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Paleobiota of the Solnhofen Limestone

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Solnhofen Limestone
Stratigraphic range: Kimmeridgian-Tithonian[1][2]
TypeGeological formation
UnderliesUsseltal Formation
OverliesTreuchtlingen Formation
Lithology
PrimaryLithographic limestone[1]
OtherSlate, Dolomite, Flint
Location
RegionBavaria
Country Germany
Type section
Named forSolnhofen

Facies map of the Solnhofen Archipelago of southern Germany

The Solnhofen Limestone or Solnhofen Plattenkalk is a collective term for multiple Late Jurassic lithographic limestones in southeastern Germany, which is famous for its well preserved fossil flora and fauna dating to the late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian). The paleoenvironment is also often referred to as the Solnhofen Archipelago. The Solnhofen Archipelago was located at the northern edge of the Tethys Ocean as part of a shallow epicontinental sea and is firmly a part of the Mediterranean realm.[3]

Chondrichthyes

[edit]
Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Holocephali

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images
Chimaeropsis[4] C. paradoxa Solnhofen, Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation Fragmentary cranial remains and one complete specimen[5] Holotype destroyed in WW2 airraid[4]
Ischyodus[5] I. egertoni Eichstätt, Wattendorf Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation Multiple complete specimens
I. quenstedti May be a junior synonym of I. egertoni
Elasmodectes[5] E. avitus Eichstätt, Blumenberg, Wintershof Altmühltal Formation Multiple complete specimens
Chimaerotheca[4] C. schernfeldensis Egg capsules of an unknown chimaera

Elasmobranchii

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images
Hybodus (Egertonodus?)[5] H. fraasi Solnhofen Altmühltal Formation Almost complete but poorly preserved specimen
Asteracanthus[5] A. ornatissimus Solnhofen Altmühltal Formation Single almost complete specimen of a 2 meter long female
Strophodus[5] S. sp Mühlheim Mörnsheim Formation Articulated set of jaws and teeth

Neoselachii

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images
Sphenodus[5] S. nitidus Solnhofen Altmühltal Formation Incomplete skeletal remains and isolated teeth
S. macer Solnhofen Altmühltal Formation Incomplete skeletal remains and isolated teeth
Synechodus[5] S. ungeri Solnhofen Altmühltal Formation Almost complete skeleton and isolated teeth
Paraorthacodus[5] P. jurensis Haunsfeld, Blumenberg, Schernfeld, Solnhofen Altmühltal Formation Several complete specimens
Macrourogaleous[5] M. hassei Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation Several complete specimens

Batomorphii

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images
Asterodermus[5] A. platypterus Solnhofen, Kelheim, Blumenberg, Birkhof Altmühltal Formation Several complete specimens
Spathobatis[5] S. bugesiacus Eichstätt, Solnhofen Altmühltal Formation Several complete specimens
Rajitheca[5] R. sp Several specimens in private collections Egg capsules of Batomorphs

Heterodontiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images
Paracestracion[5] P. falcifer Solnhofen? Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation Complete skeleton, potentially more specimens
P. viohli Schamhaupten Torleite Formation Single incomplete skeleton
P. danieli Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation Single incomplete skeleton
Heterodontus[5] H. zitteli Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation Single complete skeleton lacking teeth, several other specimens may be referrable

Orectolobiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images
Phorcynis[5] P. catulina Eichstätt, Zandt, Blumenberg Altmühltal Formation Several skeletons
Palaeorectolobus[5] P. agomphius Kelheim Altmühltal Formation One incomplete specimen

Carcharhiniformes

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images
Bavariscyllium[5] B. tischlingeri Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation Several complete specimens
Palaeoscyllium[5] P. formosum Solnhofen Altmühltal Formation Several complete specimens
Scyliorhinotheca[5] S. sp egg capsule of a catshark

Lamniformes

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images
Palaeocarcharias[5] P. stromeri Eichstätt, Kelheim, Solnhofen Altmühltal Formation Several complete specimens

Hexanchiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images
Crassodontidanus[5] C. serranus Eichstätt, Daiting Altmühltal Formation Isolated Teeth
Notidanoides[5] N. muensteri Eichstätt, Daiting Altmühltal Formation Isolated teeth, one almost complete skeleton was presumably destroyed during WW2 Another incomplete skeleton of the Genus is known from the Nusplingen limestone
Isolated Tooth of Notidanoides
Isolated Tooth of Notidanoides

Squatiniformes

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images
Pseudorhina[5] P. acanthoderma Altmühltal Formation Several complete specimens
P. alifera Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation Several complete specimens

Other

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images
Protospinax[5] P. annectans Solnhofen, Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation Several complete specimens

Osteognathostomata

[edit]
Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Chondostrei

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images

Coccolepis[6]

