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World Muslim population by percentage (Pew Research Center, 2012)[1]

Adherents of Islam constitute the world's second largest religious group. A projection by the PEW suggests that Muslims numbered approximately 1.9 billion followers in 2020.[2][3] Studies in the 21st century suggest that, in terms of percentage and worldwide spread, Islam is the fastest-growing major religion in the world, mostly because Muslims have more children than other major religious groups.[4][5] Most Muslims are either of two denominations: Sunni (87–90%, roughly 1.7 billion people)[6] or Shia (10–13%, roughly 180–230 million people).[7] Islam is the majority religion in several subregions: Central Asia, Western Asia, North Africa, West Africa, the Sahel, and the Middle East.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14] The diverse Asia-Pacific region contains the highest number of Muslims in the world, surpassing the combined Middle East and North Africa.[15]

According to the Pew Research Center in 2010, there were 50 Muslim-majority countries.[16][17] Around 62% of the world's Muslims live in the Asia-Pacific region (from Turkey to Indonesia), with over one billion adherents.[18] According to the Pew Research Center in 2017, the largest Muslim population in a country is in Indonesia, a country home to 12.7% of the world's Muslims, followed by Pakistan (11.1%), India (10.9%) and Bangladesh (9.2%).[8][19]

About 20% of Muslims live in the Arab world.[20] In the Middle East, Iran and Turkey are the largest Muslim-majority countries, while Egypt and Nigeria in Africa have the same status.[8][19]

Regional comparisons

South Asia has the largest population of Muslims in the world, with about one-third of all Muslims being from South Asia.[21][22][23] Islam is the dominant religion in the Maldives, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. India is the country with the largest Muslim population outside Muslim-majority countries with more than 200 million adherents.[24]

The Middle East-North Africa (MENA) region hosts 23% of the world's Muslims, and Islam is the dominant religion in every country in the region[25] other than Israel.[9]

The country with the single largest population of Muslims is Indonesia in Southeast Asia, which on its own hosts 13% of the world's Muslims.[26] Together, the Muslims in the countries of Southeast Asia constitute the world's third-largest population of Muslims. In the countries of the Malay Archipelago, Muslims are in the majority in Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia.

About 15% of Muslims reside in Sub-Saharan Africa,[27][page needed][10][28] and sizeable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas, Russia, China and Europe.[8]

Western Europe hosts many Muslim immigrant communities where Islam is the second-largest religion after Christianity, where it represents 6% of the total population or 24 million people.[29]

Denominations

Main articles: Islamic schools and branches and History of Islam
Further information: Succession to Muhammad

Islam is divided into two major denominations, Sunni and Shi'a. Of the total Muslim population, 87–90% are Sunni and 10–13% are Shi'a. Most Shi'as (between 68% and 80%) live in mainly four countries: Iran, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, and Iraq.[30] Furthermore, there are concentrated Shi'a populations in Lebanon, Russia, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh and 10 sub-Saharan African countries.[31] The major surviving Imamah-Muslim Sects are Usulism (with around 8.5% of the total Muslim population), Nizari Ismailism (with around 1%) and Alevism (with slightly more than 0.5%[32] but less than 1%[33]). The other existing groups include Zaydi Shi'a of Yemen whose population is around 0.5% of the world's Muslim population, Musta’li Ismaili (with nearly 0.1%[34] whose Taiyabi adherents reside in Sindh and Gujarat in South Asia. There are also significant diaspora populations in Europe, North America, the Far East, and East Africa[35]), and Ibadis from the Kharijites whose population has diminished to a level below 0.15%.[36] (with around 1%),[37] non-denominational Muslims, Quranist Muslims and Wahhabis (with around 1–2%[38] of the world's total Muslim population) also exist.

