Jump to content

Nagasaki

Coordinates: 32°44′41″N 129°52′25″E / 32.74472°N 129.87361°E / 32.74472; 129.87361
Page protected with pending changes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the city in Japan. For the prefecture with the same name where this city is located, see Nagasaki Prefecture. For other uses, see Nagasaki (disambiguation).

Nagasaki
長崎市
Prefecture capital and core city
Nagasaki City
From top to bottom, left to right: Ōura Cathedral, Nakashima River, Glover Garden, Nagasaki Kunchi, Nagasaki Shinchi Chinatown, Nagasaki Peace Park
From top to bottom, left to right: Ōura Cathedral, Nakashima River, Glover Garden, Nagasaki Kunchi, Nagasaki Shinchi Chinatown, Nagasaki Peace Park
Flag of Nagasaki
Flag
Official seal of Nagasaki
Seal
Nickname(s): 

City of Peace
Naples of the Orient
Map of Nagasaki Prefecture with Nagasaki highlighted in dark pink
Map of Nagasaki Prefecture with Nagasaki highlighted in dark pink
Nagasaki is located in Kyushu
Nagasaki
Nagasaki
 
Coordinates: 32°44′41″N 129°52′25″E / 32.74472°N 129.87361°E / 32.74472; 129.87361
Country Japan
RegionKyushu
PrefectureNagasaki Prefecture
Government
 • MayorShirō Suzuki (from April 26, 2023)
Area
 • Total405.86 km2 (156.70 sq mi)
 • Land240.71 km2 (92.94 sq mi)
 • Water165.15 km2 (63.76 sq mi)
Population
 (February 1, 2024)
 • Total392,281[1]
Time zoneUTC+9 (Japan Standard Time)
– TreeChinese tallow tree
– FlowerHydrangea
Phone number095-825-5151
Address2–22 Sakura-machi, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki-ken
850-8685
Websitewww.city.nagasaki.lg.jp
Nagasaki
Nagasaki in kanji
Japanese name
Kanji長崎
Hiraganaながさき

Nagasaki (Japanese: 長崎, Hepburn: Nagasaki) (IPA: [naɡaꜜsaki]; lit. "Long Cape"), officially known as Nagasaki City (長崎市, Nagasaki-shi), is the capital and the largest city of the Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu in Japan.

Founded by the Portuguese,[2] the port of Nagasaki became the sole port used for trade with the Portuguese and Dutch during the 16th through 19th centuries. The Hidden Christian Sites in the Nagasaki Region have been recognized and included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Part of Nagasaki was home to a major Imperial Japanese Navy base during the First Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War. Near the end of World War II, the American atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki made Nagasaki the second city in the world to experience a nuclear attack. The city was rebuilt.[3]

As of February 1, 2024, Nagasaki has an estimated population of 392,281[1] and a population density of 966 people per km2. The total area is 405.86 km2 (156.70 sq mi).[4]

History[edit]

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Nagasaki.

Nagasaki as a Jesuit port of call[edit]

Main articles: Portuguese Nagasaki and Dejima

The first contact with Portuguese explorers occurred in 1543. An early visitor was Fernão Mendes Pinto, who came from Sagres on a Portuguese ship which landed nearby in Tanegashima.

Soon after, Portuguese ships started sailing to Japan as regular trade freighters, thus increasing the contact and trade relations between Japan and the rest of the world, and particularly with mainland China, with whom Japan had previously severed its commercial and political ties, mainly due to a number of incidents involving wokou piracy in the South China Sea, with the Portuguese now serving as intermediaries between the two East Asian neighbors.

Despite the mutual advantages derived from these trading contacts, which would soon be acknowledged by all parties involved, the lack of a proper seaport in Kyūshū for the purpose of harboring foreign ships posed a major problem for both merchants and the Kyushu daimyōs (feudal lords) who expected to collect great advantages from the trade with the Portuguese.

