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Sindhi Hindus

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For demographics of Hindus in Sindh, see Hinduism in Sindh.

Sindhi Hindus
Total population
c. 7 million
Regions with significant populations
 Pakistan3,345,424[1][2]
 India2,772,264[a][3][4]
Languages
Sindhi
Additionally Hindi–Urdu, and English
Religion
Hinduism (incl. Nanakpanthi)
Related ethnic groups
Sindhi Muslims, Punjabi Hindus, Gujarati Hindus, Rajasthani Hindus
Jhulelal, the Ishtadevata of the Sindhi Hindus.

Sindhi Hindus are Sindhis who follow Hinduism. They are spread across modern-day Sindh, Pakistan and India. After the partition of India in 1947, many Sindhi Hindus were among those who fled from Pakistan to the dominion of India, in what was a wholesale exchange of Hindu and Muslim populations in some areas. Some later emigrated from the Indian subcontinent and settled in other parts of the world.[5][6][7]

According to the 2017 Pakistani census, there are 3.35 million Sindhi Hindus residing within the Sindh province of Pakistan with major population centers being Mirpur Khas Division and Hyderabad Division that combined account for more than 2 million of them.[2] Meanwhile, the 2011 census listed 2.77 million speakers of Sindhi in India, including speakers of Kutchi,[8] a number that does not include Sindhi Hindus who no longer speak the Sindhi language. The vast majority of Sindhi Hindus living in India belong to the Lohana jāti, which includes the sub-groups of Amil, Bhaiband and Sahiti.[9][10]

Hinduism in Sindh

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Main article: Hinduism in Sindh

Prior to Arab invasions, majority of Sindh's population practiced Hinduism, although a significant minority adhered to Buddhism as well.[11] During the Arab invasions, majority of Sindhi Hindus were a rural pastoral population, who lived mostly in upper Sindh, a region that was entirely Hindu; while the Buddhists of Sindh were a mercantile population, who lived entirely in the urban areas of lower Sindh.[12]

After many successful raids, collaboration by the local Buddhist population, and resistance by the local Hindu population, the army of the Umayyad Caliphate led by Muhammad ibn al-Qasim successfully invaded and conquered Sindh in 712CE, against the last Hindu king of Sindh, Raja Dahir.[13]

Sindh, under the control of Qasim, saw a decline of Buddhism, as most Buddhists started converting to Islam. The later reign of the Delhi Sultanate, led to further decline, with both Buddhism and Hinduism becoming minority religions in Sindh. Buddhism later collapsed and ceased to exist in Sindh, while Hinduism remained persistent, managing to survive and flourish throughout the centuries as a minority religion. The consistency of Hinduism in Sindh is credited the dependency of the rural Hindu population on Brahmins.[12]

Prior to the partition of India, as per the 1941 census, the Sindhi Hindu population accounted for around 27% of Sindh's population, most of whom moved to India. Today, Sindhi Hindus in Pakistan number around 4.2 million, around 9% of the region's population. Sindhi Hindus are the largest ethnolinguistic Hindu group in Pakistan.[14]

Castes

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Indian Sindhi Hindus

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Most Sindhi Hindus in India belong to the Lohana caste, who are historically traders, merchants and government officials, and belong to the Vaishya varna. The Sindhi Lohanas are further divided into different sub-groups for example Amils, Bhaibands, Hyderabadi Bhaiband (Sindhi Varki), Sahitis, Shikarpuris, Hatvaniya/Hatwara, Thattai, Bhagnari etc, these sub-groups have their own hundreds of surnames.[15]

Other notable castes include Bhatias (Larai) and Aroras (Riasti), who are also called as Wāniya and Deewan in the Sindhi language, and who also belong to the Vaishya varna and Kshatriya varna of the Hindu caste system, respectively.

A small minority of Hindu Sindhis in India belong to the Brahmin caste, who can be further divided into the three endogamous subcastes- Pokarnos, Shrimalis and Saraswats.[16]

Pakistani Sindhi Hindus

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Hindu Rajputs are mainly found in Thar region of Sindh.

Tribal groups like Dhed, Bhils, Meghwals and Kolhis etc form the largest group among Sindhi Hindus in Pakistan and are mostly found in the Southern and Eastern parts of Sindh.

