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British Cameroon

Coordinates: 6°N 10°E / 6°N 10°E / 6; 10
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"Cameroons" redirects here. For other uses, see Cameroon (disambiguation).
British Cameroon
1916–1961
Anthem: God Save the King (1916–1952)
God Save the Queen (1952–1961)
Location of Cameroon
StatusMandate of the United Kingdom
CapitalBuea
Common languagesEnglish (official)
Duala, Oroko, Grassfields, Fula, Kanuri widely spoken
Religion
Christianity (southern area)
Islam (northern area)
Historical eraWorld War I
• Kamerun partitioned
20 July 1916
• Integration into Nigeria and Cameroon
1 October 1961
Area
• Total
89,526 km2 (34,566 sq mi)
CurrencyBritish West Africa pound
ISO 3166 codeCM
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Kamerun
Federation of Nigeria
Cameroon
Today part ofCameroon
Nigeria

British Cameroon or the British Cameroons was a British mandate territory in British West Africa, formed of the Northern Cameroons and Southern Cameroons. Today, the Northern Cameroons forms parts of the Borno, Adamawa and Taraba states of Nigeria,[1] while the Southern Cameroons forms part of the Northwest and Southwest regions of Cameroon.[2]

History

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Cameroon from 1901–1972
  German Kamerun
  British Cameroons
  French Cameroon
  Republic of Cameroon

The area of present-day Cameroon was claimed by Germany as a protectorate during the "Scramble for Africa" at the end of the 19th century. The German Empire named the territory Kamerun. During World War I, French and British troops invaded the German colony Kamerun (Present day Cameroon) and decided to divide the German colony into two regions.[3] One of the regions would be French administered (French Cameroon) and the other would be British administered (British Cameroon).[3] The British were more concerned with other areas of Africa, specifically Nigeria.[3] Thus, the French gained a larger portion of Cameroon when the country was divided.[3]

League of Nations mandate

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During World War I, it was occupied by British, French and Belgian troops, and a later League of Nations mandate to Great Britain and France by the League of Nations in 1922. The French mandate was known as Cameroun and the British territory was administered as two areas, Northern Cameroons and Southern Cameroons. Northern Cameroons consisted of two non-contiguous sections, divided by a point where the Nigerian and Cameroun borders met. In the 1930s, most of the white population consisted of Germans, who were interned in British camps starting in June 1940. The native population of 400,000 showed little interest in volunteering for the British forces; only 3,500 men did so.[4]

Detailed map of Cameroons under United Kingdom trusteeship, 1949, showing provinces, districts and towns. Produced by the Survey Department, Lagos, Nigeria.

Trust territory

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When the League of Nations ceased to exist in 1946, most of the mandate territories were reclassified as United Nations trust territories, henceforth administered through the United Nations Trusteeship Council. The object of trusteeship was to prepare the lands for eventual independence. The United Nations approved the Trusteeship Agreements for British Cameroons to be governed by Britain on 6 December 1946.

Colonial legacy

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Under colonial rule, Cameroon was ruled on the basis of indirect rule which allowed natives to execute judicial and executive decisions.[5] The British Cameroon used indirect rule because it meant that Cameroonians would comply willingly rather than having to coercively force compliance.[6] This was important because it gave citizens of British Cameroon autonomy and helped to establish “a greater vitality of local political institutions in West Cameroon”.[5] Despite the indirect rule used to invigorate the spirit of citizens, the British found that they had to "approach various developmental programs" because "there was little involvement of the local people in planning and executing community development programmes."[7]

In British Cameroon, European immigrants were subject to the laws of their home country while natives of Cameroon were held to customary law which was typically overseen by British administrators.[5]

The legal system established during the colonial era continues to be implemented, specifically, customary laws and the two legal systems.[5] As the community development programmes grew, there was a large delay in educational efforts because British Cameroon ". . .had no secondary school in the territory."[8] Secondary education was largely the work of missionaries such as St. Joseph College which opened in Sasse, Buea, in 1939.[8]

Independence

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As French Cameroon gained independence, British Cameroon was still under the administration of Nigeria.[9] French Cameroun became independent, as Cameroun or Cameroon, on January 1, 1960, and Nigeria was scheduled for independence later that same year, which raised the question of what to do with the British territory. As colonizers of Nigeria, the British desired for the two to be united.[10] After some discussion (which had been going on since 1959), a UN-administered plebiscite was agreed to and held on 11 February 1961. The Muslim-majority Northern Area opted for union with Nigeria, and the Southern Area voted to join Cameroon.[11] No option was given for British Cameroonian independence.[12] The driving force for the unification of east and south Cameroon was Ahmadou Ahidjo and the Kamerun National Democratic Party (KNDP) as the French were not concerned because southern Cameroon did not align with the French community established.[10]

Upon reunification with French Cameroon, Anglophone Cameroonians "made up about 20% of the federal population…their French counterparts made up a majority at 80 percent."[13]

Northern Cameroons became the Sardauna Province of Northern Nigeria[14] on 1 June 1961, while Southern Cameroons became West Cameroon, a constituent state of the Federal Republic of Cameroon, later that year on 1 October 1961.