In the meantime, Spanish Jesuit missionary St. Francis Xavier arrived in Kagoshima, South Kyūshū, in 1549. After a somewhat fruitful two-year sojourn in Japan, he left for China in 1552 but died soon afterwards.[5] His followers who remained behind converted a number of daimyōs. The most notable among them was Ōmura Sumitada. In 1569, Ōmura granted a permit for the establishment of a port with the purpose of harboring Portuguese ships in Nagasaki, which was finally set up in 1571, under the supervision of the Jesuit missionary Gaspar Vilela and Portuguese Captain-Major Tristão Vaz de Veiga, with Ōmura's personal assistance.[6]

The little harbor village quickly grew into a diverse port city,[7] and Portuguese products imported through Nagasaki (such as tobacco, bread, textiles and a Portuguese sponge-cake called castellas) were assimilated into popular Japanese culture. Tempura derived from a popular Portuguese recipe originally known as peixinhos da horta, and takes its name from the Portuguese word, 'tempero,' seasoning, and refers to the tempora quadragesima, forty days of Lent during which eating meat was forbidden, another example of the enduring effects of this cultural exchange. The Portuguese also brought with them many goods from other Asian countries such as China. The value of Portuguese exports from Nagasaki during the 16th century were estimated to ascend to over 1,000,000 cruzados, reaching as many as 3,000,000 in 1637.[8]

Due to the instability during the Sengoku period, Sumitada and Jesuit leader Alexandro Valignano conceived a plan to pass administrative control over to the Society of Jesus rather than see the Catholic city taken over by a non-Catholic daimyō. Thus, for a brief period after 1580, the city of Nagasaki was a Jesuit colony, under their administrative and military control. It became a refuge for Christians escaping maltreatment in other regions of Japan.[9] In 1587, however, Toyotomi Hideyoshi's campaign to unify the country arrived in Kyūshū. Concerned with the large Christian influence in Kyūshū, Hideyoshi ordered the expulsion of all missionaries, and placed the city under his direct control. However, the expulsion order went largely unenforced, and the fact remained that most of Nagasaki's population remained openly practicing Catholic.[citation needed]

In 1596, the Spanish ship San Felipe was wrecked off the coast of Shikoku, and Hideyoshi learned from its pilot[10] that the Spanish Franciscans were the vanguard of an Iberian invasion of Japan. In response, Hideyoshi ordered the crucifixions of twenty-six Catholics in Nagasaki on February 5 of the next year (i.e. the "Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan"). Portuguese traders were not ostracized, however, and so the city continued to thrive.

In 1602, Augustinian missionaries also arrived in Japan, and when Tokugawa Ieyasu took power in 1603, Catholicism was still tolerated. Many Catholic daimyōs had been critical allies at the Battle of Sekigahara, and the Tokugawa position was not strong enough to move against them. Once Osaka Castle had been taken and Toyotomi Hideyoshi's offspring killed, though, the Tokugawa dominance was assured. In addition, the Dutch and English presence allowed trade without religious strings attached. Thus, in 1614, Catholicism was officially banned and all missionaries ordered to leave. Most Catholic daimyo apostatized, and forced their subjects to do so, although a few would not renounce the religion and left the country for Macau, Luzon and Japantowns in Southeast Asia. A brutal campaign of persecution followed, with thousands of converts across Kyūshū and other parts of Japan killed, tortured, or forced to renounce their religion. Many Japanese and foreign Christians were executed by public crucifixion and burning at the stake in Nagasaki.[11][12] They became known as the Martyrs of Japan and were later venerated by several Popes.[13]

Catholicism's last gasp as an open religion and the last major military action in Japan until the Meiji Restoration was the Shimabara Rebellion of 1637. While there is no evidence that Europeans directly incited the rebellion, Shimabara Domain had been a Christian han for several decades, and the rebels adopted many Portuguese motifs and Christian icons. Consequently, in Tokugawa society the word "Shimabara" solidified the connection between Christianity and disloyalty, constantly used again and again in Tokugawa propaganda.[citation needed] The Shimabara Rebellion also convinced many policy-makers that foreign influences were more trouble than they were worth, leading to the national isolation policy. The Portuguese were expelled from the archipelago altogether. They had previously been living on a specially constructed artificial island in Nagasaki harbour that served as a trading post, called Dejima. The Dutch were then moved from their base at Hirado onto the artificial island.