C. bucklandi[6]

Eichstätt, Blumenberg Altmühltal Formation Several complete Specimens
C. solnhofensis[7] Solnhofen Altmühltal Formation

Pycnodontiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images
Arduafrons[8] A. prominoris Blumenberg, Wintershof, Painten Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation Several complete specimens
Apomesodon[9] A. comosus Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation
A. sp Eichstätt, Painten Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation

Eomesodon[10]

E. gibbosus[10]

Blumenberg, Wintershof, Painten Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation Several complete specimens

Gyrodus[10]

G. circularis[10]

Eichstätt, Painten Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation Dozens of complete specimens

G. hexagonus[10]

Solnhofen, Eichstätt, Painten, Schamhaupten, Brunn Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation Dozens of complete specimens

Mesturus[10]

M. verrucosus[10]

Eichstätt, Painten Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation Several complete specimens

Macromesodon[10]

M. heckeli[10]

M. macropterus[10]

Kelheim Torleite Formation
Piranhamesodon[11] P. pinnatomus[11] Ettling Singular partial skeleton

Proscinetes[10]

P. elegans[10]

Eichstätt. Ettling Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation Dozens of complete specimens

P. formosus[10]

P. bernardi[12] Schamhaupten, Ettling, Painten Torleite Formation Several complete specimens
Turbomesodon[13] T. relegans Eichstätt, Ettling Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation
Turboscinetes[12] T. egertoni Ettling
Thiollierepycnodus[14] T. wagneri Wattendorf Torleite Formation

Ginglymodi

[edit]

Lepisosteiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images
"Lepidotes"[15] "L." decoratus
"L." intermedius
"L." oblongus
"L." pustulosus
"L." subovatus
"L." unguiculatus
Scheenstia[16]

S. maximus[16]

S. decoratus
S. zappi[17] Schamhaupten Torleite Formation Single almost complete specimen

Semionotiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images
Callipurbeckia C. notopterus[16]
Macrosemimimus[18] M. fegerti Ettling Multiple complete specimens

Macrosemiidae

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images

Histionotus[19]

H. oberndorferi[19]

Kelheim Torleite Formation Two incomplete specimens

Macrosemius[19]

M. rostratus[19]

Eichstätt, Solnhofen, Painten Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation Dozens of complete specimens
M. fourneti Brunn Torleite Formation One complete specimen

Notagogus[19]

N. decoratus[19]

N. denticulatus

Eichstätt, Schamhaupten, Painten, Brunn, Ettling? Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation Dozens of complete specimens
Palaeomacrosemius[20] P. thiollieri Eichstätt, Solnhofen, Ettling Altmühltal Formation Several complete specimens

Propterus[19]

P. elongatus[19]

Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation Several complete specimens

P. microstomus[19]

Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation Several complete specimens

Eusemius?[19]

E. beatae[19]

Voelklichthys[21] V. comitatus Painten Torleite Formation Singular specimen

Dapediiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images

Heterostrophus[22]

H. latus[22]

Solnhofen Altmühltal Formation

Halecomorphi

[edit]

Ionoscopidae

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images
Ainia[23] A. agassizi Brunn Torleite Formation
Altmuehlfuro[24] A. boomerang
Brachyichthys[25] B. radiato-puncatus
B. typicus

Ionoscopus[25]

I. cyprinoides[25]

Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation
I. desori Zandt Torleite Formation

I. esocinus[25]

I. münsteri[25]

I. striatissimus[25]

"Furo"[26] "F." angustus Solnhofen, Schamhaupten, Zandt Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation
"F." longiserratus Eichstätt, Solnhofen, Kelheim, Zandt Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation
"F." latimanus Solnhofen, Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation
Ophiopsis[27] O. muensteri Kelheim, Brunn, Ettling
Ophiopsiella[27] O. attenuata
O. breviceps
O. procera
Schernfeldfuro[26] S. uweelleri Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation
Zandtfuro[26] Z. tischlingeri Zandt Torleite Formation

Amiiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images
Amblysemius[28] A. bellicianus Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation
A. pachyurus
"A." granulatus Kelheim Altmühltal Formation
Caturus[28] C. furcatus Kelheim, Solnhofen, Ettling, Wattendorf? Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation
"C." macrurus Kelheim Altmühltal Formation
"C." latus Solnhofen Altmühltal Formation
"C." granulatus Kelheim Altmühltal Formation
"C." ferox Solnhofen Altmühltal Formation
"Furo"[29] "F." microlepidotus Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation
Strobilodus[28] S. giganteus Painten Torleite Formation
Liodesmus[25] L. gracilis Solnhofen Altmühltal Formation
L. sprattiformis Solnhofen, Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation
Lophiurus? L. minutus
Amiopsis[25] A. lepidota Eichstätt, Solnhofen, Ettling Altmühltal Formation
Solnhofenamia[25] S. elongata Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation

Pleuropholidae

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images

Pleuropholis[30]