A study from the Pew Research Center in 2012 found that many Muslims (one out of five in 22 Muslim majority countries) identify as non-denominational or "Just a Muslim".[31] This non-denominational affiliation is most common in Southern and Eastern Europe as well as Central Asia, with minority populations in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The study found that a median percentage of 74% of Muslims in Kazakhstan, 65% in Albania, 64% in Kyrgyzstan, 56% in Indonesia, 55% in Mali, and 40% in Cameroon identify this way.[31] However, it is much less common in parts of Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia.[31]

Countries

Most of the percentages of Muslim populations of each country, if not stated otherwise, were taken from the study by the Pew Research Center report of 5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe, 2017.[8][39]

Table

Country/Region Total Population Muslim Population Muslim percentage of total population Percentage of world (%) Sources
 Afghanistan 37,135,000 37,025,000 99.7 2.0 [40]
 Albania 3,057,220 1,797,645 50.7 0.1 [41]
 Algeria 44,178,884 43,737,096 99 2.7 [42]
 American Samoa 50,826 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [43]
 Andorra 85,708 2,228 2.6 < 0.1 [44][45]
 Angola 30,355,880 90,000 0.3 < 0.1 [46][47]
 Anguilla 17,422 < 1,000 0.6 < 0.1 [48]
 Antigua and Barbuda 95,882 < 1,000 0.3 < 0.1 [49]
 Argentina 44,694,198 400,000 0.9 < 1 [50][47]
 Armenia 3,038,217 1,038 0.03 < 0.1 [51]
 Aruba 116,576 < 1,000 0.4 < 0.1 [52][53]
 Australia 25,700,000 813,392 3.2 < 0.1 [54]
 Austria 9,000,000 720,000 8 < 0.1 [55][56]
 Azerbaijan 10,353,296 10,073,758 97.3 0.5 [57]
 Bahamas 332,634 < 1,000 0.1 < 0.1 [58]
 Bahrain 1,442,659 1,063,239 73.7 < 0.1 [59]
 Bangladesh 165,200,000 150,800,000 91.0 9.2 [60][61]
 Barbados 293,131 4,396 1.5 < 0.1 [62]
 Belarus 9,527,543 45,000–100,000 0.5–1.0 < 0.1 [63][64][65]
 Belgium 11,570,762 879,377 7.6 < 0.1 [66][67]
 Belize 385,854 < 1,000 0.2 < 0.1 [68][69]
 Benin 11,340,504 3,141,319 27.7 0.14 [70]
 Bermuda 71,176 < 1,000 1 < 0.1 [71]