  • Portuguese (green) and Spanish (yellow) trade routes to Macao and Nagasaki
    Portuguese (green) and Spanish (yellow) trade routes to Macao and Nagasaki
  • Nanban trade by Kanō Naizen, circa 1600. The screen shows foreigners arriving at a shore of Japan.
    Nanban trade by Kanō Naizen, circa 1600. The screen shows foreigners arriving at a shore of Japan.
  • The Chinese traders at Nagasaki were confined to a walled compound (Tōjin yashiki), circa 1688
    The Chinese traders at Nagasaki were confined to a walled compound (Tōjin yashiki), circa 1688

Seclusion era[edit]

Dejima was an artificial island in Nagasaki Bay; its fan shape was easily recognizable. The trading post consisted mainly of warehouses and dwelling houses (1669 engraving).
A Dutchman with his slave at Dejima (18th-century painting by unknown artist, British Museum collection)

The Great Fire of Nagasaki destroyed much of the city in 1663, including the Mazu shrine at the Kofuku Temple patronized by the Chinese sailors and merchants visiting the port.[14]

In 1720 the ban on Dutch books was lifted, causing hundreds of scholars to flood into Nagasaki to study European science and art. Consequently, Nagasaki became a major center of what was called rangaku, or "Dutch learning". During the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate governed the city, appointing a hatamoto, the Nagasaki bugyō, as its chief administrator. During this period, Nagasaki was designated a "shogunal city". The number of such cities rose from three to eleven under Tokugawa administration.[15]

Consensus among historians was once that Nagasaki was Japan's only window on the world during its time as a closed country in the Tokugawa era. However, nowadays it is generally accepted that this was not the case, since Japan interacted and traded with the Ryūkyū Kingdom, Korea and Russia through Satsuma, Tsushima and Matsumae respectively. Nevertheless, Nagasaki was depicted in contemporary art and literature as a cosmopolitan port brimming with exotic curiosities from the Western world.[16]

In 1808, during the Napoleonic Wars, the Royal Navy frigate HMS Phaeton entered Nagasaki Harbor in search of Dutch trading ships. The local magistrate was unable to resist the crew’s demand for food, fuel, and water, later committing seppuku as a result. Laws were passed in the wake of this incident strengthening coastal defenses, threatening death to intruding foreigners, and prompting the training of English and Russian translators.

The Tōjinyashiki (唐人屋敷) or Chinese Factory in Nagasaki was also an important conduit for Chinese goods and information for the Japanese market. Various Chinese merchants and artists sailed between the Chinese mainland and Nagasaki. Some actually combined the roles of merchant and artist such as 18th century Yi Hai. It is believed that as much as one-third of the population of Nagasaki at this time may have been Chinese.[17] The Chinese traders at Nagasaki were confined to a walled compound (Tōjin yashiki) which was located in the same vicinity as Dejima island; and the activities of the Chinese, though less strictly controlled than the Dutch, were closely monitored by the Nagasaki bugyō.

Meiji Japan[edit]

With the Meiji Restoration, Japan opened its doors once again to foreign trade and diplomatic relations. Nagasaki became a treaty port in 1859 and modernization began in earnest in 1868. Nagasaki was officially proclaimed a city on April 1, 1889. With Christianity legalized and the Kakure Kirishitan coming out of hiding, Nagasaki regained its earlier role as a center for Roman Catholicism in Japan.[18]

During the Meiji period, Nagasaki became a center of heavy industry. Its main industry was ship-building, with the dockyards under control of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries becoming one of the prime contractors for the Imperial Japanese Navy, and with Nagasaki harbor used as an anchorage under the control of nearby Sasebo Naval District. During World War II, at the time of the nuclear attack, Nagasaki was an important industrial city, containing both plants of the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works, the Akunoura Engine Works, Mitsubishi Arms Plant, Mitsubishi Electric Shipyards, Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works, Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works, several other small factories, and most of the ports storage and trans-shipment facilities, which employed about 90% of the city's labor force, and accounted for 90% of the city's industry. These connections with the Japanese war effort made Nagasaki a major target for strategic bombing by the Allies during the war.[19][20]

  • Plan of Nagasaki, Hizen province, 1778
    Plan of Nagasaki, Hizen province, 1778
  • View of Dejima in Nagasaki Bay by Kawahara Keigo c. 1836
    View of Dejima in Nagasaki Bay by Kawahara Keigo c. 1836
  • View of Nagasaki Bay, c. 1865
    View of Nagasaki Bay, c. 1865
  • View of Nagasaki in 1870s
    View of Nagasaki in 1870s

