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Robert C. Michelson

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Robert C. Michelson
Michelson holding his invention: the Entomopter
Born
Washington, D.C.
NationalityAmerican
Known forAerial robotics systems
Micro air vehicles
Biologically-inspired robotics
Robotics competitions
AwardsAUVSI Pioneer Award (1998)
Pirelli Internetional Award (2001)
Scientific career
FieldsRobotics
Electronics engineering
Aerospace engineering
InstitutionsGeorgia Institute of Technology
The Georgia Tech Research Institute
U.S. Naval Research Laboratory

Robert C. Michelson (born 1951) is an American engineer and academic who invented the entomopter, a biologically inspired flapping-winged aerial robot, and who established the International Aerial Robotics Competition. Michelson's career began at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. He later became a member of the research faculty at the Georgia Institute of Technology. He is the author of three U.S. patents and over 100 journal papers, book chapters and reports.[1] Michelson is the recipient of the 1998 AUVSI Pioneer Award and the 2001 Pirelli Award for the diffusion of scientific culture as well as the first Top Pirelli Prize.

Early life and education

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Robert Michelson next to a portrait of relative Christian Michelsen, at the Chr. Michelsen Institute[2] in Bergen Norway.

Michelson was born in 1951 in Washington D.C., the only son of Carroll[3] and Evelyn[4] Michelson, and is related to Christian Michelsen, the first Prime Minister of Norway.[5] Michelson attended the Burgundy Farm Country Day School during the sixth through eighth grades.[6] While at Fort Hunt High School he was President of the Fort Hunt Amateur Rocket Club which built large (2m x 5 cm) instrumented solid fuel rockets that were launched at the Camp Pickett artillery range in Blackstone, Virginia.[7][8] He graduated from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1973 and the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1974 with degrees in Electrical Engineering.[9]

Career

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From 1971 to 1973, Michelson was a research engineer working on aerospace radar systems at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory in Washington D.C. He then moved to the Georgia Tech Research Institute in Atlanta, Georgia. During the 1970s and 1980s Michelson primarily developed radar signal processing and control hardware,[10] but was also interested in the automation of remote sensing systems ranging from the tracking of endangered species to the creation of realistic soldier training scenarios and simulation and testing of foreign military radar assets.[11][12][13] In the late 1980s he became Head of the Georgia Tech Research Institute's Technology Development Division and his interests turned to unmanned aerial vehicle systems as a fusion of autonomy, information technology, and aeronautics.[14][15] In particular, "aerial robotics" (a term he coined in 1990 to represent the infusion of cognition into unmanned aerial vehicles)[16][17] dominated his research for the next two decades.

Since the mid-1990s, Michelson's work has concentrated on biologically inspired micro air vehicle design.[18][19] From 1997 through 2004, Michelson was adjunct associate professor to the School of Aerospace Engineering, teaching classes in avionics for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)[20] and Micro/Mini Air Vehicle (MAV) design.[21] Michelson retired from the Georgia Tech Research Institute in 2004 and currently holds the title of Principal Research Engineer Emeritus with the Institute.[citation needed] In 2004, he created Millennial Vision, LLC to continue research into biologically inspired aerial robots and remote sensing.[22] He is the President of SEPDAC (Scientific Enterprise in Pursuit and Discovery of Ancient Cultures),[23] a nonprofit educational and scientific organization.

Michelson was the U.S. representative and deputy chief referee to the Aviation Industry Corporation of China's UAV Grand Prix during its inaugural year (2011), and again in 2013 and 2015.[24][25][26] He was the section editor for "MAVs and Bio-Inspired UAVs" in Springer's Handbook of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, released in 2014.[27] Michelson was chosen to represent the United States on the NATO Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD) to predict future (2020 timeframe) sensor technologies for unmanned aerial systems (UAS).[28] He was the NATO/RTA (Research and Technology Agency) lecturer at the Turkish Air Force Academy (Hava Harp Okulu) in Istanbul in 2006,[29] and invited lecturer on Micro Air Vehicle technology at the von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics in 1999 and 2003.[30] He was the first "MITRE Technology Speaker"(1998)[31] and has been a visiting technology professor in Australia, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Turkey and Mexico.[32] [33] [34]

