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Christianity in New Zealand

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The Church of the Good Shepherd on the shore of Lake Tekapo. The stone church was built as a memorial to the pioneers of the Mackenzie region.
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    Christianity in New Zealand dates to the arrival of missionaries from the Church Missionary Society who were welcomed onto the beach at Rangihoua Bay in December 1814. It soon became the predominant belief amongst the indigenous people, with over half of Māori regularly attending church services within the first 30 years. Christianity remains New Zealand's largest religious group, but no one denomination is dominant and there is no official state church. According to the 2018 census 38.17% of the population identified as Christian.[1] The largest Christian groups are Anglican, Catholic and Presbyterian. Christian organisations are the leading non-government providers of social services in New Zealand.[2][3]

    History

    [edit]

    The first Christian service conducted in New Zealand waters was likely to be carried out by Father Paul-Antoine Léonard de Villefeix, the Dominican chaplain on the ship Saint Jean Baptiste commanded by the French navigator and explorer Jean-François-Marie de Surville. Villefeix was the first Christian minister to set foot in New Zealand, and probably said Mass on board the ship near Whatuwhiwhi in Doubtless Bay on Christmas Day in 1769. He is reported to have also led prayers for the sick the previous day and to have conducted Christian burials.[4][5]

    New Zealand's religious history after the arrival of Europeans saw substantial missionary activity, with Māori generally converting to Christianity voluntarily (compare forced conversions elsewhere in the world).[6] The Anglican Church Missionary Society (CMS) sent missionaries to settle in New Zealand. Samuel Marsden of the Church Missionary Society (chaplain in New South Wales) officiated at its first service on Christmas Day in 1814, at Oihi Bay, a small cove in Rangihoua Bay in the Bay of Islands, at the invitation of chiefs Te Pahi and Ruatara, considered to have been the first preaching of the gospel in New Zealand.[7][8] The CMS founded its first mission at Rangihoua Bay in the Bay of Islands in 1814 and over the next decade established farms and schools in the area. In June 1823 Wesleydale, the first Wesleyan Methodist mission in New Zealand, was established at Kaeo, near Whangaroa Harbour.[9]

    The first book published in the Māori language was A Korao no New Zealand; or, the New Zealander's First Book, published by CMS missioner Thomas Kendall in 1815. In 1817 Tītore and Tui (also known as Tuhi or Tupaea (1797?–1824)) sailed to England.[10] They visited Professor Samuel Lee at Cambridge University and assisted him in the preparation of a grammar and vocabulary of Māori. Kendall travelled to London in 1820 with Hongi Hika and Waikato (a lower ranking Ngāpuhi chief) during which time work was done with Professor Samuel Lee, which resulted in the First Grammar and Vocabulary of the New Zealand Language (1820).[11][12]

    Henry Williams was the leader of the CMS mission in New Zealand in the first half of the 19th century.

    In 1823, Rev Henry Williams became the leader of the CMS mission in New Zealand. He settled at Paihia, across the bay from Kororāreka (nowadays Russell); then described as "the hell-hole of the South Pacific" because of the abuse of alcohol and prostitution that was the consequence of the sealing ships and whaling ships that visited Kororāreka.[13] Williams concentrated on the salvation of souls.[14] The first baptism occurred in 1825, although it was another 5 years before the second baptism.[15] Schools were established, which addressed religious instruction, reading and writing and practical skills. Williams also stopped the CMS trading muskets for food.[16] Māori eventually came to see that the ban on muskets was the only way to bring an end to the tribal wars.[17]

    Williams organised the CMS missionaries into a systematic study of the Māori language and soon started translating the Bible into Māori.[18][19] In July 1827 William Colenso printed the first Māori Bible, comprising three chapters of Genesis, the 20th chapter of Exodus, the first chapter of the Gospel of St John, 30 verses of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of St Matthew, the Lord's Prayer and some hymns.[20][21] It was the first book printed in New Zealand and his 1837 Māori New Testament was the first indigenous language translation of the Bible published in the southern hemisphere.[22] Demand for the Māori New Testament, and for the Prayer Book that followed, grew exponentially, as did Christian Māori leadership and public Christian services, with 33,000 Māori soon attending regularly. Literacy and understanding the Bible increased mana and social and economic benefits, decreased the practices of slavery and intertribal violence, and increased peace and respect for all people in Māori society, including women.[23]