Atomic bombing of Nagasaki during World War II[edit]

Main article: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki § Nagasaki
The mushroom cloud from the atomic explosion over Nagasaki at 11:02 am, August 9, 1945
An intact torii in foreground and a one-legged torii in background, Nagasaki, October 1945

In the 12 months prior to the nuclear attack, Nagasaki had experienced five small-scale air attacks by an aggregate of 136 U.S. planes which dropped a total of 270 tons of high explosives, 53 tons of incendiaries, and 20 tons of fragmentation bombs. Of these, a raid of August 1, 1945, was the most effective, with a few of the bombs hitting the shipyards and dock areas in the southwest portion of the city, several hitting the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works, and six bombs landing at the Nagasaki Medical School and Hospital, with three direct hits on buildings there. While the damage from these few bombs was relatively small, it created considerable concern in Nagasaki and a number of people, principally school children, were evacuated to rural areas for safety, consequently reducing the population in the city at the time of the atomic attack.[19][21][22]

On the day of the nuclear strike (August 9, 1945) the population in Nagasaki was estimated to be 263,000, which consisted of 240,000 Japanese residents, 10,000 Korean residents, 2,500 conscripted Korean workers, 9,000 Japanese soldiers, 600 conscripted Chinese workers, and 400 Allied POWs.[23] That day, the Boeing B-29 Superfortress Bockscar, commanded by Major Charles Sweeney, departed from Tinian's North Field just before dawn, this time carrying a plutonium bomb, code named "Fat Man". The primary target for the bomb was Kokura, with the secondary target being Nagasaki, if the primary target was too cloudy to make a visual sighting. When the plane reached Kokura at 9:44 a.m. (10:44 am. Tinian Time), the city was obscured by clouds and smoke, as the nearby city of Yahata had been firebombed on the previous day – the steel plant in Yahata had also instructed their workforce to intentionally set fire to containers of coal tar, to produce target-obscuring black smoke.[24] Unable to make a bombing attack 'on visual' because of the clouds and smoke, and with limited fuel, the plane left the city at 10:30 a.m. for the secondary target. After 20 minutes, the plane arrived at 10:50 a.m. over Nagasaki, but the city was also concealed by clouds. Desperately short of fuel and after making a couple of bombing runs without obtaining any visual target, the crew was forced to use radar to drop the bomb. At the last minute, the opening of the clouds allowed them to make visual contact with a racetrack in Nagasaki, and they dropped the bomb on the city's Urakami Valley midway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south, and the Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works in the north.[25] The bomb exploded 53 seconds after its release, at 11:02 a.m. at an approximate altitude of 1,800 feet.[26]

Less than a second after the detonation, the north of the city was destroyed and more than 10% of the city's population were killed.[27] Among the 35,000 deaths were 150 Japanese soldiers, 6,200 out of the 7,500 employees of the Mitsubishi Munitions plant, and 24,000 others (including 2,000 Koreans). The industrial damage in Nagasaki was high, leaving 68‍–‍80% of the non-dock industrial production destroyed. It was the second and, to date, the last use of a nuclear weapon in combat, and also the second detonation of a plutonium bomb. The first combat use of a nuclear weapon was the "Little Boy" bomb, which was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. The first plutonium bomb was tested in central New Mexico, United States, on July 16, 1945. The Fat Man bomb was more powerful than the one dropped over Hiroshima, but because of Nagasaki's more uneven terrain, there was less damage.[28][29][30]

Contemporary era[edit]

The city was rebuilt after the war, albeit dramatically changed. The pace of reconstruction was slow. The first simple emergency dwellings were not provided until 1946. The focus of redevelopment was the replacement of war industries with foreign trade, shipbuilding and fishing. This was formally declared when the Nagasaki International Culture City Reconstruction Law was passed in May 1949.[31] New temples were built, as well as new churches, owing to an increase in the presence of Christianity.[32] Some of the rubble was left as a memorial, such as a one-legged torii at Sannō Shrine and an arch near ground zero. New structures were also raised as memorials, such as the Atomic Bomb Museum. Nagasaki remains primarily a port city, supporting a rich shipbuilding industry.

On January 4, 2005, the towns of Iōjima, Kōyagi, Nomozaki, Sanwa, Sotome and Takashima (all from Nishisonogi District) were officially merged into Nagasaki along with the town of Kinkai the following year.