Michelson was a consultant to the U.S. Army and the Indian Ministry of Defence in 2008, responsible for defining and organizing the 1st U.S.-Asian Micro Air Vehicle Demonstration in Agra India.[35][36] He performed similar duties for the U.S. Army in defining the 1st US-European Micro Air Vehicle Competition/Demonstration in Garmisch Germany in 2005.[37] He is creator and organizer of the annual International Aerial Robotics Competition.[38]

Projects

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While at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Michelson worked on radar-based ocean surveillance systems and flew hardware test missions on a Lockheed Warning Star PO-1W Super Constellation.[39] In 1974 Michelson began work at the Georgia Tech Research Institute, where he got his first contract when an entry-level engineer (Research Engineer I). This first project involved methods to electronically track the endangered species Trichechus manatus (West Indian manatee) in the waters around the Kennedy Space Center.[40][41]

In 1979, Michelson directed the Army's Indirect Fire Simulation effort conducted for Combat Development and Experimentation Command (CDEC).[42] Michelson directed a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) program to show feasibility of a non-line-of-sight radio-acoustic sensor for bending radar signals using the Bragg principle to detect obstacle-masked targets (essentially making radars look around corners).[43] He also directed a program to evaluate ground penetration radar for detection of buried natural gas leaks in urban utility systems.[44] During 1981, Michelson directed a program for the automated noninvasive testing of captured foreign threat assets. Other radar test devices were also developed by Michelson for U.S. military test and evaluation purposes within the United States, including a program to develop a Ka-band Linear Electronics Countermeasure Source (KABLES) for use in testing U.S. Army millimeter wave assets.[45][46]

Compound ducted fan developed by Michelson's UAV team at GTRI began as a traffic surveillance drone program.

During the mid-1990s, Michelson's research began to focus almost entirely on unmanned vehicle systems, especially those with the power of flight. Under various contracts to DARPA and the Air Force, and using internal research and development funds from the Georgia Tech Research Institute, his design team designed a micro air vehicle (MAV) known as the entomopter. The NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts recognized the unique flight qualities of the entomopter and awarded Michelson two contracts to explore the feasibility of the entomopter for slow flight in Mars' lower atmosphere.[47]

Honors and awards

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Michelson is an Associate Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA),[48][49] Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE),[50] and a Full Member of the Scientific Research Society of North America, Sigma Xi.[51] During the 1990s he served as President and member of the Board of Directors of the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems (AUVSI) International organization.[52] In 1998, Michelson received the AUVSI Pioneer Award,[53] which is the highest level of recognition within the unmanned systems industry for technical contributions. Michelson is the recipient of the 2001 Pirelli Award for the diffusion of scientific culture,[54][55] given by an international jury for the "best multimedia project coming from any educational institution in the world". For endeavors related to the entomopter, he was also awarded the first €25,000 Top Pirelli Prize.[56] In 2016, the International Aerial Robotics Competition and Michelson were recognized during the Georgia legislative session in the form of "Senate Resolution 1255” which recognized his effort in the development of the longest running aerial robotics competition in the world and moving forward the state of the art in aerial robotics on several occasions.[57]

Media and literature

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Robert Michelson being interviewed by Alan Alda at the 1995 International Aerial Robotics Competition during the filming of Scientific American Frontiers.[58]

Michelson has been interviewed and quoted in Business Week, Popular Mechanics, Scientific American, Chronicle of Higher Education), and radio on National Public Radio, Armed Forces Radio, American Association for the Advancement of Science radio syndicate), Scientific American Frontiers,[58] Discovery Channel, CNN, BBC, and various ABC/CBS/NBC/Fox affiliates).[59]

