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Bay leaf

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Not to be confused with Basil.
Bay laurel leaves (Laurus nobilis)
Indian bay leaf Cinnamomum tamala
Indonesian bay leaf Syzygium polyanthum

The bay leaf is an aromatic leaf commonly used as a herb in cooking. It can be used whole, either dried or fresh, in which case it is removed from the dish before consumption, or less commonly used in ground form. The flavor that a bay leaf imparts to a dish has not been universally agreed upon, but many agree it is a subtle addition.[1]

Bay leaves come from various plants and are used for their distinctive flavor and fragrance. The most common source is the bay laurel (Laurus nobilis). Other types include California bay laurel, Indian bay leaf, West Indian bay laurel, and Mexican bay laurel. Bay leaves contain essential oils, such as eucalyptol, terpenes, and methyleugenol, which contribute to their taste and aroma.

Bay leaves are used in various cuisines around the world, including Indian, Filipino, European, and Caribbean. They are typically used in soups, stews, meat, seafood, and vegetable dishes. The leaves should be removed from the cooked food before eating as they can be abrasive in the digestive tract.

Bay leaves are used as an insect repellent in pantries and as an active ingredient in killing jars for entomology. In Eastern Orthodoxy liturgy, they are used to symbolize Jesus' destruction of Hades and freeing of the dead.

While some visually similar plants have poisonous leaves, bay leaves are not toxic and can be eaten without harm. However, they remain stiff even after cooking and may pose a choking hazard or cause harm to the digestive tract if swallowed whole or in large pieces. Canadian food and drug regulations set specific standards for bay leaves, including limits on ash content, moisture levels, and essential oil content.

Sources

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Bay leaves come from several plants, such as:

  • Bay laurel (Laurus nobilis, Lauraceae). Fresh or dried bay leaves are used in cooking for their distinctive flavour and fragrance. The leaves should be removed from the cooked food before eating (see safety section below). The leaves are often used to flavour soups, stews, braises and pâtés in many countries. The fresh leaves are very mild and do not develop their full flavour until several weeks after picking and drying.[2]
  • California bay leaf. The leaf of the California bay tree (Umbellularia californica, Lauraceae), also known as California laurel, Oregon myrtle, and pepperwood, is similar to the Mediterranean bay laurel but contains the toxin umbellulone,[3] which can cause methemoglobinemia.[4][5]
  • Indian bay leaf or malabathrum (Cinnamomum tamala, Lauraceae) differs from bay laurel leaves, which are shorter and light- to medium-green in colour, with one large vein down the length of the leaf. Indian bay leaves are about twice as long and wider, usually olive green in colour, and have three veins running the length of the leaf. Culinarily, Indian bay leaves are quite different, having a fragrance and taste similar to cinnamon (cassia) bark, but milder.
  • Indonesian bay leaf or Indonesian laurel (salam leaf, Syzygium polyanthum, Myrtaceae) is not commonly found outside Indonesia; this herb is applied to meat and, less often, to rice and to vegetables.[6]
  • West Indian bay leaf, the leaf of the West Indian bay tree (Pimenta racemosa, Myrtaceae) is used culinarily (especially in Caribbean cuisine) and to produce the cologne called bay rum.[7][8]
  • Mexican bay leaf (Litsea glaucescens, Lauraceae).[9]

Chemical constituents

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The leaves of the European / Mediterranean plant Laurus nobilis contain about 1.3% essential oils (ol. lauri folii), consisting of 45% eucalyptol, 12% other terpenes, 8-12% terpinyl acetate, 3–4% sesquiterpenes, 3% methyleugenol, and other α- and β-pinenes, phellandrene, linalool, geraniol, terpineol, and also contain lauric acid. [10]

Taste and aroma

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If eaten whole, Laurus nobilis bay leaves are pungent and have a sharp, bitter taste. As with many spices and flavourings, the fragrance of the bay leaf is more noticeable than its taste. When the leaf is dried, the aroma is herbal, slightly floral, and somewhat similar to oregano and thyme. Myrcene, a component of many essential oils used in perfumery, can be extracted from this bay leaf. They also contain eugenol.[11]

Uses

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In Indian cuisine, bay laurel leaves are sometimes used in place of Indian bay leaf, although they have a different flavour. They are most often used in rice dishes like biryani and as an ingredient in garam masala. Bay leaves are called tezpattā (तेज़पत्ता, in Hindi), Tejpātā (তেজপাতা) in Bengali, তেজ পাত in Assamese and usually rendered into English as Tej Patta.[12]

In the Philippines, dried bay laurel leaves are used in several Filipino dishes, such as menudo, beef pares, and adobo.[13]