  • Modern Nagasaki, Oura Cathedral on a slope, 2005
    Modern Nagasaki, Oura Cathedral on a slope, 2005
  • Night view of Nagasaki seen from Mount Konpira, 2012
    Night view of Nagasaki seen from Mount Konpira, 2012
  • View of Nagasaki seen from Glover Garden, 2014
    View of Nagasaki seen from Glover Garden, 2014

Geography[edit]

Overview of Nagasaki in the early morning as the sun rises, 2016

Nagasaki and Nishisonogi Peninsulas are located within the city limits. The city is surrounded by the cities of Isahaya and Saikai, and the towns of Togitsu and Nagayo in Nishisonogi District.

Nagasaki lies at the head of a long bay that forms the best natural harbor on the island of Kyūshū. The main commercial and residential area of the city lies on a small plain near the end of the bay. Two rivers divided by a mountain spur form the two main valleys in which the city lies. The heavily built-up area of the city is confined by the terrain to less than 4 square miles (10 km2).

Climate[edit]

Nagasaki has the typical humid subtropical climate of Kyūshū and Honshū, characterized by mild winters and long, hot, and humid summers. Apart from Kanazawa and Shizuoka it is the wettest sizeable city in Japan. In the summer, the combination of persistent heat and high humidity results in unpleasant conditions, with wet-bulb temperatures sometimes reaching 26 °C (79 °F). In the winter, however, Nagasaki is drier and sunnier than Gotō to the west, and temperatures are slightly milder than further inland in Kyūshū. Since records began in 1878, the wettest month has been July 1982, with 1,178 millimetres (46 in) including 555 millimetres (21.9 in) in a single day, whilst the driest month has been September 1967, with 1.8 millimetres (0.07 in). Precipitation occurs year-round, though winter is the driest season; rainfall peaks sharply in June and July. August is the warmest month of the year. On January 24, 2016, a snowfall of 17 centimetres (6.7 in) was recorded.[33]

Climate data for Nagasaki (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1878−present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.3
(70.3) 		22.6
(72.7) 		24.4
(75.9) 		29.0
(84.2) 		31.4
(88.5) 		36.4
(97.5) 		37.7
(99.9) 		37.7
(99.9) 		36.1
(97.0) 		33.7
(92.7) 		27.4
(81.3) 		23.8
(74.8) 		37.7
(99.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 10.7
(51.3) 		12.0
(53.6) 		15.3
(59.5) 		19.9
(67.8) 		23.9
(75.0) 		26.5
(79.7) 		30.3
(86.5) 		31.9
(89.4) 		28.9
(84.0) 		24.1
(75.4) 		18.5
(65.3) 		13.1
(55.6) 		21.2
(70.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 7.2
(45.0) 		8.1
(46.6) 		11.2
(52.2) 		15.6
(60.1) 		19.7
(67.5) 		23.0
(73.4) 		26.9
(80.4) 		28.1
(82.6) 		24.9
(76.8) 		20.0
(68.0) 		14.5
(58.1) 		9.4
(48.9) 		17.4
(63.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4.0
(39.2) 		4.5
(40.1) 		7.5
(45.5) 		11.7
(53.1) 		16.1
(61.0) 		20.2
(68.4) 		24.5
(76.1) 		25.3
(77.5) 		21.9
(71.4) 		16.5
(61.7) 		11.0
(51.8) 		6.0
(42.8) 		14.1
(57.4)
Record low °C (°F) −5.6
(21.9) 		−4.8
(23.4) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		0.2
(32.4) 		5.3
(41.5) 		8.9
(48.0) 		15.0
(59.0) 		16.4
(61.5) 		11.1
(52.0) 		4.9
(40.8) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−5.6
(21.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 63.1
(2.48) 		84.0
(3.31) 		123.2
(4.85) 		153.0
(6.02) 		160.7
(6.33) 		335.9
(13.22) 		292.7
(11.52) 		217.9
(8.58) 		186.6
(7.35) 		102.1
(4.02) 		100.7
(3.96) 		74.8
(2.94) 		1,894.7
(74.59)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 3
(1.2) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		4
(1.6)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.5 mm) 10.4 10.2 11.4 10.3 10.1 14.3 11.9 10.7 9.8 6.7 9.5 10.2 125.6
Average relative humidity (%) 66 65 65 67 72 80 80 76 73 67 68 67 71
Mean monthly sunshine hours 103.7 122.3 159.5 178.1 189.6 125.0 175.3 207.0 172.2 178.9 137.2 114.3 1,863.1
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency[34]

