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List of current members of the Rajya Sabha

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The Parliament of India a bicameral legislature composed of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the People). Membership is limited to 250 members. 233 are elected by the State legislative assemblies, and 12 are nominated by the president of India for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Members sit for overlapping six years terms, with one-third of the members retiring every two years.

Andhra Pradesh

Keys:   YSRCP (11)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 Y. V. Subba Reddy YSRCP 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
2 Meda Raghunath Reddy 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
3 Golla Baburao 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
4 V. Vijayasai Reddy 22-Jun-2022 21-Jun-2028
5 R. Krishnaiah 22-Jun-2022 21-Jun-2028
6 S. Niranjan Reddy 22-Jun-2022 21-Jun-2028
7 Beeda Masthan Rao 22-Jun-2022 21-Jun-2028
8 Alla Ayodhya Rami Reddy 22-Jun-2020 21-Jun-2026
9 Mopidevi Venkataramana 22-Jun-2020 21-Jun-2026
10 Pilli Subhash Chandra Bose 22-Jun-2020 21-Jun-2026
11 Parimal Nathwani 22-Jun-2020 21-Jun-2026

Arunachal Pradesh

Keys:   BJP (1)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 Nabam Rebia BJP 24-Jun-2020 23-Jun-2026

Assam

Keys:   BJP (2)   UPPL (1)   AGP (1)   AGM (1)   Vacant (2)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 Pabitra Margherita BJP 03-Apr-2022 02-Apr-2028
2 Bhubaneswar Kalita 10-Apr-2020 09-Apr-2026
3 Rwngwra Narzary UPPL 03-Apr-2022 02-Apr-2028
4 Birendra Prasad Baishya AGP 15-Jun-2019 14-Jun-2025
5 Ajit Kumar Bhuyan AGM 10-Apr-2020 09-Apr-2026
6 Vacant Since June 5 2024 09-Apr-2026
7 14-Jun-2025

Bihar

Keys:   RJD (5)   BJP (4)   JD(U) (4)   INC (1)   Vacant (2)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 Manoj Jha RJD 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
2 Sanjay Yadav 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
3 Faiyaz Ahmad 08-Jul-2022 07-July-2028
4 Prem Chand Gupta 10-Apr-2020 09-Apr-2026
5 Amarendra Dhari Singh 10-Apr-2020 09-Apr-2026
6 Dharamshila Gupta BJP 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
7 Bhim Singh 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
8 Satish Chandra Dubey 08-Jul-2022 07-July-2028
9 Shambhu Sharan Patel 08-Jul-2022 07-July-2028
10 Sanjay Kumar Jha JD(U) 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
11 Khiru Mahto 08-Jul-2022 07-July-2028
12 Harivansh Narayan Singh 10-Apr-2020 09-Apr-2026
13 Ram Nath Thakur 10-Apr-2020 09-Apr-2026
14 Akhilesh Prasad Singh INC 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
15 Vacant Since 05 June 2024 07-July-2028
16 09-Apr-2026

Chhattisgarh

Keys:   INC (4)   BJP (1)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 Rajeev Shukla INC 30-Jun-2022 29-Jun-2028
2 Ranjeet Ranjan 30-Jun-2022 29-Jun-2028
3 Phulo Devi Netam 10-Apr-2020 09-Apr-2026
4 K. T. S. Tulsi 10-Apr-2020 09-Apr-2026
5 Raja Devendra Pratap Singh BJP 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030

Delhi

Keys:   AAP (3)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 Sanjay Singh AAP 28-Jan-2024 27-Jan-2030
2 Narain Dass Gupta 28-Jan-2024 27-Jan-2030
3 Swati Maliwal 28-Jan-2024 27-Jan-2030

Goa

Keys:   BJP (1)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 Sadanand Tanavade BJP 29-Jul-2023 28-Jul-2029

Gujarat

Keys:   BJP (10)   INC (1)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 J. P. Nadda BJP 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
2 Govind Dholakia 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
3 Mayankbhai Nayak 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
4 Jasvantsinh Parmar 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
5 S. Jaishankar 18-Aug-2023 19-Aug-2029
6 Kesridevsinh Jhala 18-Aug-2023 19-Aug-2029
7 Babubhai Desai 18-Aug-2023 19-Aug-2029
8 Ramilaben Bara 22-Jun-2020 21-Jun-2026
9 Narhari Amin 22-Jun-2020 21-Jun-2026
10 Rambhai Mokariya 23-Feb-2021 21-Jun-2026
11 Shaktisinh Gohil INC 22-Jun-2020 21-Jun-2026

