland Peace and Freedom Party Kate McClatchy 25,332
Mary Cal Hollis Socialist Party, Liberty Union Party Eric Chester 4,766
Diane Beall Templin The American Party Gary Van Horn 1,847
Isabell Masters Looking Back Party Shirley Jean Masters 752
2000 Monica Moorehead Workers World Party Gloria La Riva 4,795
Cathy Gordon Brown Independent Sabrina R. Allen 1,606
2004 Diane Beall Templin American Party Albert B. "Al" Moore (lost ballot status)
2008 Cynthia McKinney Green Party Rosa Clemente 161,797 32 states
Gloria La Riva Party for Socialism and Liberation Eugene Puryear[95] 7,427
Diane Beall Templin The American Party Linda Patterson (lost ballot status)
2012 Jill Stein Green Party Cheri Honkala 468,907 36 states
Roseanne Barr Peace and Freedom Party Cindy Sheehan 67,326
Peta Lindsay Party for Socialism and Liberation Yari Osorio 9,388
2016 Hillary Clinton Democratic Party Tim Kaine 65,853,516 50 states + DC
Jill Stein Green Party Ajamu Baraka 1,457,044 43 states + DC
Gloria La Riva Peace and Freedom Party[96] Dennis Banks 43,742 8 states[97]
Alyson Kennedy Socialist Workers Party Osborne Hart 10,348 7 states[98]
Monica Moorehead Workers World Party Lamont Lilly 3,722
Lynn S. Kahn Independent Kathleen Monahan 5,610
Khadijah Jacob-Fambro Revolutionary Party Milton Fambro 748
2020 Jo Jorgensen Libertarian Party Spike Cohen 1,865,724[55] 50 states + DC[99]
Barbara Bellar Republican Party (write-in) Kendra Bryant 10 states
Shereen A. Elbaz Democratic Party (write-in) None Washington
Betsy P. Elgar Constitution Party (write-in) None Washington
Katherine Forbes Independent None Minnesota, Utah
Alyson Kennedy Socialist Workers Party Malcolm Jarrett 6,791 6 states
Kathryn Gibson Independent None 3 states
Lois Marie Gillaspie-Greenwood Independent None West Virginia
Tara Renee Hunter Independent None Michigan
Princess Khadijah Jacob-Fambro Unaffiliated Khadijah Jacob Sr. Colorado
Ricki Sue King Genealogy Know Your Family History Dayna R. Chandler Iowa
Gloria La Riva Party for Socialism and Liberation Sunil Freeman (12 states)[101]/Leonard Peltier (IL, MN, TX) 85,464 15 states
Susan B. Lochocki Independent None 5 states
Valerie McCray Independent None Indiana
Deborah Rouse Independent Sheila Cannon 11 states
Jade Simmons[102] Independent Claudeliah Roze (LA, TX)/Melissa Nixon (FL) 6,958 3 states
Mary Ruth Caro Simmons Write-in Sherrie Dow 9 states
Silvia Stagg Republican Party (write-in) None 10 states
Sheila "Samm" Tittle Constitution Party David Carl Sandige 1,806 New Mexico
Sharon Wallace Democratic Party (write-in) Karen M. Short Maryland
Angela Marie Walls-Windhauser Independent Charles Tolbert Florida
Karynn Weinstein Independent David Weinstein Connecticut
Demetra Wysinger WXYZ New Day Cedric D. Jefferson Alaska, Minnesota
2024 Kamala Harris[a] Democratic Party Tim Walz 50 states + DC
Claudia De la Cruz Party for Socialism and Liberation Karina Garcia [103]
Year Name Party Running mate Votes Ballot access

Not nominated by party

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Candidates who failed to receive their parties' nomination.

