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Wrasse

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Wrasses
Moon wrasse, Thalassoma lunare, a typical wrasse
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Labriformes
Family: Labridae
G. Cuvier, 1816
Genera

See text.

The wrasses are a family, Labridae, of marine fish, many of which are brightly colored. The family is large and diverse, with over 600 species in 81 genera, which are divided into 9 subgroups or tribes.[1][2][3] They are typically small, most of them less than 20 cm (7.9 in) long, although the largest, the humphead wrasse, can measure up to 2.5 m (8.2 ft). They are efficient carnivores, feeding on a wide range of small invertebrates. Many smaller wrasses follow the feeding trails of larger fish, picking up invertebrates disturbed by their passing.[4] Juveniles of some representatives of the genera Bodianus, Epibulus, Cirrhilabrus, Oxycheilinus, and Paracheilinus hide among the tentacles of the free-living mushroom corals and Heliofungia actiniformis.[5][6]

Taxonomy

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Etymology

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The word "wrasse" comes from the Cornish word wragh, a lenited form of gwragh, meaning an old woman or hag, via Cornish dialect wrath. It is related to the Welsh gwrach and Breton gwrac'h.[7]

Subgroups and tribes

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Genera

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Timeline

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QuaternaryNeogenePaleogeneHolocenePleist.Plio.MioceneOligoceneEocenePaleocenePimelometoponOxyjulisBodianusCheilinusSymphodusLabrusLabrodonQuaternaryNeogenePaleogeneHolocenePleist.Plio.MioceneOligoceneEocenePaleocene

Description

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Drawing of wrasse profile showing eye, lips, and teeth
Lips of Labrus festivus

Wrasses have protractile mouths, usually with separate jaw teeth that jut outwards.[8] Many species can be readily recognized by their thick lips, the inside of which is sometimes curiously folded, a peculiarity which gave rise to the German name of "lip-fishes" (Lippfische),[9] and the Dutch name of lipvissen. The dorsal fin has eight to 21 spines and six to 21 soft rays, usually running most of the length of the back. Wrasses are sexually dimorphic. Many species are capable of changing sex. Juveniles are a mix of males and females (known as initial-phase individuals), but the largest adults become territory-holding (terminal-phase) males.[8]

The wrasses have become a primary study species in fish-feeding biomechanics due to their jaw structures. The nasal and mandibular bones are connected at their posterior ends to the rigid neurocranium, and the superior and inferior articulations of the maxilla are joined to the anterior tips of these two bones, respectively, creating a loop of four rigid bones connected by moving joints. This "four-bar linkage" has the property of allowing numerous arrangements to achieve a given mechanical result (fast jaw protrusion or a forceful bite), thus decoupling morphology from function. The actual morphology of wrasses reflects this, with many lineages displaying different jaw morphology that results in the same functional output in a similar or identical ecological niche.[8]

Distribution and habitat

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Most wrasses inhabit the tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, though some species live in temperate waters: the Ballan wrasse is found as far north as Norway. Wrasses are usually found in shallow-water habitats such as coral reefs and rocky shores, where they live close to the substrate.

Reproductive behavior

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Most labrids are protogynous hermaphrodites within a haremic mating system.[10][11] A good example of this reproductive behavior is seen in the California sheephead. Hermaphroditism allows for complex mating systems. Labroids exhibit three different mating systems: polygynous, lek-like, and promiscuous.[12] Group spawning and pair spawning occur within mating systems. The type of spawning that occurs depends on male body size.[11] Labroids typically exhibit broadcast spawning, releasing high numbers of planktonic eggs, which are broadcast by tidal currents; adult labroids have no interaction with offspring.[13] Wrasses of a particular subgroup of the family Labridae, Labrini, do not exhibit broadcast spawning.

Sex change in wrasses is generally female-to-male, but experimental conditions have allowed for male-to-female sex change. Placing two male Labroides dimidiatus wrasses in the same tank results in the smaller of the two becoming female again.[14] Additionally, while the individual to change sex is generally the largest female,[15] evidence also exists of the largest female instead "choosing" to remain female in situations in which she can maximize her evolutionary fitness by refraining from changing sex.[16]

Broodcare behavior of the tribe

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The subgroup Labrini arose from a basal split within family Labridae during the Eocene period.[3] Subgroup Labrini is composed of eight genera, wherein 15 of 23 species exhibit broodcare behavior,[13] which ranges from simple to complex parental care of spawn; males build algae nests or crude cavities, ventilate eggs, and defend nests against conspecific males and predators.[13] In species that express this behavior, eggs cannot survive without parental care.[17] Species of Symphodus, Centrolabrus, and Labrus genera exhibit broodcare behavior.

