Demak–Majapahit conflicts
| Demak-Majapahit conflicts | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 MajapahitMajapahit forces from Daha |
Demak Majapahit defenders from Trowulan | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Girindrawardhana † General Udara |
Raden Patah Kertabhumi † Sunan Ngudung † Sunan Kudus | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 80.000 infantry, 2.000 horse cavalry | 7.000 infantry | ||||||
The Demak-Majapahit conflicts or Sudarma Wisuta were a series of conflicts between the rising Demak Sultanate and the waning Majapahit Empire. It marked the defeat of forces loyal to the legitimate Majapahit ruler, Bhre Kertabhumi (Prince Kertabhumi), by Girindrawardhana, son of Singhavikramavardhana, and the independence of the Demak Sultanate under Raden Patah, sons of Kertabhumi or Bravijaya V. 1478 is used to date the end of the Majapahit Empire. The Sudarma Wisuta was the second biggest war in ancient Java after the Mongol invasion of Java. The war ended in stalemate as Girindrawardhana killed Demak commander (General Ngundung) and Demak Forces destroyed Girindrawardhana logistics.
This battle was a strategic victory for Demak, because after the battle the Demak power and forces grew dramatically and the Daha stagnated. This battle was the last chance for Daha to conquer Demak, because after this battle Daha lost its numerical advantage.
Background
[edit]The Demak Sultanate was founded by Raden Patah in 1475.[1] According to Babad Tanah Jawi, he was the son of Kertabhumi and a Chinese concubine.[2] In 1468, Kertabhumi won a battle for throne against Singhavikramavardhana, exiling him to Daha, and reigned as Brawijaya V of Majapahit. However, Singhavikramavardhana's son Girindrawardhana consolidated a power base in Daha to retake the throne.[3] He was supported by religious tensions. To keep Majapahit influence and economic interest, Kertabhumi had awarded Muslim merchant trading rights on the north coast of Java, an action that supported the Demak Sultanate. The policy increased Majapahit's economy and influence, but weakened Hindu-Buddhism's position as the dominant religion, as Islam began to spread more freely in Java.[4]
Attack on Trowulan
[edit]The conflict came to a head in 1478. The Pararaton states, ".... bhre Kertabhumi ..... bhre prabhu sang mokta ring kadaton i saka sunyanora-yuganing-wong, 1400".[a] In that year, Girindrawardhana's army under general Udara breached Trowulan's defences and killed Bhre Kertabhumi in his palace.[5] Demak sent reinforcements under Sunan Ngudung, who died in battle and was replaced by Sunan Kudus. Although they managed to repel the invading army, they came too late to save Kertabhumi.[5] In the Trailokyapuri Jiwu and Petak inscriptions, Girindrawardhana claimed the defeat of Kertabhumi, and that with it he reunited Majapahit as one kingdom.[6]
After the conflict, Girindrawardhana reigned as Brawijaya VI of Majapahit until he was killed and replaced by Prabu Udara in 1498, but Demak gained independence and was a sovereign state no longer subject to the Majapahit Empire.[7] The conflict led to continued war between Demak and the Majapahit rump in Daha, since Demak rulers claimed descent from Kertabhumi. Prabhu Udara or Bravijaya VII sent all his forces to destroy the newly established Demak. During the battle, after realize the Daha forces strength (80.000 infantry and 2.000 horse cavalry) against 7.000 Demak infantry. the Demak Commander General Sunan Ngundung had a plan to destroy Daha's war supply, and he dispatched small divisions from special forces to burn Daha's war supply. Demak special forces burned the war supply and logistics just before General Sunan Ngundung was killed. The result of the battle was stalemate, because both of forces retreated, but this is a strategic victory for Demak, because Daha wouldn't be able to gathering huge forces again (they didn't have funds and logistic for huge forces). In the following decade, Demak forces grew very vast and were able to launch an invasion of Daha, while Daha could not. The next war ended with the defeat of Prabu Udara and the fall of Daha in 1527.[8]
Legacy
[edit]Today, 1478 is commemorated among Javanese with the candrasengkala sirna ilang kertaning bumi (sirna = 0, ilang = 0, kerta = 4, bumi = 1, its mean 1400 Saka) (lost and gone is the pride of the land).[9]
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ Ricklefs 1993, p. 154.
- ^ Muljana 1976, p. 252.
- ^ Poesponegoro & Notosusanto 1990, p. 448.
- ^ Muljana 1976, p. 196.
- ^ a b Djafar 1978, p. 50.
- ^ Poesponegoro & Notosusanto 1990, p. 450.
- ^ Poesponegoro & Notosusanto 1990, p. 451.
- ^ Ricklefs 2008, p. 54-55.
- ^ Smedley, Rose & Rose 1845, p. 384.
Bibliography
[edit]- Djafar, Hasan (1978). Girīndrawarddhana : Beberapa Masalah Majapahit Akhir (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Yayasan Dana Pendidikan Buddhis Nalanda.
- Muljana, Slamet (1976). A Story of Majapahit. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
- Poesponegoro, Marwati Djoened; Notosusanto, Nugroho (1990). Sejarah Nasional Indonesia Jilid II (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
- Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (1993). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300 (2nd edition). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (2008). A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1200 Fourth Edition (E-Book version) (4 ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Smedley, Edward; Rose, Hugh James; Rose, Henry John (1845). Encyclopaedia Metropolitana or Universal Dictionary of Knowledge: Comprising the Two fold advantage of a Philosophical and an Alphabetical Arrangement, with Appropriate Engravings Volume 1. London: B Fellowes et al.