Bay leaves were used for flavouring by the ancient Greeks.[14] They are a fixture in the cooking of many European cuisines (particularly those of the Mediterranean), as well as in the Americas. They are used in soups, stews, brines, meat, seafood, vegetable dishes, and sauces. The leaves also flavour many classic French and Italian dishes. The leaves are most often used whole (sometimes in a bouquet garni) and removed before serving (they can be abrasive in the digestive tract). Thai and Laotian cuisine employs bay leaf (Thai: ใบกระวาน, bai kra wān) in a few Arab-influenced dishes, notably massaman curry.[15]

Bay leaves can also be crushed or ground before cooking. Crushed bay leaves impart more fragrance than whole leaves, but are more difficult to remove and thus they are often used in a muslin bag or tea infuser. Ground bay laurel may be substituted for whole leaves and does not need to be removed, but it is much stronger.

Bay leaves are also used in the making of jerk chicken in the Caribbean Islands.[16] The bay leaves are soaked and placed on the cool side of the grill. Pimento sticks are placed on top of the leaves, and the chicken is placed on top and smoked. The leaves are also added whole to soups, stews, and other Caribbean dishes.[17][18]

Bay leaves can also be used scattered in a pantry to repel meal moths,[19] flies,[20] and cockroaches.[21] Mediouni-Ben Jemaa and Tersim 2011 find the essential oil to be usable as an insect repellent.[22]: 131 

Bay leaves have been used in entomology as the active ingredient in killing jars. The crushed, fresh, young leaves are put into the jar under a layer of paper. The vapors they release kill insects slowly but effectively and keep the specimens relaxed and easy to mount. The leaves discourage the growth of molds. They are not effective for killing large beetles and similar specimens, but insects that have been killed in a cyanide killing jar can be transferred to a laurel jar to await mounting.[23] There is confusion in the literature about whether Laurus nobilis is a source of cyanide to any practical extent, but there is no evidence that cyanide is relevant to its value in killing jars. It certainly is rich in various essential oil components that could incapacitate insects in high concentrations; such compounds include 1,8-cineole, alpha-terpinyl acetate, and methyl eugenol.[24] It also is unclear to what extent the alleged effect of cyanide released by the crushed leaves has been mis-attributed to Laurus nobilis in confusion with the unrelated Prunus laurocerasus, the so-called cherry laurel, which certainly does contain dangerous concentrations of cyanogenic glycosides[25] together with the enzymes to generate the hydrogen cyanide from the glycocides if the leaf is physically damaged.[26]

Bay leaves are used in Eastern Orthodoxy liturgy. To mark Jesus' destruction of Hades and freeing of the dead, parishioners throw bay leaves and flowers into the air, letting them flutter to the ground. [27]

Safety

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Some members of the laurel family, as well as the unrelated but visually similar mountain laurel and cherry laurel, have leaves that are poisonous to humans and livestock.[25] While these plants are not sold anywhere for culinary use, their visual similarity to bay leaves has led to the oft-repeated belief that bay leaves should be removed from food after cooking because they are poisonous. This is not true; bay leaves may be eaten without toxic effect. However, they remain unpleasantly stiff even after thorough cooking, and if swallowed whole or in large pieces they may pose a risk of harming the digestive tract or causing choking.[28] Thus, most recipes that use bay leaves will recommend their removal after the cooking process has finished.[29]

Canadian food and drug regulations

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The Canadian government requires that the bay leaves contain no more than 4.5% total ash material, with a maximum of 0.5% of which is insoluble in hydrochloric acid. To be considered dried, they must contain 7% moisture or less. The oil content cannot be less than 1 milliliter per 100 grams of the spice.[30]

