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Adina Beg

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Adina Beg Arain
Born1710
Died15 September 1758
Occupations
Known for
TitleSubahdar of Lahore
PredecessorMir Momin Khan
Successornone (position abolished)
Military career
AllegianceMughal Empire
Service/branchSubahdar of Punjab
RankWali, Faujdar, Ispahsalar, Subedar
Battles/wars
Siege of Sirhind 1758

Adina Beg Khan ( c. 1710 – 15 September 1758) was a Punjabi general and administrator who served as the last governor of the Punjab region of the Mughal Empire, including the provinces of Lahore and of Multan. He defeated Afghans after rising to power and was recognised as the Nawab of Punjab by Mughal emperor Alamgir II, who also gave him title of Jang Bahadur.[1]

Early life

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Named Dina at birth, Adina was born to Channu into a Punjabi Muslim family of the Arain tribe, in the village of Sharaqpur (now in the Sheikhupura district of Punjab, Pakistan), twenty miles (32 km) from Lahore. He was brought up as a soldier in a Mughal family, later becoming collector of revenue.[2]

Rise to power

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Beg began his career as domestic servant[3] in the homes of Mughal officials. Proximity to Mughal officers inspired him to join as a soldier in the Mughal army,[4] however becoming disillusioned with his poor prospects he took up the more lucrative position of patwari in the village of Kang near Sultanpur.[5] He soon came under the patronage of Lala Sri Nivas Dhir, a wealthy Hindu merchant from Sultanpur, and obtained the revenue contracts for all the villages in the territory of Kang.[6] In 1739, aiming to replace the newly deceased district officer of Sultanpur, Adina travelled to Lahore and secured an interview with the Viceroy of the Punjab, Zakariya Khan Bahadur. Impressing in his interview, the viceroy demanded security for his good behaviour, and on being guaranteed by Lala Sri Nivas, Adina was appointed faujdar of Sultanpur.[7][8] On his appointment he returned the favour by making his patron his assistant, and his patron's brother Bhwani Das, who knew Persian, his superintendent.[8]

That same year, Nader Shah invaded the Mughal Empire. Sultanpur, located on the road from Lahore to Delhi was ravaged by Persian troops. Adina Beg's success in restoring order, providing relief and securing the relief of prisoners enhanced his reputation.[8] Zakariya Khan, learning of his performance, appointed him Subahdar of the Doaba with instructions to restrain the lawlessness and halt the rising threat of the Sikh Misls.[8] Soon after his appointment Adina Beg dispatched troops against the Sikhs and carried out a massive slaughter against them.[9] Notably after restoring peace and order in the area, he ignored orders to take decisive steps to crush the Sikhs and instead pursued means of making peace with them.[10][page needed] Recognising the decline of his Mughal employers he sought to make alliances with local groups, and granted jagirs to a number of Sikhs whilst also employing many in his armed forces, notably Jassa Singh Ramgarhia.[10][11]

Imprisonment

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Nader Shah's invasion resulted in widespread looting, and led to Zakariya Khan being unable to pay his soldiers. After widespread protests by the soldiers, Zakariya Khan ordered his Diwan Lakhpat Rai to make the payments. The Diwan was imprisoned when he refused to do so and his brother Jaspat Rai was then ordered to demand arrears from all the nazims and faujdars in order to raise money.[8] Adina Beg subsequently found himself imprisoned for being in arrears and was stripped of his position as governor of the Doaba.[8]

After a year, Bhwani Das was released on the security of his brother Sri Navas and Adina escaped and fled to the hills. Bhwani Das was then re-arrested and ordered to disclose the accounts of Adina which he refused to do so. He was then placed in a large pot and half boiled.[6] The now released Diwan, Lakhpat Rai, was so impressed by his loyalty that he halted the punishment and granted him one request.[12] The latter demanded the reinstatement of Adina. Moved by the display of devotion, Zakariya awarded a robe of honour to Adina and made him Deputy Governor of the Doaba under his son Shahnawaz.[13]

Durrani Invasions

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The death of Zakariya Khan on 1 July 1745 created a power struggle to succeed him as viceroy and six months later his son Yahiya Khan was named as his successor.[14] Recognising the hostility between Yahiya Khan and his younger brother Shahnawaz, Adina sought to develop relations with Yahiya whilst also maintaining the trust of Shahnawaz.[6] To support the Yahiya government in Lahore he assisted in Lakhpat Rai's campaign against the Sikhs between April and June 1746. In November 1746, Shahnawaz began an insurrection and forcibly occupied Lahore demanding a complete division of his father's property. This time Adina placed himself in the camp of Shahnawaz and the following March, on hearing news that Yahiya was seeking to launch an attack against Shahnawaz, Adina led an attack near the tomb of Hazrat Ishan.[6] Shahnawaz was victorious and marched into Lahore unopposed on 21 March 1747 to usurp the Punjab government. He subsequently appointed Adina in charge of civil and military affairs for the Doaba. Shahnawaz now lobbied the Delhi government to become subahdar of Lahore in return for the release of Yahiya. However, on Yahiya's escape from captivity in July, Shahnawaz lost his bargaining power and on the advice of Adina he invited Ahmad Shah Durrani to invade the Mughal Empire.[15]