Education[edit]

Universities[edit]

Junior colleges[edit]

Economy[edit]

  • Shipbuilding
  • Mitsubishi
  • Machinery and heavy industry

Transportation[edit]

A busy street in Nagasaki

The nearest airport is Nagasaki Airport in the nearby city of Ōmura. The Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu) provides rail transportation on the Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen and Nagasaki Main Line, whose terminal is at Nagasaki Station. In addition, the Nagasaki Electric Tramway operates five routes in the city. The Nagasaki Expressway serves vehicular traffic with interchanges at Nagasaki and Susukizuka. In addition, six national highways crisscross the city: Route 34, 202, 206, 251, 324, and 499.

Demographics[edit]

Nagasaki prefecture population pyramid in 2020

On August 9, 1945, the population was estimated to be 263,000. As of March 1, 2017, the city had population of 505,723 and a population density of 1,000 persons per km2.

Sports[edit]

Nagasaki is represented in the J. League of football with its local club, V-Varen Nagasaki.

Main sites[edit]

Monument at the atomic bomb hypocenter in Nagasaki
Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims
Sōfuku-ji (National treasure of Japan)

Cityscape[edit]

Nagasaki City seen from the Inasayama Observatory, facing southeast.

Events[edit]

Nagasaki Lantern Festival

The Nagasaki Lantern Festival[40] is celebrated annually over the first 15 days of Chinese New Year[41] and is the largest of its kind in all of Japan.[42]

Kunchi, the most famous festival in Nagasaki, is held from October 7–9.[43]

The Prince Takamatsu Cup Nishinippon Round-Kyūshū Ekiden, the world's longest relay race, begins in Nagasaki each November.

Cuisine[edit]

Original Shikairō Champon

Notable people[edit]