References

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  1. ^ "What Are Bay Leaves?". The Spruce Eats. Retrieved 2024-05-23.
  2. ^ "Spice Trade: Bay Leaf". Archived from the original on 12 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
  3. ^ Tabanca, Nurhayat; Avonto, Cristina; Wang, Mei; Parcher, Jon F.; Ali, Abbas; Demirci, Betul; Raman, Vijayasankar; Khan, Ikhlas A. (2013). "Comparative Investigation of Umbellularia californica and Laurus nobilis Leaf Essential Oils and Identification of Constituents Active against Aedes aegypti". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 61 (50): 12283–12291. doi:10.1021/jf4052682. ISSN 0021-8561.
  4. ^ Kelsey, Rick G.; McCuistion, Ovid; Karchesy, Joe (2007). "Bark and Leaf Essential Oil of Umbellularia californica , California Bay Laurel, from Oregon". Natural Product Communications. 2 (7): 1934578X0700200. doi:10.1177/1934578X0700200715. ISSN 1934-578X.
  5. ^ Mishaw, Victor Harold. Production of Thymol From California Bay Tree Oil (Masters thesis). Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn.
  6. ^ "Spice Pages: Indonesian Bay-Leaf". Retrieved 2012-12-01.
  7. ^ McHale, D.; Laurie, W.A.; Woof, M.A. (1977). "Composition of West Indian bay oils". Food Chemistry. 2 (1): 19–25. doi:10.1016/0308-8146(77)90004-8.
  8. ^ Green, Aliza (April 21, 2015). Field Guide to Herbs & Spices: How to Identify, Select, and Use Virtually Every Seasoning on the Market. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America: Quirk Books.
  9. ^ Raman, Vijayasankar; Bussmann, Rainer; Khan, Ikhlas (2017). "Which Bay Leaf is in Your Spice Rack? – A Quality Control Study". Planta Medica. 83 (12/13): 1058–1067. doi:10.1055/s-0043-103963. ISSN 0032-0943.
  10. ^ "Laurus nobilis L." www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
  11. ^ "Encyclopedia of Spices: Bay Leaf". Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
  12. ^ Spence, Charles (2023). "Why cook with bay leaves?". International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science. 33: 100766. doi:10.1016/j.ijgfs.2023.100766.
  13. ^ Ponseca, Nicole; Trinidad, Miguel (2018). I am a Filipino and this is how we cook. New York: Artisan. ISBN 978-1-57965-767-3.
  14. ^ "Ancient Egyptian Plants: Trees" www.reshafim.org.il Archived 2013-10-31 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved October 29, 2013
  15. ^ Tan, Hugh T. W. (2005). Herbs & Spices of Thailand. Marshall Cavendish. p. 71.
  16. ^ DeMers, John (March 13, 2012). Authentic Recipes from Jamaica. Tuttle Publishing.
  17. ^ "Caribbean Currents: Bay leaf has a special place in Caribbean homes". The Philadelphia Tribune. 26 May 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  18. ^ Clarke, Denise. "5 Ways to Make the Best Jerk Chicken". Jamaicans.com. Simbis Inc. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  19. ^ "How to Repel Grain Moths with Bay Leaves". Retrieved 2009-04-11.
  20. ^ Palacios, S; Bertoni, A; Rossi, Y; Santander, R; Urzua, A (2009). "Efficacy of Essential Oils from Edible Plants as Insecticides Against the House Fly, Musca domestica L." Molecules. 14 (5): 1938–1947. doi:10.3390/molecules14051938. PMC 6254201. PMID 19471213.
  21. ^ Hedin, Paul Arthur; Hedin, Paul A. (1991). Naturally Occurring Pest Bioregulators. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 449. doi:10.1021/bk-1991-0449. ISBN 978-0-8412-1897-0.
  22. ^ Moharramipour, Saeid; Negahban, Maryam (2014). "Plant Essential Oils and Pest Management". In Sahayaraj, K. (ed.). Basic and Applied Aspects of Biopesticides. New Delhi: Springer India. pp. 129–153. ISBN 978-81-322-1876-0. OCLC 884262582. ISBN 978-81-322-1877-7.
  23. ^ Smart, John (1963). British Museum (Natural History) Instructions for Collectors NO. 4A. Insects. London: Trustees of the British Museum.
  24. ^ Marzouki, H; Piras, A; Salah, KB; Medini, H; Pivetta, T; Bouzid, S; Marongiu, B; Falconieri, D (2009). "Essential oil composition and variability of Laurus nobilis L. growing in Tunisia, comparison and chemometric investigation of different plant organs". Nat Prod Res. 23 (4): 343–54. doi:10.1080/14786410802076200. PMID 19296375. S2CID 5971542.
  25. ^ a b van Wyk, Ben-Erik; van Heerden, Fanie; van Oudtshoorn, Bosch (2002). Poisonous Plants of South Africa. Pretoria: Briza. ISBN 978-1875093304.
  26. ^ Dietmar Schomburg; Margit Salzmann (11 November 2013). Enzyme Handbook: Volume 1: Class 4: Lyases. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 270–. ISBN 978-3-642-86605-0.
  27. ^ "ORTHODOX BELIEF: JESUS WENT TO HELL". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  28. ^ Benwick, Bonnie S. (30 September 2014). "Bay leaf: Should it stay or should it go?". Washington Post. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
  29. ^ "Straight Dope: Are Bay Leaves Poisonous?". 2007-02-23. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
  30. ^ "Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Food and Drug Regulations". 2019-06-03. Retrieved 2020-09-17.
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