P. laevissima[30]

Daiting, Painten Mörnsheim Formation, Torleite Formation

P. pompecki[30]

P. wagneri[30]

Pachycormidae

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images

Asthenocormus[31]

A. titanius[31]

Eichstätt, Painten Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation

Hypsocormus[31]

H. insignis[31]

Obereichstätt, Solnhofen Altmühltal Formation

H. macrodon[31]

Leedsichthys? L. sp

Orthocormus[31]

O. cornutus[31]

Birkhof, Blumenberg, Schernfeld Altmühltal Formation
O. roeperi Brunn Torleite Formation
O. teyleri? Schamhaupten Torleite Formation

Pseudoasthenocormus[32]

P. retrodorsalis[32]

Langenaltheim Altmühltal Formation
Pachycormidae Indeterminate Wattendorf Torleite Formation Giant skull fragment of a presumably 4 meter long pachycormid

Sauropsis[31]

S. longimanus[31]

Eichstätt, Blumenberg Altmühltal Formation

S. depressus[31]

Blumenberg, Schernfeld, Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation
Simocormus[33] S. macrolepidotus Solnhofen, Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation

Aspidorhynchidae

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images

Aspidorhynchus[34]

A. acutirostris[34]

Eichstätt, Zandt, Painten Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation
A. ornatissimus
A. sanzenbacheri Ettling, Painten? Torleite Formation
Belonostomus[34] B. kochi Kelheim, Ettling Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation?

B. muensteri[34]

Daiting, Mühlheim, Solnhofen, Langenaltheim, Zandt, Schamhaupten Mörnsheim Formation, Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation

B. tenuirostris[34]

Solnhofen, Zandt, Langenaltheim Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation
B. speciosus Solnhofen Altmühltal Formation
B. spyraenoides Eichstätt, Schernfeld, Wintershof Altmühltal Formation

"Pholidophoridae"

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images

Ankylophorus[35]

Indeterminate.[35]

Eurycormus[35]

E. speciosus[35]

Eichstätt, Painten, Zandt Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation

Pholidophoristion[35]

P. micronyx[35]

P. ovatus[35]

Ettling

"Pholidophorus"[35]

"P." armatus[35]

"P." diagonalis[35]

"P." falcifer[35]

"P." microps[35]

"P." sculptus[35]

"P." latimanus
"P." latus
"P." longiserratus
"P." smilis
Siemensichthys[36] S. macrocephalus Kapfelberg Altmühltal Formation
S. siemensi Schamhaupten Torleite Formation

Crossognathiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images
Bavarichthys B. incognitus Ettling Torleite Formation? Single complete skeleton The oldest record of a crossognathiform in Europe

Ichthyodectiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images

Allothrissops[37]

A. mesogaster[37]

A. salmoneus[37]

Eichstätt, Painten, brunn Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation
Ascalabothrissops[38] A. voelkli Schamhaupten Torleite Formation

Pachythrissops[37]

P. propterus[37]

Kelheim, Zandt, Ettling Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation

Thrissops[37]

T. formosus[37]

Eichstätt, Kelheim, Mühlheim, Ettling Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation, Mörnsheim Formation

T. subovatus[37]

Eichstätt, Kelheim, Ettling Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation?

Elopiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images
Anaethalion[39] "A." angustissimus Eichstätt, Painten Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation
A. angustus Langenaltheim, Eichstätt, Schernfeld Altmühltal Formation
A. knorri
A. subovatus
A. zapporum Schamhaupten Torleite Formation
Daitingichthys[39] D. tischlingeri Daiting Mörnsheim Formation
Eichstaettia[39] E. mayri Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation
Elopsomolos[38] E. frickhingeri Blumenberg Altmühltal Formation
E. sp 1
E. sp 2
E. sp 3

Osteoglossomorpha

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images
Ascalabos[40] A. voithii Eichstätt, Schernfeld Altmühltal Formation
Tischlingerichthys[41] T. viohli
Tharsis[42] T. dubius Eichstätt, Painten Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation
T. elleri Schernfeld Altmühltal Formation
T. sp Wattendorf Torleite Formation
Ebertichthys[40] E. ettlingensis Ettling Torleite Formation?

Leptolepides[43]

L. haerteisi[43]

Zandt, Schamhaupten Torleite Formation

L. sprattiformis[43]

Solnhofen, Eichstätt, Kelheim, Langenaltheim, Schernfeld, Blumenberg Altmühltal Formation Multiple Mass mortality plates of this species are known.

It represents the most common vertebrate of the Solnhofen limestone.

Orthogonikleithrus[43]

O. hoelli[43]

Ettling Torleite Formation?

O. leichi[43]

Ettling Torleite Formation?