Year Name Party Details Party nominee
1884 Abigail Scott Duniway Equal Rights Rejected nomination. Belva Ann Lockwood
1920 Laura Clay Democratic James M. Cox
Cora Wilson Stewart
1924 Cora Wilson Stewart Democratic 1 vote on 1st and 15th ballots John W. Davis
1940 Anna Milburn[104] National Greenback Declined nomination John Zahnd
1964 Margaret Chase Smith[105] Republican Received 227,007 votes in Republican primary and won 27 delegates at the Republican convention Barry Goldwater
Fay T. Carpenter Swain Democratic 7,140 votes in Indiana primary[81] Lyndon B. Johnson
1972 Shirley Chisholm[105] Democratic 152 votes at convention George McGovern
Patsy Mink[105]
Bella Abzug[105]
1976 Barbara Jordan Democratic 1 vote at convention Jimmy Carter
Ellen McCormack[105] 22 votes at national convention
1980 Koryne Kaneski Horbal Democratic 5 votes at convention Jimmy Carter
Alice Tripp 2 votes at convention
1984 Martha Kirkland Democratic 1 vote at convention Walter Mondale
Mary Ruwart Libertarian 77 votes at convention (1st ballot); 99 votes at convention (2nd ballot; 3rd place overall) David Bergland
Tonie Nathan 53 votes at convention (1st ballot; 4th place)
1988 Pat Schroeder Democratic Michael Dukakis
1992 Tennie Rogers Republican 754 votes in Texas primary[77] George H. W. Bush
Georgiana Doerschuck 58 votes in New Hampshire primary[106]
Caroline Killeen Democratic 96 votes in New Hampshire primary[107] Bill Clinton
1996 Elvena E. Lloyd-Duffie Democratic 13,025 votes in AR primary;[79] 10,876 votes (6th place) in TX primary;[77] 40,758 in OK primary (3rd place);[108] 11,620 votes (3rd place) in LA primary;[109] 15,650 votes (2nd place) in IL primary[109] Bill Clinton
Heather Anne Harder 28,772 votes (3rd place) in TX primary;[77] 376 votes in NH primary[78] and two Republican write-in votes; 6 votes in IL primary[79]
Caroline Killeen 118 votes in New Hampshire primary[107]
Susan Gail Ducey Republican 539 votes (9th place) in AZ primary;[79] 152 votes (12th place) in NH primary;[110] 1,092 votes (8th place) in TX primary[77] Bob Dole
Isabell Masters 1052 votes (7th place) in Oklahoma primary[111]
Mary "France" LeTulle 650 votes (9th place) in Texas primary;[77] 290 votes in Nevada primary[109]
Georgiana Doerschuck 140 votes in New Hampshire primary[106]
Tennie Rogers 35 votes at Mississippi primary; 12 votes in New Hampshire primary[79]
2000 Heather Anne Harder Democratic 1,358 votes in AZ primary; 192 votes (8th place) in NH primary, 1 Republican write-in vote[112][113] Al Gore
Elizabeth Dole Republican 231 write-in votes in NH primary[112] George W. Bush
Dorian Yeager 98 votes (10th place) in NH primary[114]
Angel Joy Chavis Rocker[115] 6 votes in Alabama straw poll[116]
2004 Lorna Salzman Green 40 votes at convention (5th place) David Cobb
JoAnne Bier Beeman 14 votes at national convention
Carol A. Miller 10 votes at national convention
Sheila Bilyeu 2 votes at national convention
Florence Walker Democratic 246 votes (6th place) in Washington, D.C. primary[117] John Kerry
Katherine Bateman 68 votes (14th place) in New Hampshire primary[117]
Jeanne Chebib 43 votes (12th place) in the Washington, D.C. primary[117]
Caroline Killeen 31 votes (19th place) in New Hampshire primary[117]
Mildred T. Glover 11 votes (22nd place) in New Hampshire primary; 4,039 votes (8th place) in Maryland primary[117]
Carol Moseley Braun Withdrew in January 2004; 103,189 votes[74]
Millie Howard Republican 239 votes (13th place) in New Hampshire primary George W. Bush
2008 Hillary Clinton Democratic Second place in the Democratic primaries, winning 1,726½ delegate votes and more primaries than any other woman in history. Barack Obama
Caroline Killeen 11 votes in New Hampshire primary
Mary Ruwart Libertarian 152 votes at convention (2nd place; reached 1st place on 5th ballot before being defeated on 6th ballot) Bob Barr
Christine Smith 6 votes at national convention (8th place)
Kat Swift Green 38 votes at national convention (3rd place) Cynthia McKinney
Elaine Brown Withdrew in December 2007; 9 pledged delegates (6th place)
Nan Garrett Withdrew in February 2007[118]
Susan Gail Ducey Republican 2 votes (3-way tie for 8th place) in Tulsa, Oklahoma straw poll John McCain
2012 Susan Gail Ducey Constitution 15 votes at national convention Virgil Goode
Roseanne Barr Green 72 votes at national convention (2nd place) Jill Stein
Michele Bachmann Republican Withdrew in January 2012. Mitt Romney
2016 Carly Fiorina Republican Withdrew in February 2016 with 1 pledged delegate in Iowa (10th place with 40,666 votes)[119][120] Donald Trump
Sedinam Moyowasifza-Curry Green 13 votes at national convention (3rd place) Jill Stein
2020 Souraya Faas Alliance Withdrew before convention. Rocky De La Fuente
Elizabeth Warren Democratic Withdrew in March 2020 with 83 pledged delegates.[121] Joe Biden
Amy Klobuchar Withdrew in March 2020 with 7 pledged delegates.[121]
Tulsi Gabbard Withdrew in March 2020 with 2 pledged delegates.
Kamala Harris Withdrew in December 2019. Became the 2020 Democratic nominee for vice president, and is the current vice president.
Kirsten Gillibrand Withdrew in August 2019.
Marianne Williamson Withdrew in January 2020.
Cherie DeVille Withdrew in January 2019.[122]
Sorinne Ardeleanu Libertarian 2 write-in votes at convention (1st ballot); 1 write-in vote at convention (4th ballot) Jo Jorgensen
Laura Ebke 1 write-in vote at convention (3rd ballot)
Souraya Faas Withdrew in May 2020 after failing to qualify in the nomination round.
Kim Ruff 11 votes in the nomination round.
Susan Buchser Lochocki Green 1 vote at national convention Howie Hawkins
Sedinam Moyowasifza-Curry
2024 Nikki Haley Republican Withdrew in March 2024 with 97 pledged delegates Donald Trump
Mary Maxwell 287 votes (9th place) New Hampshire primary
Rachel Swift 7,019 votes
Marianne Williamson Democratic Withdrew in July 2024.[123] Kamala Harris[a]
Year Name Party Details Nomination winner

Vice presidential candidates

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Candidates who received electoral college votes

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  Elected vice president

Year Name Party Running mate Electoral
votes		 Total
electoral
votes		 Winner
2020 Kamala Harris Democratic Party Joe Biden 306 538 Kamala Harris
2008 Sarah Palin Republican Party John McCain 173 538 Joe Biden
1984 Geraldine Ferraro Democratic Party Walter Mondale 13 George H. W. Bush
2016 Elizabeth Warren Not applicable[124] Not applicable 2 Mike Pence
Maria Cantwell Not applicable[125] Not applicable 1
Susan Collins Not applicable[126] Not applicable 1
Carly Fiorina Not applicable[127] Not applicable 1
Winona LaDuke Not applicable[128] Not applicable 1
1972 Tonie Nathan Libertarian Party[129] John Hospers 1 Spiro Agnew
[edit]

This list includes female candidates who have run for Vice President of the United States and received over 100,000 votes. Note that the vote for vice president is not separate in the United States and is identical to that for the presidential nominees.[130]
  Elected vice president