Reunification

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During the reunification period, the Anglophone education system began to change as Francophone teachers came to the former British Cameroon.[citation needed] However, because of the language barrier, the teachers would only speak in French or pidgin which hindered the educational development of students.[citation needed] During this period, there began to be preference and domination of the French language as English language certificates became replaced by French certificates.[citation needed]

Despite being united, the Anglophones in Cameroon did not feel represented in government politics.[15] In 1993, the All Anglophone Conference argued at their meeting that "the 1961 Foumban Accord. . .was hardly represented by the Francophone majority who ultimately scrapped the Federal Constitution and replaced it with a Unitary Constitution."[15] The Foumban Accord "was the basis  of Cameroon’s post-independence Federal Constitution."[15]

Governors

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Main article: List of colonial governors of Cameroon § British Cameroons

See also

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References

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  1. ^ El-Sudi, Ibrahim Tukur (2019-04-20). "The Nigerian States that Formed Parts of Northern Cameroons". PRNigeria News. Retrieved 2020-04-25.
  2. ^ Njung, George N. (1 December 2019). "The British Cameroons Mandate Regime: The Roots of the Twenty-First-Century Political Crisis in Cameroon". The American Historical Review. 124 (5): 1715–1722. doi:10.1093/ahr/rhz1025.
  3. ^ a b c d Dupraz, Yannick (September 2019). "French and British Colonial Legacies in Education: Evidence from the Partition of Cameroon" (PDF). The Journal of Economic History. 79 (3): 628–668. doi:10.1017/S0022050719000299. S2CID 28463640.
  4. ^ I.C.B Dear, ed, The Oxford Companion to World War II (1995) p 163
  5. ^ a b c d Lee, Alexander; Schultz, Kenneth A. (2011). "Comparing British and French Colonial Legacies: A Discontinuity Analysis of Cameroon". SSRN 1903316.
  6. ^ Jua, Nantang Ben (1995). "Indirect Rule in Colonial and Post-Colonial Cameroon". Paideuma. 41: 39–47. JSTOR 40341691.
  7. ^ Kwo, Emil Molindo (1984). "Community Education and Community Development in Cameroon: The British Colonial Experience, 1922-1961". Community Development Journal. 19 (4): 204–213. doi:10.1093/cdj/19.4.204. JSTOR 44256284.
  8. ^ a b Ndille, R. N.; Litt, D. (2018). "British and French Implementation of Colonial Educational policies in Cameroon 1916-1961: A Comparative Analysis". International Journal for Research in Educational Studies. 4 (5): 1–18.
  9. ^ Lekane, Gillo Momo; Asuelime, Lucky (June 2017). "One Country, Three Colonial Legacies: The Politics of Colonialism, Capitalism and Development in the Pre- and Post-Colonial Cameroon". Journal for Contemporary History. 42 (1). doi:10.18820/24150509/JCH42.v1.8.
  10. ^ a b Mokube, Eric (2012). "Diplomacy and Nation-Building in Africa: Franco-British Relations and Cameroon at the End of Empire (review)". Africa Today. 59 (2): 94–98. doi:10.2979/africatoday.59.2.94. S2CID 142614803. Project MUSE 494435 ProQuest 1281851956.
  11. ^ Nohlen, D, Krennerich, M & Thibaut, B (1999) Elections in Africa: A data handbook, p177 ISBN 0-19-829645-2
  12. ^ Njeuma, Martin Z. (1995). "Reunification and Political Opportunism in the Making of Cameroon's Independence". Paideuma. 41: 27–37. JSTOR 40341690.
  13. ^ Njung, George N. (1 December 2019). "The British Cameroons Mandate Regime: The Roots of the Twenty-First-Century Political Crisis in Cameroon". The American Historical Review. 124 (5): 1715–1722. doi:10.1093/ahr/rhz1025.
  14. ^ Parties and Politics in Northern Nigeria, Routledge, 1968, page 155
  15. ^ a b c Awasom, Nicodemus Fru (1998). "Colonial Background to the Development of Autonomist Tendencies in Anglophone Cameroon, 1946-1961". Journal of Third World Studies. 15 (1): 163–183. JSTOR 45197789.
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6°N 10°E / 6°N 10°E / 6; 10

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