Sindhi Hindus in Pakistan do not have a caste based hierarchial division, nor the concept of higher caste or lower caste, nor do they practice untouchability.[17]

Sindhi Hindus in India

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Main article: Sindhis in India

During the first half of 1948, approximately 1 million Sindhi Hindus immigrated to India.[18] Various refugee colonies have been set up by Government of India for accommodation of Sindhi refugees across the nation like: Ahmedabad, Gandhidham, Kandla and Adipur camps in Gujarat, Sindhi Camp bus stand in Rajasthan's capital Jaipur, Cox Town camp in Karnataka's capital Bangalore and Ulhasnagar (Kalyan Camp) in Maharashtra.[19]

According to the 2011 census of India, there are around 2.8 million Sindhi-language speakers living in India, however, this number does not include ethnic Sindhis who no longer speak Sindhi.[20] Sindhis formed a major-chunk of population of Ulhasnagar Municipality (Mumbai Metropolitan Region), Maharashtra. The population of Ulhasnagar city is 500k, out of which 400k of the residents are Sindhis, thus constituting 80% of the city's population as per 2011 census report. Ulhasnagar is also known as India's "Mini Sindh" due to having the highest concentration of Sindhis in one city in India.[21][22][23]

Partition of India

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Main article: Sindhis in India

After the partition of India in 1947, the majority of Sindh's Hindus migrated to India, mainly forced by the religious-based persecution sponsored by Muhajir refugees at the time.[24] They settled primarily in the neighbouring Kutch district of Gujarat, which bears linguistic and cultural similarities to Sindh, and the city of Bombay. As per Census of India 2011, there are around 1,741,662 Sindhi speakers living in India (not counting Kutchi speakers, who are sometimes seen as speaking a Sindhi dialect).[25] There are also sizable Sindhi Hindu communities elsewhere in the world, sometimes termed, the 'Sindhi diaspora'.

Family Names

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Conventions

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Sindhi Hindu family names often derive from a patronymic tradition, commonly ending with the suffix "-ani". This suffix signifies descent from a shared male ancestor. One explanation suggests that "-ani" is a Sindhi adaptation of "anshi", originating from the Sanskrit word "ansh", meaning "descended from". The initial component of a Sindhi Hindu surname typically reflects the name or location of an ancestor. In northern Sindh, surnames ending in "ja" (meaning "of") are also prevalent. A person's surname often includes the name of their native village followed by "ja". Sindhi Hindus frequently append the "-ani" suffix to the name of a great-grandfather and adopt it as their family name.[26][27][28]

Surnames

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Caste Surnames[29]
Sindhi Amil Lohana Advani, Ahuja, Ajwani, Bathija, Bhambhani, Bhavnani, Bhagtani, Bijlani, Chhablani, Chhabria, Chhugani, Chugani, Dadlani, Daryani, Dudani, Essarani, Gabrani, Gidwani, Gurnani, Hingorani, Hemrajani, Idnani, Issrani, Jagtiani, Jaisinghani, Jhangiani, Kandharani, Karnani, Kewalramani, Kewlani, Khubchandani, Kriplani, Haswani, Lalwani, Mahtani, Makhija, Malkani, Manghirmalani, Manglani, Manshani, Mansukhani, Mirchandani, Motwani, Mukhija, Panjwani, Punwani, Ramchandani, Raisinghani, Rijhsanghani, Sadarangani, Shahani, Shahukarani, Shivdasani, Sipahimalani (shortened to Sippy in many instances), Sitlani, Sarabhai, Singhania, Takthani, Thadani, Tanwani, Vaswani, Wadhwani and Uttamsinghani
Sindhi Bhaiband Lohana Aishani, Agahni, Anandani, Aneja, Ambwani, Asija, Bablani, Bajaj, Bhagwani, Bhaglani, Bhojwani, Bhagnani, Balani, Baharwani, Biyani, Bodhani, Chandiramani, Channa, Chattani, Chothani, Chughani, Dalwani, Damani, Dhingria, Dolani, Dudeja, Gangwani, Ganglani, Gulrajani, Hiranandani, Hotwani, Harwani, Jagwani, Jamtani, Jobanputra, Juneja, Jumani, Kateja, Kodwani, Khabrani, Khanchandani, Khushalani, Kirpalani, Lakhani, Lanjwani, Longan, Lachhwani, Ludhwani, Lulia, Lokwani, Manghnani, Mamtani, Melwani, Mirani, Mirpuri, Mirwani, Mohinani, Mulchandani, Nihalani, Nankani, Nathani, Parwani, Phull, Qaimkhani, Ratlani, Rajpal, Rustamani, Ruprela, Rajwani, Rijhwani, Ramnani, Sambhavani, Santdasani, Shamdasani, Soneji, Setia, Sewani, Tejwani, Tilokani, Tirthani, Wassan, Vangani, Varlani, Vishnani, Visrani, Virwani and Valbani

Notable Sindhi Hindus

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Main article: List of Sindhi people

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Includes speakers of the Sindhi and 1 million speakers of the Kutchi language; some Sindhi and Kutchi speakers, especially in Kutch in Gujarat and in western Rajasthan, are Muslims while many ethnic Sindhi Hindus no longer speak the language.