Coelacanths

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images

Coccoderma[44]

C. bavaricum Kelheim Altmühltal Formation
C. gigas Kelheim Altmühltal Formation
C. suevicum
C. nudum Kelheim Altmühltal Formation
Libys[44] L. polypterus Kelheim Altmühltal Formation
L. superbus Zandt Torleite Formation
Undina[44] U. acutidens Kelheim Altmühltal Formation
U. penicillata Kelheim, Painten, Wattendorf Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation
Macropoma[44] M. willemoesi Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation

Reptiles

[edit]
Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Lizards

[edit]
Name Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images

Ardeosaurus[45]

A. brevipes

Eichstätt

Altmühltal Formation Small Lepidosaur thought to be close to the base of Geckota[45]

A. digitatellus

Solnhofen, Eichstätt

Altmühltal Formation

Bavarisaurus[45]

B. macrodactylus

Kelheim

Altmühltal Formation
Palaeolacerta[45] P. bavarica

Eichstaettisaurus[45]

E. schroederi

Eichstätt

Altmühltal Formation
Schoenesmahl[45] S. dyspepsia Kelheim Altmühltal Formation Bavariasaurid lizard that was found in the stomach of the Compsognathus Holotype[45]

Rhynchocephalians

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images

Homoeosaurus

H. maximillioni

Eichstätt, Painten, Schamhaupten, Kelheim

Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation
Sapheosaurus S. laticeps Eichstätt, Painten Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation Large sapheosaurid reaching 70 cm in length, it may be semi-aquatic
Sphenofontis[23] S. velseraegen Brunn Torleite Formation
Kallimodon K. pulchellus Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation Sapheosauridae
Oenosaurus O. muehlheimensis Mühlheim Mörnsheim Formation Rhynchocephalian with dentition unique among Tetrapods[46]
Vadasaurus V. herzogi Painten Torleite Formation Rhynchocephalian close to the base of Pleurosauridae[47]
Piocormus P. laticeps Painten? Torleite Formation

Pleurosaurus

P. goldfussi

Eichstätt, Langenaltheim, Painten, Mühlheim, Wattendorf

Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation, Mörnsheim Formation

Acrosaurus fischmanni is a synonym.[48]

Ichthyosaurs

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images

Aegirosaurus[49]

A. leptospondylus

Eichstätt, Solnhofen[50]

Altmühltal Formation
A. sp[51] Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation
Ichthyosauria Indeterminate Painten Torleite Formation
Ichthyosauria Indeterminate Painten Torleite Formation

"Ichthyosaurus"

"I." posthumus

Eichstätt, Kelheim, Solnhofen

Altmühltal Formation

Nomen dubium. Known only from isolated teeth.

Nannopterygius? N. sp Daiting Mörnsheim Formation

Turtles

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images
Achelonia[52] A. formosa Wattendorf Torleite Formation

Cyrtura

C. temnospondyla

Solnhofen

Altmühltal Formation

Eurysternum[53]

E. wagleri

Solnhofen, Kelheim, Painten, Wattendorf

Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation

Idiochelys

I. fitzingeri

Eichstätt

Altmühltal Formation

Palaeomedusa[53]

P. testa

Kelheim, Eichstätt, Solnhofen

Altmühltal Formation

Eurysternum crassipes and Thalassemys marina are synonyms.

Platychelys

P. oberndorferi

Kelheim

Altmühltal Formation Platychelyid sea turtle

Solnhofia[54]

S. parsonsi

Eichstätt, Painten

Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation
Tropidemys[52] T. langii Wattendorf Torleite Formation
Thalassemys[55] T. bruntrutana Wattendorf Torleite Formation

Crocodylomorphs

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images
Aeolodon[56] A. priscus Daiting Mörnsheim Formation Two partial skeletons A teleosaur

Alligatorellus[57]

A. bavaricus

Eichstätt, Kelheim, Painten

Altmühltal Formation, Mörnsheim Formation Partial skeleton[58]

An atoposaurid

Atoposaurus[57] A. oberndorferi Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation An atoposaurid
Cricosaurus[59] C. albersdoerferi Painten Torleite Formation Complete skeleton preserving soft tissue
C. bambergensis Wattendorf Torleite Formation One almost complete skeleton

C. elegans

Eichstätt, Solnhofen, Daiting

Altmühltal Formation, Mörnsheim Formation Skull and vertebrae (NHM 43005)[60]

Partial skull (NHM 37006[60])

A metriorhynchid

C. rauhuti Mühlheim Mörnsheim Formation Partial 3D skull
Crocodilaemus C. sp Brunn Torleite Formation Complete skeleton of a juvenile

Dakosaurus[61]

D. maximus

Eichstätt, Schernfeld, Schamhaupten, Painten, Kelheim

Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation Isolated teeth (JME-SOS4577, JME-SOS2535[60])[62]

A metriorhynchid

Geosaurus[61]

G. giganteus

Solnhofen, Daiting

Altmühltal Formation, Mörnsheim Formation Skull and mandible (NHM 37020)[63]