Haryana

Keys:   BJP (3)   IND (1)   Vacant (1)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 Subhash Barala BJP 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
2 Krishan Lal Panwar 02-Aug-2022 01-Aug-2028
3 Ram Chander Jangra 10-Apr-2020 09-Apr-2026
4 Kartikeya Sharma IND 02-Aug-2022 01-Aug-2028
5 Vacant Since 5 June 2024 09-Apr-2026

Himachal Pradesh

Keys:   BJP (3)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 Harsh Mahajan BJP 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
2 Sikander Kumar 03-Apr-2022 02-Apr-2028
3 Indu Goswami 10-Apr-2020 09-Apr-2026

Jammu and Kashmir

  Vacant (4)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 TBD 2024 2030
2 TBD 2024 2030
3 TBD 2024 2030
4 TBD 2024 2030

Jharkhand

Keys:   BJP (3)   JMM (3)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 Pradeep Verma BJP 04-May-2024 03-May-2030
2 Aditya Sahu 08-Jul-2022 07-Jul-2028
3 Deepak Prakash 22-Jun-2020 21-Jun-2026
4 Sarfaraz Ahmad JMM 04-May-2024 03-May-2030
5 Mahua Maji 08-Jul-2022 07-Jul-2028
6 Shibu Soren 22-Jun-2020 21-Jun-2026

Karnataka

Keys:   BJP (6)   INC (5)   JD(S) (1)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 Narayana Bhandage BJP 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
2 Nirmala Sitharaman 01-Jul-2022 30-Jun-2028
3 Jaggesh 01-Jul-2022 30-Jun-2028
4 Lehar Singh Siroya 01-Jul-2022 30-Jun-2028
5 Iranna B Kadadi 26-Jun-2020 25-Jun-2026
6 K. Narayan 24-Nov-2020 25-Jun-2026
7 Ajay Maken INC 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
8 G. C. Chandrasekhar 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
9 Syed Naseer Hussain 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
10 Jairam Ramesh 01-Jul-2022 30-Jun-2028
11 Mallikarjun Kharge 26-Jun-2020 25-Jun-2026
12 H. D. Deve Gowda JD(S) 26-Jun-2020 25-Jun-2026

Kerala

Keys: Total 09 (LDF 06 + UDF 03)

  CPI(M) (3)   CPI (2)   IUML (2)   INC (1)   KC(M) (1)

# Name[1] Alliance Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 A. A. Rahim Khan LDF CPI(M) 03-Apr-2022 03-Apr-2028
2 V. Sivadasan LDF 24-Apr-2021 23-Apr-2027
3 John Brittas LDF 24-Apr-2021 23-Apr-2027
4 P. P. Suneer LDF CPI 02-Jul-2024 01-Jul-2030
5 P. Santhosh Kumar LDF 03-Apr-2022 02-Apr-2028
6 Haris Beeran UDF IUML 02-Jul-2024 01-Jul-2030
7 P. V. Abdul Wahab UDF 24-Apr-2021 23-Apr-2027
8 Jose K Mani LDF KC(M) 02-Jul-2024 01-Jul-2030
9 Jebi Mather UDF INC 03-Apr-2022 02-Apr-2028

Madhya Pradesh

Keys:   BJP (7)   INC (3)   Vacant (1)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 Maya Naroliya BJP 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
2 Umesh Nath Maharaj 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
3 Bansilal Gurjar 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
4 L. Murugan 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
5 Sumitra Valmiki 30-Jun-2022 29-Jun-2028
6 Kavita Patidar 30-Jun-2022 29-Jun-2028
7 Sumer Singh Solanki 22-Jun-2020 21-Jun-2026
8 Ashok Singh INC 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
9 Vivek Tankha 30-Jun-2022 29-Jun-2028
10 Digvijaya Singh 22-Jun-2020 21-Jun-2026
11 Vacant Since 05 June 2024 21-Jun-2026