No. Year Picture Name Party Running mate Votes Elected vice president
1 2020 Kamala Harris Democratic Party Joe Biden 81,268,924[55] Kamala Harris
2 2008 Sarah Palin Republican Party John McCain 59,948,323 Joe Biden
3 1984 Geraldine Ferraro Democratic Party Walter Mondale 37,577,352 George H. W. Bush
4 2000 Winona LaDuke Green Party Ralph Nader 2,883,105 Dick Cheney
5 1996 596,780 Al Gore
6 2016 Mindy Finn Independent Evan McMullin 731,991 Mike Pence
7 1996 Jo Jorgensen Libertarian Party Harry Browne 485,798 Al Gore
8 2012 Cheri Honkala Green Party Jill Stein 469,628 Joe Biden
9 2000 Ezola Foster Reform Party Pat Buchanan 449,225 Dick Cheney
10 2020 Angela Walker Green Party Howie Hawkins 404,021 Kamala Harris
11 1992 Nancy Lord Libertarian Party Andre Marrou 290,087 Al Gore
12 1980 LaDonna Harris Citizens Party Barry Commoner 233,052 George H. W. Bush
13 2008 Rosa Clemente Green Party Cynthia McKinney 161,797 Joe Biden
14 1988 Joyce Dattner New Alliance Party Lenora Fulani 143,858 Dan Quayle
15 1952 Charlotta Bass Progressive Party Vincent Hallinan 140,023 Richard Nixon
16 2004 Pat LaMarche Green Party David Cobb 119,859 Dick Cheney

All candidates

[edit]