A technical biography of Michelson is the subject of episode 1008 of the television program Beyond Invention, which chronicles a number of his research projects including UAV research, the International Aerial Robotics Competition, the entomopter-based Mars surveyor, and his work with automated coral propagation.[60] Michelson is an hour-long Discovery Science Channel program entitled Airbots.[61]

Michelson has been quoted in news programming with regard to the International Aerial Robotics Competition and the applications of the underlying technology to military and civilian spheres.[62][63][64] As the use of robotic drone aircraft increased during the Gulf Wars, public interest in the subject was peaked and Michelson was featured in the NOVA episode "Spies that Fly"[65] and the BBC special Seven Ways to Topple Saddam.[66] Michelson is the basis for the fictional character Michael C. Robertson in the novel Drone Games (2014) by Joel Narlock.[67] In this work, Michael C. Robertson is the creator of the entomopter at the Georgia Technology Research Institute. This fictitious character's name is an anagram of Robert C. Michelson. Michelson's entomopter is also featured in another of Joel Narlock's novels, Target Acquired (2003).[68]

Selected publications

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  • “Test and Evaluation for Fully Autonomous Micro Air Vehicles,” The ITEA Journal, December 2008, Volume 29, Number 4, ISSN 1054-0229 International Test and Evaluation Association, pp. 367–374 (winner of the 2009 International Test and Evaluation Association Publication Award[69])
  • “Very small flying machines,” 2006 Yearbook of Science & Technology, McGraw-Hill, New York, ISBN 0-07-146205-8, 2006, pp. 341–344
  • “Novel Approaches to Miniature Flight Platforms,” Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 218 Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering, Special Issue Paper 2004, pp. 363–373
  • “Beyond Biologically Inspired Insect Flight,” von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics RTO/AVT Lecture Series on Low Reynolds Number Aerodynamics on Aircraft Including Applications in Emerging UAV Technology, Brussels Belgium, 24–28 November 2003
  • “The Entomopter,” Neurotechnology for Biomimetic Robots, ISBN 0-262-01193-X, The MIT Press, September 2002, pp. 481–509
  • “Autonomous Vehicles,” Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 84, No. 8, August 1996, pp. 1147–1164
  • “Feasibility of Applying Radio-Acoustic Techniques to Non Line-of-Sight Sensing,” AIAA Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 33, No. 2, March – April 1996, pp. 260–267
  • “Tracking of the Florida Manatee,” ISA Transactions, Vol. 21, No. 1, 1982, pp. 79–85