 Bhutan

766,397 ≤ 2,000 0.2 < 0.1 [72][73]
 Bolivia 11,306,341 2,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [74][75]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3,849,891 1,955,084 50.7 0.1 [76]
 Botswana 2,249,104 8,996 0.4 < 0.1 [77][78]
 Brazil 210,000,000 35,167–1,500,000 0.02–0.7 < 0.1 [79][80]
 British Virgin Islands 35,802 < 1,000 1.2 < 0.1 [81]
 Brunei 450,565 355,045 80.9 < 0.1 [82]
 Bulgaria 7,057,504 861,015 13.4 < 0.1 [83][84]
 Burkina Faso 21,382,659 13,513,840 63.8 0.6 [85]
 Burundi 11,844,520 1,184,452 10 < 0.1 [86][87]
 Cambodia 15,552,211 311,044 2 < 0.1 [88]
 Cameroon 25,640,965 7,692,289 30 0.4 [89][90]
 Canada 36,328,480 1,775,715 4.9 0.1 [91]
 Cape Verde 568,373 11,367 2 < 0.1 [92][93]
 Cayman Islands 59,613 < 1,000 0.2 < 0.1 [94]
 Central African Republic 5,745,062 861,759 15 < 0.1 [95]
 Chad 15,833,116 9,183,207 58 0.4 [96][93]
 Chile 17,925,262 4,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [97][98]
 China 1,390,000,000 6,255,000–50,000,000 0.45–3 0.4 – 2.8 [99][100][101][102][103]
 Cocos (Keeling) Islands 593 389 66 < 0.1 [104]
 Colombia 48,168,996 96,337 0.2 < 0.1 [105][106]
 Comoros 821,164 807,204 98.3 < 0.1 [107]
 DR Congo 85,281,024 12,792,153 10 0.1 [108][109]
 Cook Islands 9,038 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [110]
 Costa Rica 4,987,142 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [111]
 Ivory Coast 26,260,582 11,265,789 42.9 0.5 [112]
 Croatia 4,270,480 64,057 1.5 < 0.1 [113]
 Cuba 11,116,396 11,116 0.1 < 0.1 [114]
 Cyprus 1,100,000 275,000 25.3 < 0.1 [115]
 Czech Republic 10,686,269 10,000–20,000 0.1–0.2 < 0.1 [116][67]
 Denmark 5,809,502 313,713 5.4 < 0.1 [117][67]
 Djibouti 884,017 857,496 97 0.1 [118][119]
 Dominica 74,027 < 1,000 0.2 < 0.1 [120]
 Dominican Republic 10,298,756 2,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [121][122]
 Ecuador 16,498,502 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [123][124]
 Egypt 95,000,000 85,000,000–90,000,000 90–94.7 4.9 [125][126]
 El Salvador 6,187,271 18,000 0.28 < 0.1 [127][128][129]
 Equatorial Guinea 797,457 79,745 10 < 0.1 [130][131]
 Eritrea 6,000,000 2,160,000–3,100,000 36–51.6 0.1 [132][133][134]
 Estonia 1,244,288 1,508 < 0.1 < 0.1 [135]
 Eswatini 300,000 6000 2 < 0.1 [136]
 Ethiopia 110,871,031 34,702,632 31.3 1.8 [137]
 Faroe Islands 51,018 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [138]
 Falkland Islands 3,198 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [139]
 Micronesia 103,643 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [140]
 Fiji 926,276 58,355 6.3 < 0.1 [141]
 Finland 5,537,364 102,000 1.8 < 0.1 [142][67]
 France 67,000,000 6,700,000 10 0.3 [67][143]
 French Guiana 281,612 2,400 0.9 < 0.1
 French Polynesia 290,373 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [144]
 Gabon 2,119,036 211,903 10 < 0.1 [145][146]
 Gambia 2,413,403 2,283,080 96.4 0.1 [147]
 Georgia 4,926,087 527,091 10.7 < 0.1 [148]
 Germany 83,100,000 4,300,000–4,600,000 5.4–5.7 0.2 [39][149][150]
 Ghana 32,372,889 6,442,205 19.9 0.2 [151][93][152]
 Gibraltar 29,461 1,150 4 < 0.1 [153][154]
 Greece 10,761,523 215,230–313,406 2–3.7 < 0.1 [155][67]
 Greenland 57,691 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [156]
 Grenada 112,207 < 1,000 0.3 < 0.1 [157]
 Guadeloupe 402,119 2,000 0.4 < 0.1
 Guam 167,772 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [158]
 Guatemala 16,581,273 1,200 < 0.1 < 0.1 [159][160]
 Guinea 11,855,411 10,563,171 89.1 0.5 [161]
 Guinea-Bissau 1,976,187 911,023 46.1 < 0.1 [162]
 Guyana 740,685 55,000 7.3 < 0.1 [163]
 Haiti 10,788,440 5,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [164][165]