Party nominees

[edit]
Year Name Party Running mate Votes
1884 Marietta Stow[84] National Equal Rights Party Belva Ann Lockwood 4,149
1924 Marie Brehm Prohibition Party Herman P. Faris 56,289
1932 Florence Garvin National Party John Zahnd 1,645
1936 Florence Garvin Greenback Party John Zahnd
1948 Grace Carlson Socialist Workers Party Farrell Dobbs 13,614
1952 Charlotta Bass Progressive Party Vincent Hallinan 140,023
Myra Tanner Weiss Socialist Workers Party Farrell Dobbs 10,312
Vivien Kellems[131][132] Constitution Party*[133] Douglas MacArthur 943*[134][135][136]
1956 Georgia Cozzini Socialist Labor Party Eric Hass 44,300
Myra Tanner Weiss Socialist Workers Party Farrell Dobbs 7,797
Ann Marie Yezo American Third Party Henry B. Krajewski 1,829
1960 Myra Tanner Weiss Socialist Workers Party Farrell Dobbs 60,166
Georgia Cozzini Socialist Labor Party Eric Hass 47,521
1968 Peggy Terry[137] Peace and Freedom Party Eldridge Cleaver
1972 Genevieve Gundersen Socialist Labor Party Louis Fisher 53,814
Tonie Nathan Libertarian Party John Hospers 3,674
1976 Willie Mae Reid Socialist Workers Party Peter Camejo 90,986
Constance Blomen Socialist Labor Party Jules Levin 9,616
1980 La Donna Harris Citizens Party Barry Commoner 233,052
Wretha Hanson[138] Citizens Party Barry Commoner 8,564[139]
Angela Davis Communist Party Gus Hall 43,871
Eileen Shearer American Independent Party John Rarick 41,268
Matilde Zimmermann Socialist Workers Party Andrew Pulley[140] 40,105
Elizabeth Cervantes Barron Peace and Freedom Party Maureen Smith 18,106
Gavrielle Holmes Workers World Party Deirdre Griswold 13,213
Naomi Cohen Workers World Party Deirdre Griswold 3,790[141]
Diane Drufenbrock Socialist Party David McReynolds 6,898
1984 Geraldine Ferraro Democratic Party Walter Mondale 37,577,352
Maureen Kennedy Salaman Populist Party Bob Richards 66,168
Nancy Ross New Alliance Party Dennis L. Serrette 46,852
Angela Davis Communist Party Gus Hall 36,386
Andrea Gonzales[142] Socialist Workers Party Melvin T. Mason 24,672
Matilde Zimmermann Socialist Workers Party Melvin T. Mason
Gloria La Riva[93] Workers World Party Larry Holmes/Gavrielle Holmes 15,329
Helen Halyard[143] Socialist Equality Party Edward Winn 10,801
Jean T. Brust[144] Socialist Equality Party Edward Winn
Emma Wong Mar Peace and Freedom Party Sonia Johnson
1988 Joyce Dattner[145] New Alliance Party Lenora Fulani 143,858
Mamie Moore[146] New Alliance Party Lenora Fulani 26,487
Florence M. Rice Consumer Party Eugene McCarthy 25,109
Joan Andrews Right to Life Party William A. Marra 20,504
Helen Halyard Socialist Equality Party Edward Winn 18,693
Kathleen Mickells Socialist Workers Party James "Mac" Warren 15,604
Wynonia Burke[147] New Alliance Party Lenora Fulani 11,888
Vikki Murdock Peace and Freedom Party Herbert G. Lewin 10,370
Gloria La Riva Workers World Party Larry Holmes 7,846
Alpha Sunde Smaby[148] Minnesota Progressive Party Eugene McCarthy 5,403
Maureen Smith[149] Peace and Freedom Party Eugene McCarthy 243
Emma Wong Mar Peace and Freedom Party/Ind. Socialist Herbert G. Lewin 219
Debra Freeman National Economic Recovery Party Lyndon LaRouche
Susan Gardner Independent Eugene McCarthy
1992 Nancy Lord Libertarian Party Andre Marrou 290,087
Maria Elizabeth Muñoz New Alliance Party Lenora Fulani 73,714
Asiba Tupahache Peace and Freedom Party Ronald Daniels 27,961
Barbara Garson Socialist Party J. Quinn Brisben 3,057
Willie Mae Reid Socialist Workers Party James "Mac" Warren
Estelle DeBates Socialist Workers Party James "Mac" Warren
Doris Feimer The American Party Robert J. Smith 292
Joann Roland Third Party Eugene Arthur Hem
1996 Winona LaDuke Green Party Ralph Nader 596,780[150]
Muriel Tillinghast[151] Green Party Ralph Nader 75,956[152]
Anne Goeke[153] Green Party Ralph Nader 12,135[154]
Jo Jorgensen Libertarian Party Harry Browne 485,798
Kate McClatchy Peace and Freedom Party Marsha Feinland 25,332
Rosemary Giumarra Independent Charles E. Collins 8,952
Laura Garza Socialist Workers Party James Harris 8,476
Rachel Bubar Kelly Prohibition Party Earl Dodge 1,298
Connie Chandler Independent Party of Utah A. Peter Crane 1,101
Shirley Jean Masters Looking Back Party Isabell Masters 752
Anne Northrop AIDS Cure Party Steve Michael 408
2000 Winona LaDuke Green Party Ralph Nader 2,883,105
Ezola B. Foster Reform Party Pat Buchanan 449,225
Margaret Trowe Socialist Workers Party James Harris 7,378
Mary Cal Hollis Socialist Party David McReynolds 5,602
Gloria La Riva Workers World Party Monica Moorehead 4,795
Sabrina R. Allen Independent Cathy Gordon Brown 1,606
2004 Pat LaMarche Green Party David Cobb 119,859
Janice Jordan Peace and Freedom Party Leonard Peltier 27,607
Mary Alice Herbert Socialist Party Walt Brown 10,837
Margaret Trowe[155] Socialist Workers Party James Harris 7,102
Arrin Hawkins Socialist Workers Party Róger Calero 3,689
Karen Sanchirico[156] Independent Ralph Nader 6,168[157]
Jennifer A. Ryan Christian Freedom Party Thomas J. Harens 2,387
Teresa Gutierrez Workers World Party John Parker 1,646
Marilyn Chambers Personal Choice Party Charles Jay 946
Irene M. Deasy Independent Stanford Andress 804
2008 Sarah Palin Republican Party John McCain 59,948,323
Rosa Clemente Green Party Cynthia McKinney 161,797
Alyson Kennedy Socialist Workers Party Róger Calero 7,197
Andrea Marie Psoras[158] Vote Here Party Jeffrey H. Boss 604
Patricia Rubacky New American Independent Party Frank McEnulty [159]
2012 Cheri Honkala Green Party Jill Stein 469,628
Cindy Sheehan Peace and Freedom Party Roseanne Barr 67,326
Maura DeLuca Socialist Workers Party James Harris 4,117
Virginia Abernethy American Third Position Party Merlin Miller 2,701
Phyllis Scherrer Socialist Equality Party Jerry White 1,279
2016 Mindy Finn Independent Evan McMullin 449,640
Angela Nicole Walker Socialist Party USA Mimi Soltysik 2,540
Hannah Walsh United States Pacifist Party Bradford Lyttle 334
Kathleen Monahan Independent Lynn S. Kahn 5,610
2020 Dawn Neptune Adams Oregon Progressive Party Dario Hunter 5,403
Karla Ballard Independent Brock Pierce 49,700
Margaret Bayliss Dirigo M. D. Mitchell
Anne Beckett Independent Robert Morrow
Kendra Bryant Republican Party (write-in) Barbara Bellar
Sheila Cannon Independent Deborah Rouse
Dayna Chandler Genealogy Know Your Family History Ricki Sue King
Sherrie Dow None (write-in) Mary Ruth Caro Simmons
Veronica Ehrenreich Independent Ryan Ehrenreich
Susan C. Fletcher Independent Timothy A. Stevens
Kamala Harris Democratic Party Joe Biden 81,281,888
Alyssa Howard Independent Shawn Howard
Taja Yvonne Iwanow Independent American Kyle Kopitke
Khadijah Jacob Sr. Unaffiliated Princess Khadijah Jacob-Fambro
Jennifer Jairala Independent Abram Loeb
Tiara Lusk Life and Liberty Party J. R. Myers 1,372[160]
Cynthia McKinney Green Party of Alaska Jesse Ventura 3,291
Melissa Nixon Independent Jade Simmons 181[161]
Liz Parrish Transhumanist Party Charlie Kam
Raechelle Pope Independent Michael Laboch
Darlene Raley Republican Party (write-in) Albert Raley
Claudeliah Roze Independent Jade Simmons 6,777
Norissa Santa Cruz Socialist Equality Party Joseph Kishore
Karen M. Short Democratic Party (write-in) Sharon Wallace
Elizabeth Storm Independent Joe McHugh 2,843
Jennifer Tepool Unaffiliated Jordan "Cancer" Scott
Michelle Tidball Birthday Party Kanye West 70,294
Angela Nicole Walker Green Party/Socialist Party USA Howie Hawkins 404,021
Rachel Wells Independent Kasey Wells
2024 Karina Garcia Party for Socialism and Liberation Claudia De la Cruz
Year Name Party Running mate Votes