References

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  1. ^ Nesmith, Robert (2016-08-24). "Georgia Tech Family Members at the Forefront of Aerial Vehicle Technology" (PDF). GTRI Home Page (archived). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-10. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
  2. ^ "Chr. Michelsen institute – Who We Are". Chr. Michelsen institute. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
  3. ^ "Carroll Michelson biography". Retrieved 2021-09-21.
  4. ^ "Evelyn Michelson biography". Retrieved 2021-09-21.
  5. ^ Nissen, Henri (2005). Noah's Ark Uncovered: An Expedition into the Ancient Past. DNT, Poland: Scandinavia Publishing House. p. 318. ISBN 87-7247-813-6. pg. 278, "One of Michelson's forefathers was the Norwegian prime minister, Christian Michelsen...".
  6. ^ "Fall 2008 issue of Burgundy Voices magazine: "Scientist Blends Biology and Robotics to Create the Entomopter"". Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
  7. ^ Fort Hunt High School 1969 Yearbook - "The Fortress" vol. VI. Fairfax County, Virginia. 1969. p. 376. pg. 223, annotated Rocket Club group picture.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ "Fort Hunt High School Alumni site". Archived from the original on 2010-11-22. Retrieved 2009-05-16.
  9. ^ Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 1973 Yearbook. Blacksburg, Virginia. 1973. pg. 110.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ^ Donovan, J.A., ed. (November 1976). "Man-made Computer Simulates Radar Targets and Clutter" (PDF). Station News. 5 (10). Atlanta, Georgia USA: Engineering Experiment Station: 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2014. Members of the Radar Technology Division... include: Rob Michelson...
  11. ^ Michelson, Robert (November 1988). Specialized Engineering for Special Operations Forces. Atlanta, Georgia USA: The Georgia Tech Research Institute. Final Report, Contract No. F09603-85-G-3104-0021.
  12. ^ Stegar, Martha Ann, ed. (October 1981). "Cueing Device for War Games" (PDF). Station News. 12 (3). Atlanta, Georgia USA: Engineering Experiment Station: 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2014.
  13. ^ Michelson, Robert (April 1986). High Power Millimeter Wave Electronic Countermeasures Source (U). Adelphi, Maryland USA: Proceedings of the Tenth DARPA/Tri-Service Millimeter Wave Symposium (U), SECRET DARPA-TIO-86-1.
  14. ^ Michelson, Robert (October 1995). Enabling Technologies for UAVs. Ankara, Türkiye: Proceedings of the NATO Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development, AGARD-CP-591, Flight Vehicle Integration Panel Specialists’ Meeting on the “Design and Operation of Unmanned Air Vehicles”. pp. 17/1–17/10.
  15. ^ Michelson, Robert (August 1994). Future Use of Unmanned Air Vehicle Systems in the Maritime Environment. Paris, France: NATO Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development advisory report, Aerospace Applications Study (AAS)-36, AGARD-AR-307 Vols. 1 and 2.
  16. ^ ""No Pilots, No Problem: Students Build Autonomous Aircraft", IEEE, The Institute Online". 2006-08-07. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved 2014-07-14.
  17. ^ Nesmith, Robert (2016-08-24). "Georgia Tech Family Members at the Forefront of Aerial Vehicle Technology" (PDF). GTRI Home Page (archived). Retrieved 2016-09-10.
  18. ^ Michelson, Robert (2004). Novel Approaches to Miniature Flight Platforms (PDF). Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 218 Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering, Special Issue Paper. pp. 363–373. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  19. ^ Michelson, Robert (March 2008). New Perspectives on Biologically Inspired MAVs (bio motivation rather than bio mimicry). Agra, India: 1st US-Asian Demonstration and Assessment of MAV and UGV Technology Conference (National Aerospace Industries).
  20. ^ "School of Aerospace Engineering UAV avionics class syllabus at a Georgia Tech site". Archived from the original on 2009-04-27. Retrieved 2009-03-23.
  21. ^ "School of Aerospace Engineering Micro Air Vehicle class syllabus at a Georgia Tech site". Archived from the original on 2009-04-27. Retrieved 2009-03-23.
  22. ^ "Millennial Vision, LLC registration and officer listing (CEO/president) at the Georgia Secretary of State web site". Archived from the original on 2012-05-29. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