Adina then notified the Delhi government of Shahnawaz's treachery, and on hearing of the news, the Delhi government hurriedly acquiesced to Shahnawaz's demands. They were however too late to halt Durrani's invasion. Durrani defeated his former ally Shahnawaz at Lahore before marching on Delhi. Adina was twice injured when assisting Moin-ul-Mulk (also known as Mir Mannu) in the decisive Mughal victory at the Battle of Manupur which forced Durrani's retreat to Kabul. In return, the newly appointed subahdar of Lahore Mir Mannu reinstated Adina as faujdar of the Doaba. Durrani followed up his initial invasion a year later acquiring more territory to the west of the Indus River. During his third invasion, he defeated Mir Mannu at the Battle of Lahore and established Afghan supremacy in the Punjab although he kept Mir Mannu in place as his governor at Lahore. Following the war, Adina tried to gain favour with Mir Mannu and offered his support to a campaign against the Sikhs in Jullundur as a means to dispel suspicions of his treachery during the Afghan invasions.[16]

In 1752, whilst travelling in Gurdaspur, he found the town of Adinanagar.[17]

Consolidating power

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Painting of Nawab Adina Beg Khan (right) and Deendar Khoja (left), circa 18th century

On Mir Mannu's death on 3 November 1753, his two-year-old son was proclaimed viceroy, with his mother Surayya Begum becoming de facto ruler.[18] Amid the political upheaval, Adina asserted independence from both the Durrani Empire and Mughal government at Delhi. In 1755, Adina drew the support of zamindars and an army of Sikhs to confront the threat of Qutb Khan who had seized Sirhind and On 11 April 1755, he met Qutb Khan in battle, emerging victorious and extending his control of the Doaba as far as Sirhind. He used his victory to demand the new territory from the Delhi government, and the Mughal Wazir noting their military incompetence and poverty agreed.[19] Adina was conferred with the title Zafar Jung Bahadur and all the hill chiefs submitted to him and paid tribute. Now in control of Jullundur and Sirhind, Adina sought to acquire Lahore. Taking advantage of unrest in Lahore against the Begum's deputy Khwaja Abdullah, the son of Abd al-Samad Khan,[20] he marched on the capital and installed Sadiq Beg Khan to manage state affairs. This victory was however short lived as the Begum, with the help of the Afghans, drove Sadiq Beg Khan from power and restored Khwaja Abdullah's position. In 1756, the Mughal Wazir used Adina to conduct an intrigue to dispose the Begum from government in Lahore and bring her to Delhi.[21] On completion of the mission, Adina was made subahdar of Lahore and Multan by the Mughal government at Delhi in return for an annual tribute of thirty lakh of rupees. The position was however short lived, as the Afghans successfully marched on Lahore to dispose Adina's deputy Sayyid Jamal-ud-Din and restore Khwaja Abdullah.

In November 1756, following advances from the Begum the Afghans launched a campaign to ransack Delhi. Adina, accompanied by Sadiq Beg and Jamal-ud-Din abandoned his positions and fled to Hansi.[22] The Afghans successfully sacked Delhi in 1757, and the Begum was granted the Doaba and Jammu and Kashmir as a fief. In turn the Begum invited Adina to rule the Doaba on her behalf. The new Viceroy at Lahore, Jahan Khan, then demanded the full obedience of Adina and threatened to lay waste to the Doaba if refused.[22] Adina agreed, however soon disagreement over the payment of tribute to Jahan Khan heightened tensions. Jahan Khan invited Adina to court to discuss ways to subdue the Sikhs, but was rebuffed by Adina who sent agents in his place. A detachment of troops was then sent to arrest Adina, however he retired to the foothills and recruited a large body of Sikh soldiers to counter the detachment. The Sikhs led by Sodhi Bharbag Singh and Jassa Singh Ahluwalia routed the Afghans and looted their luggage. In return Adina granted the Sikhs leave to pillage the Doaba including the city of Jullundur. Amid the looting and Afghan defeat, and anarchy persisted in the Punjab between November 1757 to February 1758.[23]

Afghan expulsion and Maratha alliance

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In early 1758, Adina sought out allies to expel the Afghans from the Punjab and restore stability. He struck a deal with Sikh leaders Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Sodhi Vadhbhag Singh, and with their help defeated the Afghans at Mahilpur.[24] By March 1758 he had also enlisted the support of Raghunathrao of the Maratha Empire, and together they expelled the Afghans from Lahore. The Maratha and Sikh forces then gave chase to the retreating Afghans on horseback and were in quick pursuit of them in which they went on to capture Attock and then Peshawar from the Afghans.[25][26][27][28] The Punjab now came under Maratha rule, with Adina appointed subahdar of the Punjab in 1758 in return for a yearly tribute of seventy five lakh of rupees. Raghunathrao and Malhar Rao Holkar, the two commanders-in-chief of the Maratha forces, remained in Lahore for three months after which they retired to the Deccan leaving Adina in sole control.[29] Now in control of the entirety of the Punjab, Adina entrusted Lahore to his son-in-law Khwaja Mirza, and set up his headquarters in Batala nearer to his traditional power base in the Doaba.[24] To entrench his position he sought to eliminate his rivals, and declared his erstwhile allies the Sikhs, outlaws. He pursued two expeditions against the Sikhs, including an abortive siege of the mud fort Ram Rauni near Amritsar.[24]