Maharashtra

Keys:   BJP (6)   INC (3)   SS(UBT) (2)   NCP (2)   NCP(SP) (2)   SHS (1)   RPI(A) (1)   Vacant (2)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 Ashok Chavan BJP 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
2 Medha Kulkarni 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
3 Ajit Gopchade 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
4 Anil Bonde 05-Jul-2022 04-Jul-2028
5 Dhananjay Mahadik 05-Jul-2022 04-Jul-2028
6 Bhagwat Karad 03-Apr-2020 02-Apr-2026
7 Chandrakant Handore INC 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
8 Imran Pratapgarhi 05-Jul-2022 04-Jul-2028
9 Rajani Patil 27-Sep-2021 02-Apr-2026
10 Sanjay Raut SS(UBT) 05-Jul-2022 04-Jul-2028
11 Priyanka Chaturvedi 03-Apr-2020 02-Apr-2026
12 Sharad Pawar NCP(SP) 03-Apr-2020 02-Apr-2026
13 Fouzia Khan 03-Apr-2020 02-Apr-2026
14 Praful Patel NCP 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
15 Sunetra Pawar 18-June-2024 04-Jul-2028
16 Milind Deora SHS 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
17 Ramdas Athawale RPI(A) 03-Apr-2020 02-Apr-2026
18 Vacant since 5 June 2024 04-Jul-2028
19 02-Apr-2026

Manipur

Keys:   BJP (1)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 Leishemba Sanajaoba BJP 22-Jun-2020 21-Jun-2026

Meghalaya

Keys:   NPP (1)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 Wanweiroy Kharlukhi NPP 22-Jun-2020 21-Jun-2026

Mizoram

Keys:   MNF (1)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 K. Vanlalvena MNF 19-Jul-2020 18-Jul-2026

Nagaland

Keys:   BJP (1)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 S. Phangnon Konyak BJP 03-Apr-2022 02-Apr-2028

Odisha

Keys:   BJD (8)   BJP (1)   Vacant (1)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 Debashish Samantaray BJD 04-Apr-2024 03-Apr-2030
2 Subhashish Khuntia 04-Apr-2024 03-Apr-2030
3 Sasmit Patra 02-Jul-2022 01-Jul-2028
4 Manas Ranjan Mangaraj 02-Jul-2022 01-Jul-2028
5 Sulata Deo 02-Jul-2022 01-Jul-2028
6 Sujeet Kumar 03-Apr-2020 02-Apr-2026
7 Munna Khan 03-Apr-2020 02-Apr-2026
8 Niranjan Bishi 17-Jun-2022 02-Apr-2026
9 Ashwini Vaishnaw BJP 04-Apr-2024 03-Apr-2030
10 Vacant Since 31 July 2024 02-Apr-2026

Puducherry

Keys:   BJP (1)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 S Selvaganapathy BJP 07-Oct-2021 06-Oct-2027

Punjab

Keys:   AAP (7)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 Balbir Singh Seechewal AAP 05-Jul-2022 04-Jul-2028
2 Vikramjit Singh Sahney 05-Jul-2022 04-Jul-2028
3 Sanjeev Arora 10-Apr-2022 09-Apr-2028
4 Raghav Chadha 10-Apr-2022 09-Apr-2028
5 Dr. Sandeep Pathak 10-Apr-2022 09-Apr-2028
6 Harbhajan Singh 10-Apr-2022 09-Apr-2028
7 Ashok Mittal 10-Apr-2022 09-Apr-2028

Rajasthan

Keys:   INC (5)   BJP (4)   Vacant (1)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 Sonia Gandhi INC 04-Apr-2024 03-Apr-2030
2 Randeep Surjewala 05-Jul-2022 04-Jul-2028
3 Mukul Wasnik 05-Jul-2022 04-Jul-2028
4 Pramod Tiwari 05-Jul-2022 04-Jul-2028
5 Neeraj Dangi 22-Jun-2020 21-Jun-2026
6 Chunnilal Garasiya BJP 04-Apr-2024 03-Apr-2030
7 Madan Rathore 04-Apr-2024 03-Apr-2030
8 Ghanshyam Tiwari 05-Jul-2022 04-Jul-2028
9 Rajendra Gehlot 22-Jun-2020 21-Jun-2026
10 Vacant Since 05 June 2024 21-Jun-2026

Sikkim

Keys:   BJP (1)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 Dorjee Tshering Lepcha BJP 24-Feb-2024 23-Feb-2030