Isolated tooth (NHM 37016)[63]

A metriorhynchid

G. grandis Daiting Mörnsheim Formation

Rhacheosaurus[61]

R. gracilis

Eichstätt, Zandt, Daiting

Altmühltal Formation, Mörnsheim Formation, Torleite Formation Skull and skeleton (NHM R.3948)[63][60]

A metriorhynchid

Machimosaurus M. sp Mühlheim Mörnsheim Formation Isolated teeth
"Steneosaurus" "S." jugleri

Dinosaurs

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Image
Archaeopteryx[64] A. albersdoerferi[65] Daiting Mörnsheim Formation Parts of the skull and wings

A. siemensii[66]

Langenaltheim, Workerszell

Altmühltal Formation

A. lithographica[64]

Langenaltheim, Eichstätt

Altmühltal Formation
Alcmonavis[67] A. poeschli Mühlheim Mörnsheim Formation Partial wing

Compsognathus[64]

C. longipes[64]

Kelheim (Goldberg)

Altmühltal Formation Complete skeleton Stomach contents are preserved in the form of the lizard Schoenesmahl.

A second specimen of the genus is known from the French Canjuers Lagerstätte

Juravenator[68] J. starki Schamhaupten Torleite Formation Single complete skeleton with soft tissue
Ostromia[69] O. crassipes Jachenhausen Torleite Formation Partial limb bones
Sciurumimus[70] S. albersdoerferi Painten Torleite Formation Complete skeleton of a juvenile preserving soft tissue

Pterosaurs

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images

Aerodactylus

A. scolopaciceps

Formerly classified as a species of Pterodactylus, closely related to Ardeadactylus, Aurorazhdarcho, and Cycnorhamphus.[71]

Anurognathus

A. ammoni

The holotype consists of a partial skeleton, while the second specimen is represented by a perfectly preserved juvenile including soft tissue.

Ardeadactylus

A. longicollum

The holotype was destroyed in a WW2 air raid, but another more complete specimen is known from the Nusplingen limestone.

Formerly considered a species of Pterodactylus, it is more closely related to Gnathosaurus and Germanodactylus.[72]

Altmuehlopterus[73] A. rhamphastinus

Aurorazhdarcho[74]

A. micronyx

Bellubrunnus[75] B. rothgaengeri Brunn Torleite Formation Single complete skeleton of a juvenile
Balaenognathus[76] B. maeuseri Wattendorf Torleite Formation

Ctenochasma

C. elegans

Originally classified as Pterodactylus elegans

C. gracile
C. sp Mühlheim Mörnsheim Formation Skull and two cervical vertebrae

Cycnorhamphus

C. suevicus

Originally classified as Pterodactylus suevicus.

This genus originally hails from the Nusplingen Limestone

Diopecephalus[73] D. kochi

Germanodactylus

G. cristatus

Originally classified as Pterodactylus cristatus

Gnathosaurus

G. subulatus

Gnathosaurinae[23] Indeterminate Brunn Torleite Formation

Pterodactylus

P. antiquus

Only one species is currently supported as valid, the rest represent growth stages, often of other species, synonyms, or nomina dubia.[77]
Petrodactyle[78] P. wellnhoferi Mühlheim Mörnsheim Formation
Propterodactylus[79] P. frankerlae Ulmense Painten Formation[80] A complete skeleton Notable for its transitional features between pterodactyloids and more basal monofenestratans

Rhamphorhynchus[81]

R. muensteri

Eichstätt, Solnhofen, Painten, Kelheim Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation Only one species is currently supported as valid, the rest represent growth stages, often of other species, synonyms, or nomina dubia.[81]
"Rhamphodactylus" Indeterminate Mühlheim Mörnsheim Formation

Scaphognathus[82]

S. crassirostris[82]

Eichstätt, Mühlheim Altmühltal Formation, Mörnsheim Formation A Solnhofen genus erected in 1861 by J. A. Wagner when he recognized the rhamphorhynchoid nature of "Pterodactylus" crassirostris after the discovery of a specimen with a preserved tail.[82] The Solnhofen Limestone is the only known source of Scaphognathus fossils.[82]

S. crassirostris was originally named P. crassirostris in 1831 by August Goldfuss who mistook the tailless specimen for a new Pterodactylus species.[82]

Sauropterygia

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Material Notes Images
Pliosauridae[83] Indeterminate Kelheim, Painten Altmühltal Formation, Torleite Formation Isolated teeth of great size

Echinodermata

[edit]