Not nominated by party

[edit]
Year Name Party Details Nomination winner
1848 Lucretia Mott[162] Liberty Party 5 of 84 votes Charles C. Foote
1884 Clemence S. Lozier Equal Rights Party Declined nomination. Marietta Stow
1924 Lena Springs Democratic Party several to 50 votes in National convention Charles W. Bryan
1928 Nellie Tayloe Ross Democratic Party 31 votes in National convention Joseph T. Robinson
1952 India Edwards Democratic Party John Sparkman
Sarah T. Hughes
1972 Shirley Chisholm Democratic Party 20 votes in National convention Thomas Eagleton
Frances Farenthold 405 votes in National convention
Martha Griffiths 1 vote in National convention
Patricia Harris 1 vote in National convention
Eleanor McGovern 1 vote in National convention
Martha Mitchell 1 vote in National convention
Maggie Kuhn People's Party declined nomination Benjamin Spock
1976 Anne Armstrong Republican Party subject of draft campaign; 6 votes in National convention Bob Dole
Barbara Jordan Democratic Party 17 votes in National convention Walter Mondale
Nancy Palm Republican Party 1 vote in National convention Bob Dole
1984 Shirley Chisholm Democratic Party 3 votes in National convention Geraldine Ferraro
Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Republican Party 1 vote in primary George H. W. Bush
1992 Susan K.Y. Shargal Democratic Party 1,097 votes (2nd place) in New Hampshire primary Al Gore
Mary Ruwart Libertarian Party 129 votes at convention (1st ballot); 64 votes at convention (2nd ballot) Nancy Lord
2000 Gail Lightfoot[163] Libertarian Party 7 votes at convention (1st ballot; 6th place) Art Olivier
2004 Tamara Millay[164] Libertarian Party 220 votes at convention (2nd place) Richard Campagna
2008 Mary Alice Herbert Socialist Party Stewart Alexander
2012 Susan Gayle Ducey Constitution Party 8 votes at convention (5th place) Darrell Castle
2016 Alicia Dearn Libertarian Party 29 votes at convention (5th place) William Weld
Carly Fiorina Republican Party Joined the ticket of Ted Cruz; campaign suspended six days later Mike Pence
2020 Sorinne Ardeleanu Libertarian Party 3 write-in votes at convention in 3 ballots (1 per ballot) Spike Cohen
Laura Ebke 1 write-in vote at convention (1st ballot)