Tamil Nadu

Keys:   DMK (10)   AIADMK (3)   INC (1)   TMC(M) (1)   MDMK (1)   PMK (1)   IND (1)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 K.R.N Rajeshkumar DMK 30-Jun-2022 29-Jun-2028
2 S. Kalyanasundaram 30-Jun-2022 29-Jun-2028
3 R. Girirajan 30-Jun-2022 29-Jun-2028
4 Tiruchi Siva 03-Apr-2020 02-Apr-2026
5 N. R. Elango 03-Apr-2020 02-Apr-2026
6 Anthiyur P. Selvaraj 03-Apr-2020 02-Apr-2026
7 Kanimozhi NVN Somu 27-Sep-2021 02-Apr-2026
8 M. M. Abdulla 06-Sep-2021 24-Jul-2025
9 M. Shanmugam 25-Jul-2019 24-Jul-2025
10 P. Wilson 25-Jul-2019 24-Jul-2025
11 C. V. Shanmugam AIADMK 30-Jun-2022 29-Jun-2028
12 M. Thambidurai 03-Apr-2020 02-Apr-2026
13 N. Chandrasegharan 25-Jul-2019 24-Jul-2025
14 P. Chidambaram INC 30-Jun-2022 29-Jun-2028
15 R. Dharmar IND 30-Jun-2022 29-Jun-2028
16 G. K. Vasan TMC(M) 03-Apr-2020 02-Apr-2026
17 Vaiko MDMK 25-Jul-2019 24-Jul-2025
18 Anbumani Ramadoss PMK 25-Jul-2019 24-Jul-2025

Telangana

Keys:   BRS (4)   INC (2)   Vacant (1)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 Vaddiraju Ravichandra BRS 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
2 B. Parthasaradhi Reddy 22-Jun-2022 21-Jun-2028
3 D. Damodar Rao 22-Jun-2022 21-Jun-2028
4 K. R. Suresh Reddy 10-Apr-2020 09-Apr-2026
5 M. Anil Kumar Yadav INC 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
6 Renuka Chowdhury 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
7 Vacant Since 04 July 2024 09-Apr-2026

Tripura

Keys:   Vacant (1)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 Vacant since 5 June 2024 02-Apr-2028

Uttar Pradesh

Keys:   BJP (24)   SP (4)   RLD (1)   BSP (1)   IND (1)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 Sudhanshu Trivedi BJP 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
2 Sanjay Seth 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
3 Naveen Jain 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
4 Sadhana Singh 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
5 Sangeeta Balwant 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
6 Ratanjit Pratap Narain Singh 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
7 Chaudhary Tejveer Singh 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
8 Amarpal Maurya 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
9 Laxmikant Bajpai 05-Jul-2022 04-Jul-2028
10 Radha Mohan Das Agarwal 05-Jul-2022 04-Jul-2028
11 Surendra Singh Nagar 05-Jul-2022 04-Jul-2028
12 Sangeeta Yadav 05-Jul-2022 04-Jul-2028
13 Darshana Singh 05-Jul-2022 04-Jul-2028
14 Baburam Nishad 05-Jul-2022 04-Jul-2028
15 K. Laxman 05-Jul-2022 04-Jul-2028
16 Mithlesh Kumar 05-Jul-2022 04-Jul-2028
17 Dinesh Sharma 08-Sept-2023 25-Nov-2026
18 Hardeep Singh Puri 26-Nov-2020 25-Nov-2026
19 Arun Singh 26-Nov-2020 25-Nov-2026
20 B. L. Verma 26-Nov-2020 25-Nov-2026
21 Brij Lal 26-Nov-2020 25-Nov-2026
22 Neeraj Shekhar 26-Nov-2020 25-Nov-2026
23 Seema Dwivedi 26-Nov-2020 25-Nov-2026
24 Geeta Shakya 26-Nov-2020 25-Nov-2026
25 Jaya Bachchan SP 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
26 Ramji Lal Suman 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
27 Javed Ali Khan 05-Jul-2022 04-Jul-2028
28 Ram Gopal Yadav 26-Nov-2020 25-Nov-2026
29 Jayant Chaudhary RLD 05-Jul-2022 04-Jul-2028
30 Kapil Sibal IND 05-Jul-2022 04-Jul-2028
31 Ramji Gautam BSP 26-Nov-2020 25-Nov-2026