Cleaner wrasse

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Photo of two small wrasses cleaning large wrasse's gills
Cleaner wrasses, Labroides sp., working on gill area of dragon wrasse Novaculichthys taeniourus, on a reef in Hawaii

Cleaner wrasses are the best-known of the cleaner fish. They live in a cleaning symbiosis with larger, often predatory, fish, grooming them and benefiting by consuming what they remove. "Client" fish congregate at wrasse "cleaning stations" and wait for the cleaner fish to remove gnathiid parasites, the cleaners even swimming into their open mouths and gill cavities to do so. A single wrasse works for around four hours a day and in that time can inspect more than 2,000 clients.[18]

Cleaner wrasses are best known for feeding on dead tissue, scales, and ectoparasites, although they are also known to 'cheat', consuming healthy tissue and mucus, which is energetically costly for the client fish to produce. The bluestreak cleaner wrasse, Labroides dimidiatus, is one of the most common cleaners found on tropical reefs. Few cleaner wrasses have been observed being eaten by predators, possibly because parasite removal is more important for predator survival than the short-term gain of eating the cleaner.[19]

When cleaner wrasses were experimentally removed from a reef in Australia, the total number of fish species halved, and their numbers fell by three-quarters. Also, some evidence, from another Australian study, shows that cleaned fish are smarter than those not served by the wrasse.[18]

In a 2019 study, cleaner wrasses passed the mirror test, the first fish to do so.[20] However, the test's inventor, American psychologist Gordon G. Gallup, has said that the fish were most likely trying to scrape off a perceived parasite on another fish and that they did not demonstrate self-recognition. The authors of the study retorted that because the fish checked themselves in the mirror before and after the scraping, this meant that the fish had self-awareness and recognized that their reflections belonged to their own bodies.[21][22][23]

Tool use

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Studies show that some wrasse species are capable of tool use, using rocks to smash open sea urchins.[24][25]

Significance to humans

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In the Western Atlantic coastal region of North America, the most common food species for indigenous humans was the tautog, a species of wrasse.[9] Wrasses today are commonly found in both public and home aquaria. Some species are small enough to be considered reef safe. They may also be employed as cleaner fish to combat sea-lice infestations in salmon farms.[26] Commercial fish farming of cleaner wrasse for sea-lice pest control in commercial salmon farming has developed in Scotland as lice busters, with apparent commercial benefit and viability.

Parasites

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As all fish, labrids are the hosts of a number of parasites. A list of 338 parasite taxa from 127 labrid fish species was provided by Muñoz and Diaz in 2015.[27] An example is the nematode Huffmanela ossicola.