Crinoids

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Notes Images
Liliocrinus[84] L. sp
Millericrinus[84] M. mespiliformis
M. nobilis
Balanocrinus[84] B. sigmaringensis
B. subteres
Pentacrinus[84] P. cf. pentagonalis
Comaturella[84] C. pennata Solnhofen, Zandt, Langenaltheimer Haardt Almtühltal Formation, Painten Formation
C. formosa Zandt Painten Formation
Solanocrinites[84] S. costatus
S. gracilis
S. imperialis
Saccocoma[85] S. pectinata Saccocoma remains are the most common macroscopic fossils in the Solnhofen limestone.[85]
S. tenella Eichstätt, Solnhofen, Blumenberg Altmühltal Formation

Ophiuroidea

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Notes Images
Geocoma[84] G. carinata Solnhofen, Zandt Altmühltal Formation, Painten Formation
G. planata
Ophiopetra[84] O. lithographica Kelheim, Hienheim Painten Formation
Ophiurella[84] O. speciosa Solnhofen, Painten Altmühltal Formation, Painten Formation
Sinosura[84] S. kelheimense Hienheim, Ried, Kelheim Painten Formation

Asteroidea

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Notes Images
Archasteropecten[84] A. elegans
Lithaster[84] L. jurassicus
Pentasteria[84] P. tithonica Hienheim Painten Formation
P. lithographica Zandt Painten Formation
Riedaster[84] R. reicheli Ried Painten Formation
Terminaster[84] T. cancriformis Böhmfeld Altmühltal Formation

Echinoidea

[edit]

Cidaroidea

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Notes Images
Diplocidaris[84] D. sp Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation
Rhabdocidaris[84] R. boehmi
R. mayri
R. orbignyana Brunn, Painten Torleite Formation, Painten Formation
R. trispinata
R. sp Painten Painten Formation
Plegiocidaris[84] P. blumenbachii
P. sp
Paracidaris[84] P. sp

Euechinoidea

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Notes Images
Diadematacea[84] Indeterminate
Echinothurioidea[84] Indeterminate
Polydiadema[84] P. sp
Diademopsis[84] D. sp
Hemipedina[84] H. sp
Pedina[84] P. lithographica
P. sp Painten Painten Formation
Phymopedina[84] P. marchamensis Painten Painten Formation
P. sp
Hemicidaris[84] H. intermedia Eichstätt, Zandt, Painten Altmühltal Formation, Painten Formation
Acrocidaris[84] A. sp
Diplopodia[84] D. subangularis
Pseudodiadema[84] P. lithographica Ried, Breitenhill Painten Formation
P. pseudodiadema
Tetragramma[84] T. planissima Painten Painten Formation

Other Echinoids

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Notes Images
Phymosoma[84] P. sp Mörnsheim, Breitenhill Mörnsheim Formation, Painten Formation
Pseudosalenia[84] P. aspera Brunn, Schamhaupten Painten Formation, Torleite Formation
Pygaster[84] P. sp
Holectypus[84] H. corallinus
H. sp
Kieripygurus[84] K. jurensis
Pygurus[84] P. sp Eichstätt, Kelheim, Schamhaupten, Painten Altmühltal Formation, Painten Formation
Nucleolites[84] N. sp Brunn, Kelheim Painten Formation, Torleite Formation
Collyropsis[84] C. carinata
C. sp
Stomechinus[84] S. perlatus Kapfelberg Altmühltal Formation?

Holothuroidea

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Notes Images
Jumaraina[84] J. sp
Achistrum[84] A. sp
Hemisphaerantos[84] H. sp
Priscopedatus[84] P. sp
Synallactidae[84] Indeterminate

Molluscs

[edit]

Cephalopods

[edit]

Nautiloidea

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Notes Images
Pseudaganides P. franconicus Solnhofen? Altmühltal Formation
P. sp Mühlheim Mörnsheim Formation
Pseudonautilus P. sp Mühlheim Mörnsheim Formation