 Honduras 9,182,766 30,000 0.3 < 0.1 [166]
 Hong Kong 7,213,338 295,746 4.1 < 0.1 [167][168]
 Hungary 9,825,704 40,000–60,000 0.4–0.6 < 0.1 [67][169][170]
 Iceland 343,518 < 1,000 0.2 < 0.1 [171][172]
 India 1,370,000,000 200,000,000 14.6 10.9 [173]
 Indonesia 279,000,000 242,700,000 87 11.7 [174]
 Iran 83,000,000 82,500,000 99.4 4.6 [175]
 Iraq 40,462,701 38,439,566–39,653,447 95-98 1.9 [176]
 Ireland 5,068,050 70,952 1.4 < 0.1 [177][67]
 Isle of Man 89,407 < 1,000 0.2 < 0.1 [178]
 Israel 8,424,904 1,516,482 18 0.1 [179][180]
 Italy 62,246,674 2,987,840 4.8 0.1 [181][67]
 Jamaica 2,812,090 5,624 0.2 < 0.1 [182][183]
 Japan 126,000,000 185,000 0.1 < 0.1 [184][185]
 Jordan 10,458,413 10,165,577 97.2 0.4 [186]
 Kazakhstan 18,744,548 13,158,672 70.2 0.5 [187]
 Kenya 48,397,527 5,500,000 11.2 0.2 [188]
 Kiribati 109,367 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [189]
 Kosovo 1,907,592 1,823,657 93 0.1 [190]
 Kuwait 2,916,467 2,175,684 74.6 0.2 [191]
 Kyrgyzstan 6,500,000 5,200,000–5,850,000 80–90 0.3 [192][193]
 Laos 7,234,171 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [194][195]
 Latvia 1,923,559 2,000 0.1–0.2 < 0.1 [196][197]
 Lebanon 5,261,372 3,567,211 67.8 0.2 [198]
 Lesotho 1,962,461 3,000 0.1 < 0.1 [199]
 Liberia 4,809,768 961,953 20 < 0.1 [200][201]
 Libya 6,754,507 6,551,871 97 0.4 [202][203]
 Liechtenstein 38,000 2,050 5.4 < 0.1 [204]
 Lithuania 2,793,284 3,000 0.1 < 0.1 [205][206]
 Luxembourg 640,000 15,000 2.3 < 0.1 [207][208]
 Macau 606,340 < 1,000 0.1 < 0.1 [209][210]
 Madagascar 25,683,610 2,568,361 10 < 0.1 [211][212]
 Malawi 19,842,560 3,968,512 20 0.1 [213][214]
 Malaysia 32,730,000 20,063,500 63.5 1.1 [215][216]
 Maldives 374,775 374,775 100 < 0.1 [217]
 Mali 18,429,893 17,508,398 95 0.8 [218][93]
 Malta 449,043 11,675 2.6 < 0.1 [219][220]
 Marshall Islands 75,684 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [221]
 Martinique 385,551 < 1,000 0.2 < 0.1
 Mauritania 4,161,925 4,157,425 99.9 0.2 [222][223]
 Mauritius 1,364,283 236,020 17.3 < 0.1 [224]
 Mayotte 256,518 253,439 97 < 0.1 [225]
 Mexico 127,000,000 5,500 0.01 < 0.01 [226][227]
 Moldova 3,437,720 15,000 0.4 < 0.1 [228][229]
 Monaco 30,727 < 1,000 0.8 < 0.1 [230][231]
 Mongolia 3,103,428 150,000 5 < 0.1 [232][233]
 Montenegro 614,249 122,849 19.1 < 0.1 [234]
 Montserrat 5,315 < 1,000 0.1 < 0.1 [235]
 Morocco 36,738,229 36,370,847 99 2.1 [236]
 Mozambique 30,888,034 5,837,839 18.9 0.3 [237][238]
 Myanmar 55,622,506 2,391,767 4.3 0.1 [239]
 Namibia 2,413,643 9,654 0.4 < 0.1
 Nauru 10,084 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 Nepal 29,218,867 1,292,909 4.2 0.1 [240]
 Netherlands 17,400,000 387,000 5 0.1 [241]
 Netherlands Antilles 304,759 < 1,000 0.2 < 0.1
 New Caledonia 278,500 7,000 2.8 < 0.1
 New Zealand 4,903,800 41,000 0.9 < 0.1
 Nicaragua 6,284,757 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 Niger 21,466,863 21,101,926 98.3 1 [242]
 Nigeria 200,000,000 95,000,000–97,000,000 47-49 5.3 [39][243]
 Niue 1,611 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 North Korea 25,610,672 3,000 0.1 < 0.1
 North Macedonia 2,118,945 705,608 33.3 < 0.1 [244]
 Northern Mariana Islands 56,200 < 1,000 0.7 < 0.1
 Norway 5,328,212 175,507 3.2 < 0.1 [245]
 Oman 4,633,752 2,427,000 86 0.2 [246]
 Pakistan 241,500,000 233,000,000 96.5 11.79 [247][248]
 Palau 17,900 < 1,000 3.8 < 0.1 [249]
 Palestine 4,780,978 4,298,000 97.5 0.3
 Panama 4,158,783 25,000 0.7 < 0.1
 Papua New Guinea 8,558,800 2,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 Paraguay 7,052,983 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 Peru 31,237,385 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 Philippines 109,000,000 5,450,000–12,000,000 5–11 0.3 - 0.6 [250][251]