  23. ^ "SEPDAC registration and officer listing (CEO/president) at the Georgia Secretary of State web site". Archived from the original on 2012-05-29. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
  24. ^ "China Develops Mature, Broad-Based UAV Sector". Archived from the original on October 1, 2014. Retrieved 2014-10-01.
  25. ^ "Ascending Unmanned from the Middle Kingdom" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-10-01.
  26. ^ "Congressional China Caucus- China Caucus Blog; China Develops Mature, Broad-Based UAV Sector". Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-10-01.
  27. ^ Handbook of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Heidelberg, New York, London: Springer Dordrecht. 2014. p. 3022. ISBN 978-90-481-9706-4. "MAVs and Bio-Inspired UAVs" section from pages 1301 - 1439 in Volume 3.
  28. ^ "NATO meeting is 'cloak and dagger' experience, GTRI Connector September 1992 (author: RCO staff writer, Lea McLees". Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  29. ^ "Havacilik ve Uzay Teknolojileri Enstitüsü, 2005-2006 Eğitim öğretim Yili Seminerleri". 17–21 April 2006. Archived from the original on 2008-09-05. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
  30. ^ "Low Re Aerodynamics of Airccraft [sic] including Applications in Emerging UAV Technolocy [sic] (RTO-AVT-VKI) - note entry for Thursday 27 November 2003". Retrieved 2009-03-25.
  31. ^ "MITRE Technology Speaker series". Retrieved 2014-09-20.
  32. ^ Entomopteros or Robots Valadores. San Luis Potosí, MX: SLP/Pulso. 31 January 2010. p. 1. En el Programa de Lideres Academicos, Robert Michelson, desarrollador de entomopteros or robots valadores de `tamaño de insecto, compartira su experiencia en las clases de Robotica, Technologia de Control, Technologia de Materials, entre otras...
  33. ^ Entomopteros or Robots Valadores. San Luis Potosí, MX: SLP/Pulso. 9 February 2010. p. 6B. Robert Michelson...es catedratico invitado al Instituto Technologico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey...
  34. ^ Entomopteros or Robots Valadores. San Luis Potosí, MX: SLP/Pulso. 14 February 2010. p. 7B.
  35. ^ "MAV08 Organizing Committee". Retrieved 2009-03-19.
  36. ^ 1st US-Asian Demonstration and Assessment of Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV) and Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) Technology - Schedule of Events, Abstracts and Profiles (PDF). 1st US-Asian Demonstration and Assessment of Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV) and Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) Technology. National Aerospace Laboratories, ADRDE, US Army RDECOM. March 10–15, 2008. p. 70. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
  37. ^ "MAV05 organizers' vitae from remaining documents at MAV05 website". Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2009-03-19.
  38. ^ Toon, John, ed. (15 July 1991). AUVSI/Georgia Tech Press Release, "Robots that Fly: College Teams Demonstrate New Technology in First-of-its-Kind Competition July 29" (PDF). Atlanta, Georgia USA: The Georgia Tech Research Institute. p. 15. mirror site: http://angel-strike.com/rcmbio/RCM/BioPict/GTRI-NR_1991_7_15b.pdf.[permanent dead link]
  39. ^ "Robert Michelson's Research Activities Aerospace Radar Branch - U.S. Naval Research Laboratory". Retrieved 2009-05-15.
  40. ^ "Automated Tracking of the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus)". Retrieved 2009-05-15.
  41. ^ "Michelson Studies Near-Extinct Manatees, GTRI Connector February 1979". Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  42. ^ Michelson, Robert; R. Brooks; F. Williams (December 1981). An Indirect-Fire Terminal Effects Simulator. Orlando, Florida: Proceedings of the 3rd Inter-service/Industry Training Equipment Conference.
  43. ^ Michelson, Robert; K.A. Ahuja; J.A. Scheer; et al. (October 25–27, 1993). Feasibility of Applying Radio-Acoustic Techniques to Non Line-of-Sight Sensing. Long Beach, CA: 15th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference.
  44. ^ Michelson, Robert; J.A. Scheer; L. Gostin; et al. (June 1986). Remote Detection of Natural Gas Leaks from Buried Utility Pipes by Electromagnetic Means. Atlanta, Georgia USA: Georgia Institute of Technology. Final Report, Contract No. GRI-50084-252-112 (subcontract to the Philadelphia Electric Company; prime to the Gas Research Institute).
