1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid

1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid
	Other names 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid; δ-1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid; P5C
Identifiers
CAS Number	2906-39-0 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image; Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:1372 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1161508 ;
ChemSpider	1159 ;
KEGG	C04322 ;
MeSH	Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate
PubChem CID	1196;
UNII	52TNU46DHL ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID00863056 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C5H7NO2/c7-5(8)4-2-1-3-6-4/h3-4H,1-2H2,(H,7,8) Key: DWAKNKKXGALPNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/C5H7NO2/c7-5(8)4-2-1-3-6-4/h3-4H,1-2H2,(H,7,8) Key: DWAKNKKXGALPNW-UHFFFAOYAB;
	SMILES C1CC(N=C1)C(=O)O; O=C(O)C1/N=C\CC1;
Properties
Chemical formula	C5H7NO2
Molar mass	113.115 g/mol
Acidity (pKa)	1.82/6.07
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (systematic name 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid^[2]) is a cyclic imino acid. Its conjugate base and anion is 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C). In solution, P5C is in spontaneous equilibrium with glutamate-5-semialdhyde (GSA).^[3]

Biochemistry

The stereoisomer (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (also referred to as L-P5C) is an intermediate metabolite in the biosynthesis and degradation of proline and arginine.^[4]^[5]^[6]

In prokaryotic proline biosynthesis, GSA is synthesized from γ-glutamyl phosphate by the enzyme γ-glutamyl phosphate reductase. In most eukaryotes, GSA is synthesised from the amino acid glutamate by the bifunctional enzyme 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS). The human P5CS is encoded by the ALDH18A1 gene.^[7]^[8] The enzyme pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase converts P5C into proline.

In proline degradation, the enzyme proline dehydrogenase produces P5C from proline, and the enzyme 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase converts GSA to glutamate. In many prokaryotes, proline dehydrogenase and P5C dehydrogenase form a bifunctional enzyme that prevents the release of P5C during proline degradation.^[9]

References

^ "computed by Chemicalize from ChemAxon".
^ PubChem. "3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
^ Heacock, Anne M.; Williams, Irene H.; Frank, Leonard H.; Adams, Elijah (1975-04-01). "Δ1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate and Δ1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate: Chromatography on the amino acid analyzer". Analytical Biochemistry. 64 (2): 593–600. doi:10.1016/0003-2697(75)90472-8. ISSN 0003-2697. PMID 236687.
^ Bertolo, Robert F.; Burrin, Douglas G. (2008-10-01). "Comparative Aspects of Tissue Glutamine and Proline Metabolism". The Journal of Nutrition. 138 (10): 2032S–2039S. doi:10.1093/jn/138.10.2032S. ISSN 0022-3166. PMID 18806120.
^ Qamar, Aarzoo; Mysore, Kirankumar; Senthil-Kumar, Muthappa (2015). "Role of proline and pyrroline-5-carboxylate metabolism in plant defense against invading pathogens". Frontiers in Plant Science. 6: 503. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00503. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 4491715. PMID 26217357.
^ Winter, Gudrun; Todd, Christopher D.; Trovato, Maurizio; Forlani, Giuseppe; Funck, Dietmar (2015). "Physiological implications of arginine metabolism in plants". Frontiers in Plant Science. 6: 534. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00534. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 4520006. PMID 26284079.
^ Liu G, Maunoury C, Kamoun P, Aral B (Oct 1996). "Assignment of the human gene encoding the delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) to 10q24.3 by in situ hybridization". Genomics. 37 (1): 145–6. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0535. PMID 8921385.
^ "Entrez Gene: ALDH18A1 aldehyde dehydrogenase 18 family, member A1".
^ Liu, Li-Kai; Becker, Donald F.; Tanner, John J. (2017-10-15). "Structure, function, and mechanism of proline utilization A (PutA)". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. Flavoproteins: Beyond the Classical Paradigms. 632: 142–157. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2017.07.005. ISSN 0003-9861. PMC 5650515. PMID 28712849.

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[pKa-1] "computed by Chemicalize from ChemAxon".

[2] PubChem. "3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-01-23.

[3] Heacock, Anne M.; Williams, Irene H.; Frank, Leonard H.; Adams, Elijah (1975-04-01). "Δ1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate and Δ1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate: Chromatography on the amino acid analyzer". Analytical Biochemistry. 64 (2): 593–600. doi:10.1016/0003-2697(75)90472-8. ISSN 0003-2697. PMID 236687.

[:0-4] Bertolo, Robert F.; Burrin, Douglas G. (2008-10-01). "Comparative Aspects of Tissue Glutamine and Proline Metabolism". The Journal of Nutrition. 138 (10): 2032S–2039S. doi:10.1093/jn/138.10.2032S. ISSN 0022-3166. PMID 18806120.

[5] Qamar, Aarzoo; Mysore, Kirankumar; Senthil-Kumar, Muthappa (2015). "Role of proline and pyrroline-5-carboxylate metabolism in plant defense against invading pathogens". Frontiers in Plant Science. 6: 503. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00503. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 4491715. PMID 26217357.

[6] Winter, Gudrun; Todd, Christopher D.; Trovato, Maurizio; Forlani, Giuseppe; Funck, Dietmar (2015). "Physiological implications of arginine metabolism in plants". Frontiers in Plant Science. 6: 534. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00534. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 4520006. PMID 26284079.

[pmid8921385-7] Liu G, Maunoury C, Kamoun P, Aral B (Oct 1996). "Assignment of the human gene encoding the delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) to 10q24.3 by in situ hybridization". Genomics. 37 (1): 145–6. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0535. PMID 8921385.

[entrez-8] "Entrez Gene: ALDH18A1 aldehyde dehydrogenase 18 family, member A1".

[9] Liu, Li-Kai; Becker, Donald F.; Tanner, John J. (2017-10-15). "Structure, function, and mechanism of proline utilization A (PutA)". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. Flavoproteins: Beyond the Classical Paradigms. 632: 142–157. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2017.07.005. ISSN 0003-9861. PMC 5650515. PMID 28712849.

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