Death

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On 15 September 1758, only a few months after his appointment, Adina Beg passed away at Khanpur near Hoshiarpur.[4] The Marathas appointed Sabaji Shinde to succeed him as the governor of the Punjab.[30] A tomb was erected at his grave in Khanpur.[4] His life is described in an unpublished Persian manuscript, the Ahwal-i-Dina Beg Khan.

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Depictions of Adina Beg Khan
  • Elderly Adina Beg Khan
    Elderly Adina Beg Khan
  • Adina Beg with prayer beads
    Adina Beg with prayer beads
  • Painting of Adina Beg Khan leaning against a bolster
    Painting of Adina Beg Khan leaning against a bolster
  • Deed house Chabuk Sawaran dated to 1170 AH (1756 CE), related to the governance of Adina Beg Khan
    Deed house Chabuk Sawaran dated to 1170 AH (1756 CE), related to the governance of Adina Beg Khan

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Syed, Muzaffar H. Syed; Kumar, Anil; Usmani, B. D.; Gupta, Pramod (2022). History of Indian Nation : Medieval India. K. K. Publications. p. 194. ISBN 978-8178441580.
  2. ^ Dhavan, Purnima (2020). "Warriors and Zamindars in Mughal Punjab". In Eaton, Richard M.; Sreenivasan, Ramya (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Mughal World. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190222642.013.13. ISBN 978-0-190-22264-2.
  3. ^ Gupta (1944), p. 57: "Adina Beg Khan was ... of low birth, unlettered, but endowed with a masterful ambition and a persevering temper. He was first employed ... as a servant in the households of Mughal officers, and rose to power by patient labour and force of character, until, he ultimately became Viceroy of the Panjab and played an important part in the closing scenes of Muslim rule in the province.".
  4. ^ a b c Beale 1894.
  5. ^ Husain, Jamil (1955). "The Land Problem of Pakistan". The Pakistan Review. Vol. 3. Ferozsons. pp. 37–38. ISSN 0031-0077.
  6. ^ a b c d Gupta 1940, p. 25.
  7. ^ Gupta 1940, p. 26.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Gandhi, Rajmohan (6–10 December 2013). Clash versus Commonsense. Fourth THAAP Conference 2013: 'Cultural Roots of Art and Architecture of the Punjab'. Trust for History, Arts and Architecture of Pakistan (THAAP). Lahore.
  9. ^ Green, Lepel Henry (1870). The Rajas Of The Punjab. Vol. 2nd. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors (P) Ltd. p. 456. ISBN 9788126935413.
  10. ^ a b Hari Ram Gupta, History of the Sikhs, Vol-II
  11. ^ Purnima Dhavan (2011). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799, Oxford University Press
  12. ^ Gupta 1940, p. 29.
  13. ^ Gupta 1944, p. 63.
  14. ^ Gupta 1940, p. 30.
  15. ^ Gupta 1940, p. 33.
  16. ^ Gupta 1940, p. 42.
  17. ^ Gupta 1940, p. 43.
  18. ^ Gupta 1940, p. 44.
  19. ^ Gupta 1940, p. 47.
  20. ^ Muhammad Umar (1998). Muslim Society in Northern India During the Eighteenth Century. p. 530. ISBN 9788121508308.
  21. ^ Gupta 1940, p. 49.
  22. ^ a b Gupta 1940, p. 53.
  23. ^ Gupta 1940, p. 56.
  24. ^ a b c Mehta 2005.
  25. ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (22 July 2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-59884-337-8. [2 volumes]. p. 43: The Marathas, assisted by Sikhs, defeated the Afghans and captured Attock, Peshwar and Multan in the spring of 1758.
  26. ^ Mehta 2005, pp. 236, 260.
  27. ^ Pletcher, Kenneth (2010). The History of India. Britannica Educational. p. 198. ISBN 9781615301225.
  28. ^ Barua, Pradeep (2005). The state at war in South Asia. University of Nebraska Press. p. 55. ISBN 9780803213449. The Marathas attacked soon after and, with some help from the Sikhs, managed to capture Attock, Peshawar, and Multan between April and May 1758.
  29. ^ Roy, Kaushik (2004). India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil. Permanent Black, India. pp. 80–1. ISBN 978-81-7824-109-8.
  30. ^ Sykes, Percy (2014). History of Afghanistan. Vol. 1, 2. Routledge. p. 359. doi:10.4324/9781315828107. ISBN 978-1-315-82810-7.

Sources

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Further reading

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