  45. ^ Butterworth, Clark; R.C. Michelson; et al. (June 1984). Ka-Band Linear ECM Source (KABLES). Atlanta, Georgia USA: Georgia Institute of Technology. Final Report No. F33615-81-C-1530-F.
  46. ^ "KABLES". Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  47. ^ Michelson, Robert; A. Colozza; K.A. Ahuja; R.A. Englar; et al. (October 2002). Planetary Exploration Using Biomimetics - An Entomopter for Flight on Mars. Atlanta, Georgia USA: Georgia Institute of Technology. Phase II Final Report, NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts Project NAS5-98051.
  48. ^ "What's Up in the Atlanta Section". (AIAA Newsletter - Atlanta Section). Vol. 30, No. 2, page 7. November 2004.
  49. ^ "Atlanta Section - 11-04 AIAA Newsletter" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-03-22.
  50. ^ Jason Laday (October 7, 2006). "No Pilots, No Problem: Students Build Autonomous Aircraft". IEEE The Institute. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved 2014-07-14.
  51. ^ "1st US-Asian Demonstration and Assessment of Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV) and Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) Technology - Schedule of Events Abstracts and Profiles (PDF) - National Aerospace Laboratories, ADRDE, US Army RDECOM. March 10–15, 2008. p.70". November 2004.
  52. ^ Nyquist, John E. (September 13, 1996). Application of Low-Cost Radio-Controlled Airplanes to Environmental Restoration at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. CONF-9607137-2, Contract No. DE-AC05-96OR22464. U.S. Department of Energy. p. 14. OSTI 382992.
  53. ^ "AUVSI Honors Industry Leaders: Pioneer Award-Robert Michelson". Unmanned Systems (the Magazine of the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International). Vol. 16, No. 3, page 22. Summer 1998.
  54. ^ "2002 GTRI Annual Report (on line pdf), page 3 ref. to Michelson winning Pirelli Award" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
  55. ^ "NIAC Phase I Fellows Meeting October 23-24, 2002" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-20. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
  56. ^ "Education Section and Pirelli Top Prize". 2002-05-10. Archived from the original on February 8, 2012. Retrieved 2014-06-25.
  57. ^ "Senate Resolution 1255". Retrieved 2016-07-25.
  58. ^ Jump up to: a b "Robert C. Michelson, on season 11, episode 9". Scientific American Frontiers. Chedd-Angier Production Company. 2000–2001. PBS. Archived from the original on 2006-01-01.
  59. ^ "Who's Following the Aerial Robotics Competition?". Retrieved 2018-02-20.
  60. ^ Christian Bruyere & Peter von Puttkamer, Producers; Mystique Films (2003-11-17). "Artificial Intelligence - Episode 1008". "Beyond Invention". Archived from the original on 2022-02-10. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
  61. ^ Rex Humbard, Prod., Advanced Media LLC.; Brian Natwick, Exec. Prod., Discovery Communications (see http://www.hirsh.tv/experience.asp) (2001-02-18). "Airbots". "Discovery Science Channel". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2009-03-20. {{cite episode}}: External link in |credits= (help)
  62. ^ CBS Channel 19 - Pam Cooper, reporter (1998-08-14). "KEPR Evening News (archive)". KEPR Evening News. Richland, Pasco, and Kennewick Washington. CBS. KEPR-TV.
  63. ^ ABC Channel 42 - Tao McKay, reporter (1998-08-14). "KVEW Evening News (archive)". KVEW Evening News. Richland, Pasco, and Kennewick Washington. ABC. KVEW.
  64. ^ NBC Channel 25 - Collette Keel, reporter (1998-08-14). "KNDU Evening News (archive)". KNDU Evening News. Richland, Pasco, and Kennewick Washington. NBC. KNDU-TV.
  65. ^ WGBH, Boston (2003-01-07). "Spies that Fly". NOVA. PBS.
  66. ^ "Seven Ways to Topple Saddam". Ron Liddle documentary; programme number: 01/ANC Z591Y. United Kingdom. 2003-01-26. BBC. TWO.
  67. ^ Narlock, Joel (2014-10-01). "Drone Games". Cedar Fort Publishing & Media. ISBN 978-0-89754-227-2. Archived from the original on 2007-10-07. Retrieved 2014-09-30.
  68. ^ Narlock, Joel (2003-10-01). "Target Acquired". Dorchester Publishing Co., Inc. ISBN 0-8439-5287-3. Archived from the original on 2009-02-17.
  69. ^ "International Test and Evaluation Association Publication Award Past Recipients". Retrieved 2019-01-05.
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