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Incumbent president Joe Biden competed in the 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries and became presumptive nominee on March 12 after securing enough delegates in the Georgia, Mississippi, Northern Mariana Islands, and Washington primaries.[65] However, Biden withdrew from the presidential race on July 21 following age and health concerns.[66] Biden would subsequently endorse Harris and she launched her campaign the same day. She became the presumptive Democratic presidential nominee on July 22 and became the official nominee on August 5 after a formal roll call vote by the Democratic National Convention.[67]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Liberty League". Niles' National Register. 22 (19): 296. July 10, 1847.
  2. ^ Proceedings of the National Liberty Convention. Utica, NY: S.W. Green. 1848. p. 5.
  3. ^ Woodhull, Victoria (April 2, 1870). "The Coming Woman". New York Herald. Retrieved July 24, 2024.
  4. ^ Katz, Elizabeth D. (2022). "Sex, Suffrage, and State Constitutional Law: Women's Legal Right to Hold Public Office". Yale Journal of Law and Feminism. 33 (2): 134.
  5. ^ Brody, Miriam (2003). Victoria Woodhull: Free Spirit for Women's Rights. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 107.
  6. ^ Congressional Quartlerly's Guide to U.S. Elections. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quartlerly. 1985. pp. 338, 367.
  7. ^ Lockwood, Belva A. (March 1903). "How I Ran for the Presidency". National Magazine. 7 (6): 729, 733.
  8. ^ "Meeting of the Electoral College". Indianapolis News. December 3, 1844.
  9. ^ "First Woman to Get Vote for President -- Laura Clay". Chicago Tribune. 6 July 1920. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  10. ^ Scheer, Teva J. (2005). Governor Lady: The Life and Times of Nellie Tayloe Ross. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. pp. 113, 132–133.
  11. ^ Johnson, John H., ed. (March 20, 1952). "Charlotta Bass named for presidential ticket". Jet. 1 (21). Chicago, Illinois: Johnson Publishing Company, Inc.: 9.
  12. ^ "The Unfavored Daughter: When Margaret Chase Smith Ran in the New Hampshire Primary". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  13. ^ Risen, Clay (December 23, 2022). "Charlene Mitchell, 92, Dies; First Black Woman to Run for President". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  14. ^ Congressional Quarterly, 374.
  15. ^ Winslow, Barbara (2014). Shirley Chisholm: Catalyst for Change, 1926–2005. Boulder: Westview Press. pp. ix, 107, 115.
  16. ^ Cruz, Tania; Yamamoto, Eric K. (Summer 2003). "A Tribute to Patsy Takemoto Mink" (PDF). Asian-Pacific Law and Policy Journal. 4 (2): 590.
  17. ^ Doherty, Brian (March 20, 2014). "Tonie Nathan, R.I.P. (The First Woman to Receive an Electoral Vote for Vice President)". Reason. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
  18. ^ Clift, Eleanor (2000). Madam President: Shattering the Last Glass Ceiling. New York: Scribner. pp. 16, 60–62.
  19. ^ "Lenora B Fulani". Archives of Women's Political Communication. Iowa State University. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
  20. ^ Brandman, Mariana. "Winona LaDuke". National Women's History Museum. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
  21. ^ Pearce, Matt (December 20, 2016). "How Faith Spotted Eagle Became the First Native American to Win an Electoral Vote for President". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
  22. ^ "Dole announces presidential exploratory committee - March 10, 1999". CNN. 10 March 1999. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  23. ^ Wilgoren, Jodi; Semple, Kirk (January 15, 2004). "Braun Quits Race and Endorses Dean for Presidential Nomination". The New York Times.
  24. ^ "Hillary Rodham Clinton, First Woman to Be a Presidential Candidate in Every Primary and Caucus". Findingdulcinea.com. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
  25. ^ Why Sanders Will Ultimately Back Clinton Archived August 12, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ "Hillary's Woman Problem". Politico. February 12, 2016.
  27. ^ "Clinton's Popular-Vote Lead Now Exceeds 1.5 Million—and It's Growing". The Atlantic. 20 November 2016. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  28. ^ "Federal Elections 2008" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. July 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2019. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
  29. ^ "Federal Elections 2012" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. July 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2019. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
  30. ^ "Federal Elections 2016" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. December 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2019. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
  31. ^ "Federal Elections 2020" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. October 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 4, 2022. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
  32. ^ Gabbatt, Adam (January 7, 2024). "'We are working-class women of color': the long-shot socialist run for the White House". The Guardian. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
  33. ^ Bachmann wins Ames straw poll Archived November 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  34. ^ Goldman, Russell (January 4, 2012). "Michele Bachmann Drops Out of Presidential Race". ABC News.
  35. ^ "Roseanne Barr is officially running for president". Washington Post. February 2, 2012. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
  36. ^ Federal Election Commission. "2012 Presidential Popular Vote Summary for All Candidates Listed on at least one State Ballot" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-01-23. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
  37. ^ Bradner, Eric. "Carly Fiorina ends presidential bid". cnn.com. CNN. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  38. ^ Tal Kopan, John Berman and Sunlen Serfaty. "Ted Cruz to name Carly Fiorina as VP". CNN. Retrieved 2016-04-27.
  39. ^ "Ted Cruz drops out of presidential race". Politico.
  40. ^ Pearce, Matt (December 20, 2016). "How Faith Spotted Eagle Became the First Native American to Win an Electoral Vote for President". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
  41. ^ "Women running for president is the new normal". Vox. March 12, 2019.
  42. ^ "The 2019 Democratic debate shows how striking it is to have more representation onstage". Vox. June 28, 2019.
  43. ^ Vox, March 12, 2019.
  44. ^ "Kamala Harris: The Vice President". The White House. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved 2024-07-24.
  45. ^ Klein, Betsy (July 21, 2024). "Harris says she will "earn and win" Democratic nomination". CNN. Archived from the original on July 21, 2024. Retrieved July 21, 2024.
  46. ^ Hutzler, Alexandra; Reinstein, Julia; Peller, Lauren; El-Bawab, Nadine; Sarnoff, Leah (July 22, 2024). "Election 2024 updates: Harris secures enough delegates to become presumptive nominee". ABC News. Archived from the original on July 24, 2024. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  47. ^ Nehamas, Nicholas (6 August 2024). "Harris Officially Secures Democratic Party's Nomination for President". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  48. ^ Weissert, Will (March 4, 2023). "Marianne Williamson opens long shot 2024 challenge to Biden". San Diego Union-Tribune. Associated Press. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  49. ^ Multiple sources: Write-in vote totals are excluded from the above election data reporting for the following states, and are added to the total number of votes for candidates for the purposes of candidate vote share calculations:
  50. ^ Lowenkron, Hadriana (July 29, 2024). "Marianne Williamson Ends Longshot 2024 Presidential Bid". Bloomberg News. Yahoo!. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
  51. ^ "Election 2024 delegate tracker". Associated Press. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  52. ^ "Republican Convention 2024". The Green Papers. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  53. ^ Krieg, Gregory (March 4, 2024). "Haley Wins DC GOP Primary". CNN. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  54. ^ Faith Spotted Eagle was not a candidate for president in 2016, but received one electoral vote from a faithless elector.
  55. ^ a b c "Official 2020 presidential general election results" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. 1 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  56. ^ "2012 Presidential Election Results (Updated)". Poliscinews.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
  57. ^ "Statistical Abstract of the United States". 1990. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
  58. ^ "2008 presidential vote" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. December 7, 2008. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
  59. ^ a b In 1972 in Arizona, Pima and Yavapai counties had a ballot malfunction that counted many votes for both a major party candidate and Linda Jenness of the Socialist Workers Party. A court ordered that the ballots be counted for both. As a consequence, Jenness received 16% and 8% of the vote in Pima and Yavapai, respectively. 30,579 of her 30,945 Arizona votes are from those two counties. Some sources don't count these votes for Jenness.
  60. ^ Larry J. Sabato, Howard R. Ernst, Encyclopedia of American Political Parties and Election, Infobase Publishing, 2014.
  61. ^ "1984 Sonia Johnson". Retrieved 2016-11-28 – via PressReader.
  62. ^ Sieczkowski, Cavan. "Roseanne Barr Places 6th in Presidential Election", Huffington Post, 2012-11-07. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
  63. ^ Schulman, Bruce J. (3 June 2008). Student's Guide to Elections. CQ Press. ISBN 9781452267401. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
  64. ^ Littleton, Darryl J.; Littleton, Tuezdae (September 2012). Comediennes: Laugh Be a Lady. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 9781480329744. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
  65. ^ "Biden officially clinches Democratic nomination for president". Politico. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  66. ^ "President Joe Biden drops out of 2024 presidential race". NBC News. 22 July 2024.
  67. ^ "Kamala Harris is now Democratic presidential nominee, will face off against Donald Trump this fall". AP News. 5 August 2024.
  68. ^ "Democratic Convention 2008". Thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
  69. ^ "Democratic Convention 2016". Thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
  70. ^ a b c d "Democratic Convention - Nationwide Popular Vote". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  71. ^ Glasrud, Bruce A.; Wintz, Cary D. (4 December 2009). African Americans and the Presidency: The Road to the White House. Routledge. ISBN 9781135194345. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
  72. ^ Shirley Chisholm won the New Jersey primary in 1972 which was a non-delegate-awarding, presidential preference ballot that the major candidates were not listed in and that the only other candidate who was listed had already withdrawn. At the Democratic convention she won a plurality of delegates from Mississippi and Louisiana, neither of which held primaries. See Presidential Elections 1789–2008 (5th ed.). Volume 1. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 2005. pp. 366–369 (primaries), 652–653 (convention).
  73. ^ Newton-Small, Jay (5 January 2016). Broad Influence: How Women Are Changing the Way Washington Works. Time Inc. Books. ISBN 9781618933232. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
  74. ^ a b 2004 Presidential Democratic Primary Election Results
  75. ^ Jone Johnson Lewis, "Women Who Ran for President"
  76. ^ a b "Republican Convention 2016". Thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
  77. ^ a b c d e f Texas Vote in Presidential Elections, Primaries: 1848–2012
  78. ^ a b New Hampshire Almanac< - First-in-the-Nation Fringe Candidates. NH.gov. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
  79. ^ a b c d e 1996 Presidential primary election results
  80. ^ "US President - D Primaries Race - Mar 07, 1972". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
  81. ^ a b MARK BENNETT: The Indiana Primary carries an interesting background into this » Mark Bennett Opinion » News From Terre Haute, Indiana. Tribstar.com. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
  82. ^
  83. ^ Victoria Woodhull's votes don't appear to have been counted. See, e.g. Victoria Woodhull, the Spirit to Run the White House for more information.
  84. ^ a b Belva Ann Lockwood's 1884 running mate's name is variously given as Marietta Stow, Marietta L. B. Stow, Marietta Lizzie Bell Stow, Marietta Snow, Marietta Snowman, and Harriet Stow.
  85. ^ Steven Seidman, "First Women to Run for U.S. President", Ithaca College Blog, April 16, 2009.
  86. ^ Lockwood first ran with Love, but when he dropped out of the race, she ended up choosing Wells as the final candidate.
  87. ^ Belva Ann Lockwood won an unspecified number of votes in 1888 that was fewer than her 1884 total of 4,149. See Frances A. Cook, Belva Ann Lockwood: For Peace, Justice, and President.
  88. ^ The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1952, p. 583.
  89. ^ Ballot Access News » Blog Archive » Women Running for President in the General Election
  90. ^ Naomi Cohen appeared on the ballot in Ohio in place of Deirdre Griswold's running mate Gavrielle Holmes
  91. ^ "Sonia Johnson and Richard Walton, Petitioners, v. Federal Communications Commission...". Justia.
  92. ^ Gavrielle Holmes was an alternate candidate for Larry Holmes.
  93. ^ a b Milton Vera was an alternate candidate for Gloria La Riva in some states, including Iowa and Ohio.
  94. ^ The vote total is for the Gavrielle Holmes ticket only.
  95. ^ Robert Moses was on the ballot in some states.
  96. ^ "2016 Elections: Growing support for socialism, people prepare to fight Trump". Gloria La Riva for President 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
  97. ^ Chris Powell (August 3, 2016). "Who is on the presidential ballot where?". Retrieved September 9, 2016.
  98. ^ Powell, Chris (August 3, 2016). "Who is on the presidential ballot where?". Retrieved September 9, 2016.
  99. ^ Voskuil, Connor (16 September 2020). "LP Presidential Nominee On The Ballot in All 50 States Plus DC". Libertarian Party. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  100. ^ Winger, Richard (August 2, 2020). "Party for Socialism & Liberation Alters its Vice-Presidential Nominee". Ballot Access News. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  101. ^ Freeman replaced the original vice presidential nominee, Leonard Peltier of Peace and Freedom, who withdrew for health reasons.[100]
  102. ^ "Native Charlestonian Jade Simmons Running For President 2020". The Charleston Chronicle. July 9, 2020. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  103. ^ "Party for Socialism and Liberation Announces 2024 Presidential Ticket". Independent Political Report. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  104. ^ Facts about the States By Joseph Nathan Kane
  105. ^ a b c d e "Female presidential candidates 1870-1990", Guide To Women Leaders. Retrieved January 11, 2008.
  106. ^ a b New Hampshire Almanac< - First-in-the-Nation Fringe Candidates. NH.gov. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