References

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  1. ^ "Hindu Population (PK) – Pakistan Hindu Council". Archived from the original on 15 March 2018.
  2. ^ a b "Table 9: Population by Religion, Sex and Rural/Urban" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
  3. ^ Data on Language and Mother Tongue. "Census of India 2011" (PDF). p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
  4. ^ "Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength – 2011" (PDF). Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 29 June 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
  5. ^ Rita Kothari, Burden of Refuge: Sindh, Gujarat, Partition, Orient Blackswan
  6. ^ Nil (4 June 2012). "Who orchestrated the exodus of Sindhi Hindus after Partition?". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  7. ^ Nandita bhavnani (2014). The making of exile: sindhi hindus and the partition of india. Tranquebar Press. ISBN 978-93-84030-33-9. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  8. ^ Data on Language and Mother Tongue. "Census of India 2011" (PDF). p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
  9. ^ Ramey, S. (27 October 2008). Hindu, Sufi, or Sikh: Contested Practices and Identifications of Sindhi Hindus in India and Beyond. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-61622-6. Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  10. ^ Schaflechner, Jürgen (2018). Hinglaj Devi: Identity, Change, and Solidification at a Hindu Temple in Pakistan. Oxford University Press. pp. 71–75.
  11. ^ Malik, Jamal (31 October 2008). Islam in South Asia: A Short History. BRILL. p. 40. ISBN 978-90-474-4181-6. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023. Sind's majority population followed Hindu traditions but a substantial minority was Buddhist.
  12. ^ a b Maclean, Derryl N. (1989). "Religion and Society in Arab Sind". BRILL. pp. 123–132. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  13. ^ Hiltebeitel, Alf (May 1999). Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics: Draupadi Among Rajputs, Muslims, and Dalits. University of Chicago Press. p. 281. ISBN 9780226340500. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023. While the results of Buddhist collaboration in Sind were short-lived, the history of Hinduism there continued in multiple forms, first with Brahman-led resistance continuing in upper Sind around Multan...
  14. ^ "Hindus of Pakistan reject CAA, do not want Indian Prime Minister Modi's offer of citizenship". Gulf News. 18 December 2019. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  15. ^ Hīrānandāṇī, Popaṭī (1984). History of Sindhi Literature: Post-independence, 1947-1978. Prof. Popati R. Hiranandani. p. 26.
  16. ^ Burton, Sir Richard Francis (1851). Sindh, and the Races that Inhabit the Valley of the Indus. W. H. Allen. p. 310. As usual among the Hindoo race, wherever it is settled, they have divided themselves into different tribes. The Satawarna, or seven castes of Indians in Sindh, are as follows:--1. Brahman; 2. Lohano; 3. Bhatio; 4. Sahto; 5. Waishya (including a number of trades as Wahun, grain-toaster; Khatti, dyer, &c.); 6. Panjabi; and 7. Sonaro. Five of these belong, properly speaking, to the Waishya (the third, or merchant) division of pure Indians. The seventh is a mixed caste, descended from a Brahman father and a Shudra mother.
  17. ^ Hīrānandāṇī, Popaṭī (1984). History of Sindhi Literature: Post-independence, 1947-1978. Prof. Popati R. Hiranandani.
  18. ^ The Partition Museum https://www.partitionmuseum.org Archived 18 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine › ... Partition of India - 1947 Partition, History
  19. ^ "How refugees from Sindh rebuilt their lives – and India – after Partition". 13 August 2022. Archived from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  20. ^ "Now, class 6th & 8th students of U.P. Govt schools to learn about Sindhi deities, personalities". 23 May 2023. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023. As per the 2011 census, there are 2,772,364 Sindhi speakers in India. However, this number does not include ethnic Sindhis who no longer speak the language.
  21. ^ "Sindhi conversions in Ulhasnagar raise a storm". Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  22. ^ "Ulhasnagar : Brands Of Ethnicity". Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  23. ^ "'Made in USA—Ulhasnagar Sindhi Association': How Sindhis created businesses after Partition". 4 September 2022. Archived from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  24. ^ "Sindhis and Mohajirs". 19 June 2015. Archived from the original on 20 November 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  25. ^ "CENSUS OF INDIA 2011" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. Govt of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 November 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  26. ^ "Sindhishaan - Whats in Name". Archived from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
  27. ^ "Sindhi Surnames". Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
  28. ^ Sakhrani, Tarun (4 January 2016). "The Sindhis of Sindh And Beyond". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 9 September 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  29. ^ U.T Thakur (1959). Sindhi Culture.
  30. ^ Singh, Simran (27 June 2024). "Bengaluru school introduces chapter on Tamannaah Bhatia, parents file complaint against management for this reason". DNA India. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  31. ^ Talwar, Aashima (28 November 2017). "'Baahubali' Actress Tamannaah Bhatia's Wore Only DIAMONDS On Her 'Bhai Ki Shaadi'". BollywoodShaadis. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2024.

Sources

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  • Bherumal Mahirchand Advani, "Amilan-jo-Ahwal" - published in Sindhi, 1919
  • Amilan-jo-Ahwal (1919) - translated into English in 2016 ("A History of the Amils") at sindhis
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