Twin towns[edit]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Japan

The city of Nagasaki maintains sister cities or friendship relations with other cities worldwide.[44]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b "今月のうごき（推計人口など最新の主要統計）". Nagasaki city office. June 1, 2020. Archived from the original on August 13, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
  2. ^ Pacheco, Diego (1970). "The Founding of the Port of Nagasaki and its Cession to the Society of Jesus". Monumenta Nipponica. 25 (3/4): 303–323. doi:10.2307/2383539. ISSN 0027-0741.
  3. ^ Hakim, Joy (January 5, 1995). A History of US: Book 9: War, Peace, and All that Jazz. New York City: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195095142.
  4. ^ "令和２年全国都道府県市区町村別面積調 - 長崎県" (PDF). Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. January 1, 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
  5. ^ Diego Pacheco. "Xavier and Tanegashima." Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 29, No. 4 (Winter, 1974), pp. 477–480
  6. ^ Boxer, The Christian Century in Japan 1549–1650, p. 100–101
  7. ^ "Arrival of a Portuguese ship". Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  8. ^ C. R. Boxer, The Great Ship from Amacon – Annals of Macau and the old Japan trade 1555–1640 Archived April 14, 2023, at the Wayback Machine p. 169.
  9. ^ Diego Paccheco, Monumenta Nipponica, 1970
  10. ^ so says the Jesuit account
  11. ^ MARTYRS OF JAPAN († 1597-1637) (poz. 10). Archived from the original on November 23, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
  12. ^ "Martyrs List". Twenty-Six Martyrs Museum. Archived from the original on February 14, 2010. Retrieved January 11, 2010.
  13. ^ "Martyrs of Japan (1603–39)". Hagiography Circle. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021.
  14. ^ "Cultural Properties", Official site, Nagasaki: Thomeizan Kofukuji, archived from the original on February 28, 2021, retrieved December 23, 2016
  15. ^ Cullen, Louis M. (2003). A History of Japan, 1582–1941: Internal and External Worlds, p. 159. Archived April 6, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ Cambridge Encyclopedia of Japan, Richard Bowring and Haruko Laurie
  17. ^ Screech, Timon. The Western Scientific Gaze and Popular Imagery in Later Edo Japan: The Lens Within the Heart. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. p15.
  18. ^ Doak, Kevin M. (2011). "Introduction: Catholicism, Modernity, and Japanese Culture". In Doak, Kevin M. (ed.). Xavier's Legacies: Catholicism in Modern Japanese Culture. UBC Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 9780774820240. Retrieved February 27, 2018. In 1904, Catholics in Nagasaki, with their deep ties to the past, were three times more numerous than Catholics in the rest of Japan...
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b "Chapter II The Effects of the Atomic Bombings". United States Strategic Bombing Survey. Archived from the original on September 20, 2018. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
  20. ^ How Effective is Strategic Bombing?: Lessons Learned From World War II to Kosovo (World of War). NYU Press. December 1, 2000. pp. 86–87.
  21. ^ "Avalon Project – The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki". Archived from the original on December 20, 2014. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
  22. ^ Bradley, F.J. (1999). No Strategic Targets Left. Turner Publishing Company. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-5631-1483-0.
  23. ^ "Nagasaki atomic bombing, 1945". www.johnstonsarchive.net. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
  24. ^ "Steel mill worker reveals blocking view of U.S. aircraft on day of Nagasaki atomic bombing". Mainichi Weekly. Archived from the original on November 22, 2015. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
  25. ^ Bruce Cameron Reed (October 16, 2013). The History and Science of the Manhattan Project. Springer Nature. p. 400. ISBN 978-3-6424-0296-8.
  26. ^ "BBC - WW2 People's War – Timeline". Archived from the original on August 31, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  27. ^ Robert Hull (October 11, 2011). Welcome To Planet Earth – 2050 – Population Zero. AuthorHouse. p. 215. ISBN 978-1-4634-2604-0.
  28. ^ Nuke-Rebuke: Writers & Artists Against Nuclear Energy & Weapons (The Contemporary anthology series). The Spirit That Moves Us Press. May 1, 1984. pp. 22–29.
  29. ^ Groves 1962, pp. 343–346.
  30. ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993, pp. 396–397
  31. ^ "AtomicBombMuseum.org – After the Bomb". Archived from the original on February 19, 2017. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
  32. ^ "Nagasaki History Facts and Timeline". Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
  33. ^ "あすにかけ全国的に厳しい冷え込み続く" [Severe cold weather continues across the country into tomorrow]. nhk.or.jp. January 25, 2016. Archived from the original on January 27, 2016.
  34. ^ 気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）. Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
  35. ^ 長崎外国語大学 [Nagasaki University of Foreign Studies]. Nagasaki-gaigo.ac.jp. Archived from the original on March 30, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
  36. ^ お知らせ 長崎市平和・原爆のホームページが変わりました。. .city.nagasaki.nagasaki.jp. Archived from the original on June 1, 2002. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
  37. ^ 長崎歴史文化博物館. Nmhc.jp. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
  38. ^ Jump up to: a b 移転のお知らせ. .city.nagasaki.nagasaki.jp. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
  39. ^ Oldfield Howey, M. (March 31, 2005). The Encircled Serpent: A Study of Serpent Symbolism in All Countries and Ages – M. Oldfield Howey – Google Books. Kessinger. ISBN 9780766192614. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
  40. ^ 長崎ランタンフェスティバル. Nagasaki City. Retrieved May 17, 2024.
  41. ^ "Nagasaki Lantern Festival". Japan Travel. Retrieved May 17, 2024.
  42. ^ "Nagasaki Lantern Festival". Nagasaki Prefecture Tourism Association. Retrieved May 17, 2024.
  43. ^ Hesselink, Reinier H. (2004). "The Two Faces of Nagasaki: The World of the Suwa Festival Screen". Monumenta Nipponica. 59 (2): 179–222. ISSN 0027-0741. JSTOR 25066290.
  44. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Sister Cities of Nagasaki City". Nagasaki City Hall International Affairs Section. Archived from the original on July 29, 2009. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
  45. ^ "International Relations of the City of Porto" (PDF). Municipal Directorate of the Presidency Services International Relations Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 13, 2012. Retrieved July 10, 2009.

Bibliography[edit]

See also: Bibliography of the history of Nagasaki

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nagasaki.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Nagasaki.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagasaki&oldid=1231824556"