  107. ^ a b New Hampshire Almanac< - First-in-the-Nation Fringe Candidates. NH.gov. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
  108. ^ 2008 presidential primaries. Tulsa World (2008-01-07). Retrieved 2010-10-26.
  109. ^ a b c Ballot Access News - April 3, 1996. Ballot-access.org. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
  110. ^ 2008 Republican Presidential Candidates (P2008) Archived 2008-06-12 at the Wayback Machine. Politics1. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
  111. ^ "1996 Republican Race for President". www.ok.gov. Archived from the original on July 9, 2008.
  112. ^ a b Federal Elections 2000: Presidential Primary Election Results by State. Fec.gov. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
  113. ^ "Politics1: Presidency 2000 - the Other Democratic Candidates". www.politics1.com. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008.
  114. ^ "Politics1: Presidency 2000 - the Other Republican Candidates". www.politics1.com. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008.
  115. ^ "White House bid wants serious attention", St. Petersburg Times, March 24, 1999. Accessed July 8, 2008.
  116. ^ "Republican upset in deep south poll | Independent, the (London) | Find Articles at BNET". Archived from the original on 2009-02-01. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  117. ^ a b c d e "Politics1 - Guide to the Inactive 2004 Democratic Presidential Prospects". politics1.com. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008.
  118. ^ Nan Garrett for President, 2008 Archived 2009-02-02 at the Wayback Machine. Nangarrett.org (2007-02-05). Retrieved 2010-10-26.
  119. ^ Bradner, Eric (2016-02-10). "Carly Fiorina ends presidential bid". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
  120. ^ Republican Convention
  121. ^ a b "Democratic Delegate Count". Real Clear Politics. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
  122. ^ "Porn star ends 2020 presidential bid after 17 months, endorses 'my love, Bernie'". Fox News. January 31, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
  123. ^ Lowenkron, Hadriana (July 29, 2024). "Marianne Williamson Ends Longshot 2024 Presidential Bid". Bloomberg News. Yahoo!. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
  124. ^ Elizabeth Warren was not a candidate for vice president in 2016, but she received one electoral vote each from faithless electors in Hawaii and Washington.
  125. ^ Maria Cantwell was not a candidate for vice president in 2016, but she received one electoral vote from a Washington faithless elector.
  126. ^ Susan Collins was not a candidate for vice president in 2016, but she received one electoral vote from a Washington faithless elector.
  127. ^ Carly Fiorina was not a candidate for vice president in the general election in 2016, but she received one electoral vote from a Texas faithless elector.
  128. ^ Winona LaDuke was not a candidate for vice president in 2016, but she received one electoral vote from a Washington faithless elector.
  129. ^ Tonie Nathan and John Hospers received one electoral vote from a Virginia faithless elector.
  130. ^ "Let's Go Back to a Separate Vice President Vote".
  131. ^ Austin Bureau (September 10, 1952). "MacArthur, Mrs. Kellems Put on Ballot". Dallas Morning News. p. 14.
  132. ^ Richardson, Darcy G. (September 3, 2012). "Time Capsule: Promising a 'Hard War but a Happy Peace,' Clare Boothe Luce Declares for Congress". Uncovered Politics. was nominated for the vice presidency against her wishes on the right-wing Constitution Party ticket headed by an equally reluctant Gen. Douglas MacArthur in 1952.
  133. ^ The candidates of the Constitution Party varied by state; Harry F. Byrd seems to have been considered the main vice presidential candidate.
  134. ^ The candidates of the Constitution Party varied by state; the votes included here are ones known to be for the MacArthur-Kellems ticket specifically and not the MacArthur-Byrd ticket. The MacArthur-Kellems ticket's total might have been higher than 943.
  135. ^ "Final Texas Election Count Shows Ike Won by 138,479". Dallas Morning News. November 13, 1952. p. 2. This final report includes complete returns from all 254 counties of Texas [...] MacArthur-Kellems....... 765
  136. ^ Herbert L. Phillips (November 12, 1952). "5,209,692 Vote In November Set California High". Sacramento Bee. p. 1. Here is the secretary of state's official tabulation of the votes for president: [...] Constitution Party (MacArthur-Kellems writein)—178
  137. ^ Douglas Fitzgerald Dowd was Cleaver's running mate in some states, and Jerry Rubin had also been nominated. "Presidential and Vice-presidential Candidates". Archived from the original on 2009-01-07. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
  138. ^ Wretha Hanson appeared on a ballot line in Ohio in place of Barry Commoner's official running mate La Donna Harris.
  139. ^ The vote total is for the Commoner-Hanson ticket in Ohio only."General Election, November 4, 1980" Ohio Secretary of State Archived November 20, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
  140. ^ Richard H. Congress or Clifton DeBerry were the Socialist Workers Party's presidential candidate in some states, but Zimmerman was on all three tickets as the vice presidential candidate.
  141. ^ The vote total is for the Griswold-Cohen ticket in Ohio only."General Election, November 4, 1980" Ohio Secretary of State Archived November 20, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
  142. ^ Matilde Zimmerman was an alternate candidate for Andrea Gonzales in some states, including Ohio.
  143. ^ Edward Bergonzi was an alternate candidate for Helen Halyard in some states, including Ohio.
  144. ^ "Socialist Equality Party - Third Party Encyclopedia". Archived from the original on 2006-03-23.
  145. ^ Three male candidates were alternates for Dattner in three states, including California and Oregon.
  146. ^ Mamie Moore was an alternate candidate for Dattner in nine states, including Hawaii.
  147. ^ Burke was an alternate candidate for Dattner in four states, including Alaska.
  148. ^ Smaby was on the ballot only in Minnesota.
  149. ^ Smith was on the ballot as a write-in only in California.
  150. ^ Excludes votes for Nader in Iowa, New York, and Vermont.
  151. ^ Muriel Tillinghast appeared on a ballot line in New York in place of Ralph Nader's official running mate Winona LaDuke.
  152. ^ Vote total for the Nader-Tillinghast ticket in New York only.
  153. ^ Anne Goeke appeared on a ballot line in Iowa and Vermont in place of Ralph Nader's official running mate Winona LaDuke.
  154. ^ Vote total for the Nader-Goeke ticket in Iowa and Vermont only.
  155. ^ Margaret Trowe was an alternate for Arrin Hawkins.
  156. ^ Karen Sanchirico appeared on a ballot line in Montana in place of Ralph Nader's official running mate Peter Camejo.
  157. ^ The vote total is for the Nader-Sanchirico ticket in Montana only.
  158. ^ Andrea Psoras’ “Bio”.
  159. ^ Rubacky was McEnulty's running mate in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Maine, though the party had no ballot access in any state except Colorado. McEnulty had nine other running mates."New American Independent Party - V.P. MAP". Archived from the original on 2008-09-05. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
  160. ^ Vote total is for the Myers-Lusk ticket in Arkansas only.
  161. ^ Vote total is for the Simmons-Nixon ticket in Florida only.
  162. ^ "Proceedings of the National Liberty Convention, held at Buffalo, N.Y." Archived 2009-02-01 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
  163. ^ "Libertarian Party National Convention". C-SPAN. July 2, 2000. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  164. ^ Eason, Brian (October 22, 2008). "Libertarian's Congressional bid nothing new for her". Retrieved November 24, 2017.
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