Ammonoidea

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Notes Images
Phylloceras P. serum Daiting Mörnsheim Formation
Glochiceras G. cf. lens
Streblites S. sp Eichstätt, Blumenberg Altmühltal Formation
Fontannesiella F. prolithographica Solnhofen, Daiting, Mörnsheim Altmühltal Formation, Mörnsheim Formation
F. cf. franciscanum Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation
F. cf. euglyptum Langenaltheimer Haardt Altmühltal Formation
Lingulaticeras L. planulatum
L. solenoides Wegscheid Altmühltal Formation
L. sp
Metahaploceras M. acallopistum
M. rebouletianum
M. subnudatum
Neochetoceras N. bous Blumenberg, Birkhof Altmühltal Formation
N. mucronatum
N. praecursor
N. steraspis Solnhofen, Eichstätt, Hummelberg Atlmühltal Formation, Mörnsheim Formation
Paralingulaticeras P. haeberleini
P. lithographicum Solnhofen Altmühltal Formation
P. nodosum
P. percevali
Taramelliceras T. hemipleurum
Aspidoceras A. hoplisum Solnhofen, Wegscheid Atlmühltal Formation
A .sp Brunn Torleite Formation
Physodoceras P. episoides
P. hermanni Brunn Torleite Formation
P. nattheimense
P. pipini
Sutneria S. apora Birkhof, Wintershof Altmühltal Formation
S. bracheri
S. rebholzi
S. subeumela Brunn Torleite Formation
S. sp
Hybonotella H. mundula Langenaltheimer Haardt Altmühltal Formation
Hybonoticeras H. hybonotum Solnhofen, Blumenberg Altmühltal Formation
H. pseudohybonotum
H. sp
Gravesia G. gigas Hienheim, Ried, Wegscheid Painten Formation
G. sp
Berckhemeria B. cf. scherzingeri
Virgataxioceras V. setatum
V. supinum
V. sp
Euvirgalithacoceras E. supremum Solnhofen, Eichstätt Atlmühltal Formation
E. eystettense Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation
Hoelderia H. sp Wintershof Altmühltal Formation
Lithacoceras L. eigeltingense Zandt Painten Formation
L. eystettense
L. cf. liptingense Langenaltheimer Haardt Altmühltal Formation
L. cf. riedense
L. cf. ulmense
L. sp Schernfeld, Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation
Pseudodiscosphinctes P. ardescicus
Silisphinctes S. cf. russi Zandt Painten Formation
S. sp Wegscheid Altmühltal Formation
Subplanites S. moernsheimensis Daiting Mörnsheim Formation
S. postrueppellianus Solnhofen, Blumenberg, Wintershof, Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation
S. rueppellianus Solnhofen, Wegscheid Altmühltal Formation
S. viohli Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation
S. laisackerensis Birkhof Altmühltal Formation
"Torquatisphinctes" "S". filiplex
"S". isolatus
Aulacostephanus A. cf. subundorae Painten Torleite Formation?, Painten Formation

Belemnoidea

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Notes Images
Acanthoteuthis A. leichi
A. speciosa Solnhofen, Eichstätt, Birkhof Altmühltal Formation
Belemnoteuthis B. mayri Wintershof Altmühltal Formation
Hibolithes H. hasatus Solnhofen, Breitenhill, Painten Altmühltal Formation, Painten Formation, Torleite Formation
H. semisulcatus
Pavloteuthis P. kapitzkei Wegscheid Altmühltal Formation
Rhaphibelus R. acicula Eichstätt. Blumenberg, Wegscheid Altmühltal Formation
Winkleriteuthis W. problematicus Schernfeld Altmühltal Formation

Vampyromorpha

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Formation Notes Images
Boreopeltis B. sagittata Solnhofen Altmühltal Formation
Engeseriteuthis[86] E. arcuatus Schamhaupten Painten Formation
Plesioteuthis P. prisca Eichstätt, Solnhofen, Wegscheid, Schamhaupten Altmühltal Formation, Painten Formation
P. subovata
Senefelderiteuthis S. tricarinata Eichstätt, Daiting Altmühltal Formation, Mörnsheim Formation
Trachyteuthis[87] T. hastiformis Daiting, Painten, Eichstätt, Brunn Mörnsheim Formation, Altmühltal Formation, Painten Formation, Torleite Formation
T. teudopsiformis Blumenberg, Schamhaupten Altmühltal Formation, Painten Formation
Teudopsinia[88] T. grossheidei Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation
Tyrionella[86] T. fauseri Schernfeld Altmühltal Formation
Donovaniteuthis D. schoepfeli
Leptoteuthis L. gigas Solnhofen, Eichstätt, Blumenberg Altmühltal Formation
Listroteuthis[86] L. conica Daiting Mörnsheim Formation Holotype specimen destroyed during WW2
Bavaripeltis[84] B. bavarica Solnhofen Altmühltal Formation
Doryanthes[84] D. munsterii Eichstätt, Blumenberg, Mörnsheim Mörnsheim Formation, Altmühltal Formation
Palaeololigo[89] P. albersdoerferi Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation
P. oblonga Schernfeld Altmühltal Formation
Celaenoteuthis[86] C. incerta Solnhofen, Eichstätt, Birkscheid Altmühltal Formation
Muensterella[86] M. scutellaris Eichstätt, Solnhofen, Wegscheid, Wintershof, Painten, Mörnsheim Mörnsheim Formation, Altmühltal Formation, Painten Formation
M. spinosa Daiting Mörnsheim Formation

Arthropods

[edit]