 Poland 38,430,000 6,796 0.02 < 0.1 [252]
 Portugal 10,291,027 65,000 0.4 < 0.1
 Puerto Rico 3,337,177 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 Qatar 2,450,285 1,566,786 77.5 0.1 [253]
 Congo 5,399,895 107,997 2 < 0.1 [254]
 Réunion 865,826 36,364 4.2 < 0.1 [255]
 Romania 19,524,000 73,000–200,000 0.3–1.0 < 0.1 [256]
 Russia 144,350,000–146,750,000 14,000,000–16,000,000 10–12 1.7 [A] [257][258]
 Rwanda 12,001,136 576,054 4.8 < 0.1 [259]
 Saint Helena 4,534 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 Saint Kitts and Nevis 46,204 < 1,000 0.3 < 0.1
 Saint Lucia 178,844 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 6,286 < 1,000 0.2 < 0.1
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 109,557 2,000 1.7 < 0.1
 Samoa 199,052 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 San Marino 33,344 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 São Tomé and Príncipe 199,910 5,931 3 < 0.1 [260]
 Saudi Arabia 34,220,000 31,535,000 96.2 1.8
 Senegal 17,923,036 17,421,191 97.2 0.8 [261]
 Serbia 7,001,444 121,460 2.1 < 0.1 [262]
 Seychelles 94,205 1,036 1.1 < 0.1 [263]
 Sierra Leone 7,719,729 6,067,706 78.6 0.3 [264]
 Singapore 5,866,139 915,118 15.6 < 0.1 [265][266]
 Slovakia 5,443,120 10,866 0.1–0.2 < 0.1 [67]
 Slovenia 2,066,880 73,568 3.6 < 0.1 [67]
 Solomon Islands 667,044 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 Somalia 11,000,000 10,978,000 99.8 0.6 [267]
 South Africa 57,725,600 1,050,000 1.9 < 0.1 [268][269]
 South Korea 51,635,256 75,000 0.1 < 0.1 [47]
 South Sudan 12,323,419 2,464,683 20 < 0.1 [270]
 Spain 46,659,302 1,180,000 2.6 0.1 [67]
 Sri Lanka 21,700,000 2,105,000 9.7 0.1 [271]
 Sudan 40,825,770 38,585,777 96 1.9 [272]
 Suriname 600,000 85,800 14.3 < 0.1 [273]
 Sweden 10,182,291 700,000 7.1 < 0.1 [39][67]
 Switzerland 8,492,956 440,000 5.2 < 0.1 [274]
 Syria 18,000,000 15,000,000 86 1 [275][276]
 Taiwan 23,576,705 60,000 0.3 < 0.1 [277][278]
 Tajikistan 9,540,000 9,253,000 97.9 0.4 [279][280][281]
 Tanzania 54,199,163 19,426,814 35.2 0.8 [282]
 Thailand 70,000,000 3,640,000 5.4 0.2 [283][284]
 East Timor 1,261,407 1,000 0.1 < 0.1
 Togo 7,352,000 1,593,011 20 0.1 [285]
 Tokelau 1,499 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 Tonga 100,651 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 Trinidad and Tobago 1,356,633 78,000 5.8 < 0.1
 Tunisia 11,446,300 10,190,000 97.8 0.6
 Turkey 86,000,000 78,000,000 - 84,400,000 89-98 4.6 [286][287]
 Turkmenistan 6,031,187 5,610,000 93.7 0.3
 Turks and Caicos Islands 37,910 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 Tuvalu 10,640 < 1,000 0.1 < 0.1
 Uganda 38,823,100 5,435,234 14 0.3 [288]
 Ukraine 42,263,873 390,000–410,000 0.9–1.2 < 0.1 [289][290]
 United Arab Emirates 9,541,615 6,251,627 72 0.2 [291][292]
 United Kingdom 66,040,229 3,868,133 5.8 0.2 [67][293]
 United States 327,827,000 3,450,000 1.1 0.2 [294]
 U.S. Virgin Islands 104,914 < 1,000 0.1 < 0.1
 Uruguay 3,505,985 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 Uzbekistan 34,036,800 29,920,000 88.7 1.7 [295]
 Vanuatu 304,500 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1
 Vatican City 800 0 0 0
 Venezuela 31,304,016 125,216 0.4 < 0.1 [296]
 Vietnam 96,160,163 96,160 0.1 < 0.1 [297]
 Wallis and Futuna 15,714 < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 [298]
 Western Sahara 603,253 599,633 99.4 < 0.1 [299][300]
 Yemen 27,036,829 26,784,498 97.2 1.5 [301]
 Zambia 16,887,720 168,877 1 < 0.1 [93]
 Zimbabwe 14,000,000 100,000 0.7 < 0.1 [302]
  1. ^ Including citizens of the Russian Federation, as well as immigrants and migrants who live in Russia