Uttarakhand

Keys:   BJP (3)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 Mahendra Bhatt BJP 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
2 Kalpana Saini 05-Jul-2022 04-Jul-2028
3 Naresh Bansal 26-Nov-2020 25-Nov-2026

West Bengal

Keys:   AITC (13)   BJP (2)   CPI(M) (1)

# Name[1] Party Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 Sagarika Ghose AITC 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
2 Mamata Bala Thakur 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
3 Nadimul Haque 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
4 Sushmita Dev 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
5 Derek O'Brien 19-Aug-2023 18-Aug-2029
6 Sukhendu Shekhar Roy 19-Aug-2023 18-Aug-2029
7 Dola Sen 19-Aug-2023 18-Aug-2029
8 Samirul Islam 19-Aug-2023 18-Aug-2029
9 Prakash Chik Baraik 19-Aug-2023 18-Aug-2029
10 Subrata Bakshi 03-Apr-2020 02-Apr-2026
11 Mausam Noor 03-Apr-2020 02-Apr-2026
12 Jawhar Sircar 03-Aug-2021 02-Apr-2026
13 Saket Gokhale 30-Jul-2023 02-Apr-2026
14 Samik Bhattacharya BJP 03-Apr-2024 02-Apr-2030
15 Ananta Maharaj 19-Aug-2023 18-Aug-2029
16 Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya CPI(M) 03-Apr-2020 02-Apr-2026

Nominated

Keys:   NOM (6)   BJP (2)   Vacant (4)

# Name[3] Field Party[3] Term Start[2] Term End[2]
1 Sudha Murthy Social Work and Education NOM 08-Mar-2024 07-Mar-2030
2 Ilaiyaraaja Art 07-Jul-2022 06-Jul-2028
3 V. Vijayendra Prasad Art 07-Jul-2022 06-Jul-2028
4 P. T. Usha Sports 07-Jul-2022 06-Jul-2028
5 Veerendra Heggade Social work 07-Jul-2022 06-Jul-2028
6 Ranjan Gogoi Law 17-Mar-2020 16-Mar-2026
7 Satnam Singh Sandhu Education BJP 31-Jan-2024 30-Jan-2030
8 Ghulam Ali Khatana Social work 14-Sep-2022 13-Sep-2028
9 Vacant Since 14-Jul-2024
10
11
12

Membership by party

Members of the Rajya Sabha by their political party (as of 31 July 2024):

Alliance Party MPs Floor leader
NDA
Seats: 110
BJP 87 Piyush Goyal
JD(U) 4 Ram Nath Thakur
NCP 2 Praful Patel
JD(S) 1 H. D. Deve Gowda
SHS 1 Milind Deora
RLD 1 Jayant Chaudhary
PMK 1 Anbumani Ramadoss
AGP 1 Birendra Prasad Baishya
TMC(M) 1 G. K. Vasan
NPP 1 Wanweiroy Kharlukhi
RPI(A) 1 Ramdas Athawale
UPPL 1 Rwngwra Narzary
IND 2
NOM 6 None
I.N.D.I.A
Seats: 88
INC 26 Mallikarjun Kharge
AITC 13 Derek O'Brien
AAP 10 Sanjay Singh
DMK 10 Tiruchi Siva
RJD 5 Prem Chand Gupta
CPI(M) 4 Elamaram Kareem
SP 4 Ram Gopal Yadav
JMM 3 Shibu Soren
NCP(SP) 2 Sharad Pawar
SS(UBT) 2 Sanjay Raut
CPI 2 Binoy Viswam
MDMK 1 Vaiko
AGM 1 Ajit Kumar Bhuyan
KC(M) 1 Jose K. Mani
IUML 2 P. V. Abdul Wahab
IND 1 Kapil Sibal
Unalligned
Seats: 28
YSRCP 11 V. Vijayasai Reddy
BJD 8 Sasmit Patra
BRS 4 K. R. Suresh Reddy
AIADMK 3 M. Thambidurai
BSP 1 Ramji Gautam
MNF 1 K. Vanlalvena
Vacant 20
Total 245

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae "State-wise list". rajyasabha.nic.in.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl "List of Sitting Members of Rajya Sabha (Term Wise)". rajyasabha.nic.in.
  3. ^ a b "List of Nominated Members". rajyasabha.nic.in.