Crustacea

[edit]
Crustaceans of the Solnhofen Formation
Name Species Presence Notes Images
Cancrinos[90] C. claviger[90] Solnhofen[90] A cancrinid
Cycleryon C. elongatus[90] Solnhofen[90] An eryonid
C. orbiculatus[90] An eryonid
C. propinquus[90] An eryonid
Eryma E. modestiforme[90] An erymid
E. veltheimii[90] An erymid
Eryon E. cuvieri[90][91] An eryonid
Etallonia[90] E. longimana[90] Solnhofen[90] An axiid
Gigantosculda G. ehrlichfeckei[92] Eichstätt[92] A mantis shrimp
Glyphea G. pseudoscyllarus[90] A glypheid
G. tenuis[90] Eichstätt[90] A glypheid
Knebelia[90] K. bilobata[90] Solnhofen[90] An eryonid
Magila M. desmarestii[90] Solnhofen[90] An axiid
M. latimana[90] Eichstätt[90] An axiid
Mecochirus M. dubius[90] A mecochirid
M. longimanatus[90] A mecochirid
Orhomalus O. deformis[90] Solnhofen[90] A pagurid
Palaeastacus[90] P. fuciformis[90] An erymid
Palaeobresilia[93] P. kurthetriegeri[93] A bresiliid shrimp
Palaeopentacheles[90] P. roettenbacheri[90] A polychelid
Palinurina P. longipes[90] A spiny lobster
P. tenera[90] Eichstätt[90] A spiny lobster
Pustulina[90] P. minuta[90] An erymid
Pseudastacus[90] P. pustulosus[90] A stenochirid
Rosenfeldia[90] R. oppeli[90] Eichstätt[90] An eryonid
Sculda S. pennata[94] A mantis shrimp
S. spinosa[94] A mantis shrimp
Spinosculda[95] S. ehrlichi[92][95] A mantis shrimp
Stenochirus S. angustus[90] Flonheim[90] A stenochirid
S. mayeri[90] Solnhofen[90] A stenochirid
Squamosoglyphea S. squamosa[90] Kelheim[90] A glypheid

Tyrannosculda[96]

T. laurae[96] Eichstätt[96] A mantis shrimp

Xiphosura

[edit]
Horseshoe crabs of the Solnhofen Formation
Taxa Presence Notes Images
Mesolimulus

Thylacocephalans

[edit]
Thylacocephalans of the Solnhofen Formation
Taxa Presence Notes Images
Clausocaris C. lithographica
Dollocaris D. michelorum
Mayrocaris M. bucculata
Falcatacaris F. bastelbergeri

Insects

[edit]
Dragonflies of the Solnhofen Formation
Taxa Presence Notes Images
Mesurupetala - Houston Museum of Natural Science

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Rauhut, O. W., Heyng, A. M., López-Arbarello, A., & Hecker, A. (2012). A new rhynchocephalian from the Late Jurassic of Germany with a dentition that is unique amongst tetrapods. PLoS ONE, 7(10): e46839.
  2. ^ Schweigert, G. 2007. Ammonite biostratigraphy as a tool for dating Upper Jurassic lithographic limestones from South Germany – first results and open questions." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen, 245(1): 117-125. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2007/0245-0117
  3. ^ Tyborowski, Daniel; Błażejowski, Błażej (December 2019). "New marine reptile fossils from the Late Jurassic of Poland with implications for vertebrate faunas palaeobiogeography". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 130 (6): 741–751. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2019.09.004.
  4. ^ a b c Duffin, Christopher J.; Lauer, Bruce; Lauer, René (2022-11-30). "Chimaeroid egg cases from the Late Jurassic of the Solnhofen area (S Germany)". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 306 (2): 161–175. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2022/1101. ISSN 0077-7749.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Villalobos-Segura, Eduardo; Stumpf, Sebastian; Türtscher, Julia; Jambura, Patrick; Begat, Arnaud; López-Romero, Faviel; Fischer, Jan; Kriwet, Jürgen (2023-03-08). "A Synoptic Review of the Cartilaginous Fishes (Chondrichthyes: Holocephali, Elasmobranchii) from the Upper Jurassic Konservat-Lagerstätten of Southern Germany: Taxonomy, Diversity, and Faunal Relationships". Diversity. 15 (3): 386. doi:10.3390/d15030386. ISSN 1424-2818. PMC 7614348. PMID 36950327.
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  7. ^ López-Arbarello, Adriana; Ebert, Martin (2021). "Diversity of Coccolepis AGASSIZ, 1843 (Coccolepididae, Chondrostei) from the Upper Jurassic Solnhofen-Archipelago, Southern Germany". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 66. doi:10.4202/app.00873.2021.
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  13. ^ Poyato-Ariza, Francisco Jose; Wenz, Sylvie (2000-03-01). "A new pycnodontiform fish from the Early Cretaceous of Las Hoyas (Cuenca, Spain)". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 171 (2): 251–258. doi:10.2113/171.2.251. ISSN 1777-5817.
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General

[edit]
  • Lambers, P. H. (1999). The actinopterygian fish fauna of the Late Kimmeridgian and Early Tithonian 'Plattenkalke' near Solnhofen (Bavaria, Germany): state of the art. Geologie en Mijnbouw 78:215-229.
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