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References

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  1. ^ Parenti, Paolo; Randall, John E. (15 April 2011). "Checklist of the species of the families Labridae and Scaridae: an update". Smithiana Bulletin. 13: 29–44.
  2. ^ Parenti, Paolo; Randall, John E. (June 2000). "An annotated checklist of the species of the labroid fish families Labridae and Scaridae". Ichthyological Bulletin. 68: 1–97. hdl:10962/d1019894. ISSN 0073-4381.
  3. ^ a b Cowman, P.F.; Bellwood, D.R.; van Herwerden, L. (2009). "Dating the evolutionary origins of wrasse lineages (Labridae) and the rise of trophic novelty on coral reefs". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 52 (3): 621–631. Bibcode:2009MolPE..52..621C. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.05.015. PMID 19464378.
  4. ^ Choat, J.H.; Bellwood, D.R. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-12-547665-2.
  5. ^ Bos, Arthur R (2012). "Fishes (Gobiidae and Labridae) associated with the mushroom coralHeliofungia actiniformis (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) in the Philippines". Coral Reefs. 31: 133. Bibcode:2012CorRe..31..133B. doi:10.1007/s00338-011-0834-3.
  6. ^ Bos, AR; Hoeksema, BW (2015). "Cryptobenthic fishes and co-inhabiting shrimps associated with the mushroom coral Heliofungia actiniformis (Fungiidae) in the Davao Gulf, Philippines". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 98 (6): 1479–1489. Bibcode:2015EnvBF..98.1479B. doi:10.1007/s10641-014-0374-0. S2CID 254466578.
  7. ^ "Wrasse | Define Wrasse at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2012-06-28.
  8. ^ a b c Wainwright, Peter C.; Alfaro, Michael E.; Bolnick, Daniel I.; Hulsey, C. Darrin (2005). "Many-to-One Mapping of Form to Function: A General Principle in Organismal Design?". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 45 (2): 256–262. doi:10.1093/icb/45.2.256. PMID 21676769.
  9. ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Wrasse" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 839.
  10. ^ Robertson, D.R.; Warner, R.R. (1978). "Sexual patterns in the labroid fishes of the Western Caribbean II: the parrotfishes (Scaridae)". Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 255 (255): 1–26. doi:10.5479/si.00810282.255.
  11. ^ a b Kazancioglu, E.; Alonzo, S.H. (2010). "A comparative analysis of sex change in Labridae supports the size advantage hypothesis". Evolution. 64 (8): 2254–226. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01016.x. PMID 20394662.
  12. ^ Colin, P.L.; Bell, L. J. (1992). "Aspects of the spawning of labrid and scarid fishes (Pisces, Labroidei) at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands with notes on other families (corrected reprint.)". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 33 (3): 330–345. doi:10.1007/BF00005881.
  13. ^ a b c Hanel, R.; Westneat, M. W.; Sturmbauer, C. (December 2002). "Phylogenetic relationships, evolution of broodcare behavior, and geographic speciation in the Wrasse tribe Labrini". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 55 (6): 776–789. Bibcode:2002JMolE..55..776H. doi:10.1007/s00239-002-2373-6. PMID 12486536. S2CID 3002410.
  14. ^ Kuwamura, T.; Tanaka, N.; Nakashima, Y.; Karino, K.; Sakai, Y (2002). "Reversed sex-change in the protogynous reef fish Labroides dimidiatus". Ethology. 108 (5): 443–450. Bibcode:2002Ethol.108..443K. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0310.2002.00791.x.
  15. ^ Munday, P. L.; Ryen, C. A.; McCormick, M. I.; Walker, S. P. W. (2009). "Growth acceleration, behaviour and otolith check marks associated with sex change in the wrasse Halichoeres miniatus". Coral Reefs. 28 (3): 623–634. Bibcode:2009CorRe..28..623M. doi:10.1007/s00338-009-0499-3. S2CID 38928952.
  16. ^ Munoz, R. C.; Warner, R. R. (2003). "A new version of the size-advantage hypothesis for sex change: incorporating sperm competition and size-fecundity skew". American Naturalist. 161 (5): 749–761. doi:10.1086/374345. PMID 12858282. S2CID 33000631.
  17. ^ Taborsky, M.; Hudde, B.; Wirtz, P. (1987). "Reproductive behavior and ecology of Symphodus (Crenilabrus) ocellatus, a European wrasse with four types of male behavior". Behaviour. 102 (1–2): 82–118. doi:10.1163/156853986x00063.
  18. ^ a b "The Fish That Makes Other Fish Smarter" by Ed Yong, The Atlantic, March 7, 2018
  19. ^ Trivers, R. L. 1971
  20. ^ "A species of fish has passed the mirror test for the first time".
  21. ^ "This tiny fish can recognize itself in a mirror. Is it self-aware?". Animals. 2019-02-07. Archived from the original on September 17, 2018. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
  22. ^ Ye, Yvaine. "A species of fish has passed the mirror test for the first time". New Scientist. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
  23. ^ Kohda, Masanori; Takashi, Hatta; Takeyama, Tmohiro; Awata, Satoshi; Tanaka, Hirokazu; Asai, Jun-ya; Jordan, Alex (2018-08-21). "Cleaner wrasse pass the mark test. What are the implications for consciousness and self-awareness testing in animals?". bioRxiv: 397067. doi:10.1101/397067.
  24. ^ Gertz, Emily (June 19, 2014). "Are Fish As Intelligent As Crows, Chimps... Or People?". Popular Science.
  25. ^ Dunn, R. P. (2015-12-23). "Tool use by a temperate wrasse, California sheephead Semicossyphus pulcher". Journal of Fish Biology. 88 (2): 805–810. doi:10.1111/jfb.12856. ISSN 0022-1112. PMID 26693945.
  26. ^ "Sea Lice". Scottish Salmon Producers' Organisation. Archived from the original on 15 September 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
  27. ^ Muñoz G., Diaz P.E. 2015: Checklist of parasites of labrid fishes (Pisces: Labridae). Viña del Mar, Chile. PDF. Open access icon
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