Continents

Table

Region Muslims Muslim percentage (%) of total population Percentage (%) of World Muslim population
Asia 1,100,000,000 23.3 66.7
Central Asia 54,000,000[303] 81[304] 3.0
South Asia 600,000,000[305][306] 31.4[307][308] 30.6[21][309]
Southeast Asia 240,000,000[310] 40 13.3
East Asia 50,000,000[103] 3.1 2.8
Middle East-North Africa 315,322,000[25]–488,603,838 91.2 27.1
Africa 550,000,000 47 30.6
Sub-Saharan Africa 283,302,393 29.6 15.7
North America 3,500,000–7,000,000[311] 1.0[312] 0.4
South America 791,000 0.2 0.04
Europe 44,138,000 6.0 2.7
Oceania 650,000 1.6 0.04
World 1,976,000,000[313] 24.9 100

Projected demographic changes

Main article: Muslim population growth

A Pew Research Study in 2015 found that the Muslim population was expected to grow twice as fast (70%) as the world population by 2060 (1.8 billion in 2015 to 3 billion by 2060).[313] This expected growth is much larger than any other religious group.[313] Muslims are likely to constitute roughly 26.3% of the world's total population by 2030.[314] This expected growth is attributed to Muslim families generally having more children as well as the fact that the Muslim population has the youngest median age of any religion.[313] Furthermore, increased healthcare conditions in Muslim majority countries are currently increasing life expectancy and decreasing child mortality, which, if trends continue this way, will also contribute to the growth of the Muslim population more than any other religious group.[314] These trends are not for every region, however. In fact, Muslim population growth is expected to slow down in Asia (including the Middle East) and Africa, due to lower birth rates.[314]

The largest Muslim population growths are expected to be in the Middle East and Africa.[314] Furthermore, Pakistan is projected to be the country with the largest Muslim population by 2030.[314] Muslims are expected to grow to 8% (52.8 million) of the total population of Europe, and this growth is expected to be the largest in the western European countries.[314] Russia will have the largest total population of Muslims in Europe, however.[314] Most of these changes are expected to come from immigration.[314]

In the Americas, Canada’s Muslim population is expected to increase to 6.6% and United States' to 2% by 2030.[314] These increases, much like Europe, are expected to be driven mainly by immigration.[314]

See also

Islam by country
World percentage of Muslims by country
Africa
Asia
Americas
Europe
Oceania
Islam portal

Islam:

Religions by country:

General

References

  1. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, in Percentages'". Pew Research. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  2. ^ "The Future of the Global Muslim Population". 27 January 2011.
  3. ^ "Religion Information Data Explorer | GRF". www.globalreligiousfutures.org. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  4. ^ "Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  5. ^ "The Future of Global Muslim Population: Projections from 2010 to 2013" Accessed July 2013.
  6. ^ * Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures. Marshall Cavendish Reference. 2010. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-7614-7926-0. Retrieved 30 November 2019. Within the Muslim community, the percentage of Sunnis is generally thought to be between 85 percent, with the Shia accounting for 15.5 percent and with the wahabis controlling 5 percent, although some sources estimate their numbers at 20 percent. A common compromise figure ranks Sunnis at 90 percent and Shias at 10 percent.
  7. ^ See
    • "Shiʿi". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 4 October 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019. In the early 21st century some 10–13 percent of the world's 1.6 billion Muslims were Shiʿi.
    • "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population". Pew Research Center. 7 October 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2013. The Pew Forum's estimate of the Shia population (10–13%) is in keeping with previous estimates, which generally have been in the range of 10–15%. Some previous estimates, however, have placed the number of Shias at nearly 20% of the world's Muslim population.
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Further reading

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