    Henry Williams played an important role in the translation of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. In August 1839 Captain William Hobson was given instructions by the Colonial Office to take the constitutional steps needed to establish a British colony in New Zealand. Hobson was sworn in as Lieutenant-Governor in Sydney on 14 January, finally arriving in the Bay of Islands on 29 January 1840. The Colonial Office did not provide Hobson with a draft treaty, so he was forced to write his own treaty with the help of his secretary, James Freeman, and British Resident James Busby.[24] The entire treaty was prepared in four days.[25] Realising that a treaty in English could be neither understood, debated or agreed to by Māori, Hobson instructed Williams, who worked with his son Edward, who was also proficient in the Māori language, to translate the document into Māori and this was done overnight on 4 February.[26][27] Williams was also involved in explaining the treaty to Māori leaders, firstly at the meetings with William Hobson at Waitangi, but later also when he travelled to Port Nicholson, Queen Charlotte's Sound, Kapiti, Waikanae and Otaki to persuade Māori chiefs to sign the treaty.[28]

    In 1845, 64,000 Māori were attending church services, over half of the estimated population of 110,000.[29] By then, there was probably a higher proportion of Māori attending Church in New Zealand than British people in the United Kingdom.[30] The New Zealand Anglican Church, te Hāhi Mihinare (the missionary church), was, and is, the largest Māori denomination. Māori made Christianity their own and spread it throughout the country often before European missionaries arrived.[30][31]

    Jean-Baptiste Pompallier, the first Roman Catholic bishop in the country

    Jean Baptiste Pompallier was the first Catholic bishop to come to New Zealand, arriving in 1838. With a number of Marist Brothers, Pompallier organised the Catholic Church throughout the country.[32] George Augustus Selwyn became the first Anglican Bishop of New Zealand in 1841.[8] Selwyn was criticised by the CMS for being ineffective in training and ordaining New Zealand teachers, deacons and priests – especially Māori. It would be 11 years until the first Māori deacon, Rota Waitoa, would be ordained by the Bishop at St Paul's, Auckland, and 24 years before he ordained a Māori priest.[33] The first Māori bishop in New Zealand's history was Frederick Bennett, who was consecrated Anglican Bishop of Aotearoa, in 1928.[34] The first Catholic Māori priest, Father Wiremu Te Āwhitu was ordained in 1944,[35] and the first Māori bishop, Bishop Max Mariu was ordained in 1988.[36]

    The Sisters of Mercy arrived in Auckland in 1850 and were the first order of religious sisters to come to New Zealand and began to work in health care and education.[37] At the direction of Mary MacKillop (St Mary of the Cross), the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart arrived in New Zealand and established schools. In 1892, Suzanne Aubert established the Sisters of Compassion – the first Catholic order established in New Zealand for women.[38] The Anglican Church in New Zealand recognises her as a saintly person and in 1997 the New Zealand Catholic Bishops' Conference agreed to support the "Introduction of the Cause of Suzanne Aubert", to begin the process of consideration for her canonisation as a saint by the Catholic Church.[39]

    In 1892 the New Zealand Church Missionary Society (NZCMS) formed in a Nelson church hall and the first New Zealand missionaries were sent overseas soon after.[40]

    Although there was some hostility between Catholic and Protestants in the 19th and early 20th centuries, this declined towards the end of the 20th century.[41]

    Demographics

    [edit]

    The proportion of New Zealanders who identify as Christian is declining—accounting for around 38% of responses to the 2018 census, whereas in the 1991 census it stood at around three-quarters.[42] Christian groups are experiencing mixed trends. Anglicanism and Presbyterianism are both losing adherents at a rapid rate, while smaller Protestant groups and non-denominational churches are growing.[43]

    "Anglican" is the largest single Christian religious affiliation in New Zealand, according to the 2018 census, which recorded 314,913 adherents in New Zealand. "Roman Catholic" recorded 295,743. When all "catholic" religious affiliations are added together they total 473,145 people.

    The dominant religious affiliation in each territorial authority (based on 2013 census)
    Denominational affiliation[1][44][42] 2018 2013 2006 2001 Trend (%)
    Number % Number % Number % Number % 2001–13
    Total Christian 1,793,970 38.17 1,858,977 47.65 2,027,418 54.16 2,043,843 58.92 Decrease -11.27
    Christian (Not Further Defined) 310,143 6.6 216,177 5.54 186,234 4.97 192,165 5.54 Increase
    Protestant (& Protestant affiliations) 846,000 17.43 1,093,065 28.01 1,286,196 34.35 1,324,353 38.17 Decrease
        Anglican 314,913 6.70 459,771 11.79 554,925 14.82 584,793 16.86 Decrease
        Presbyterian, Congregational and Reformed 244,701 5.20 330,516 8.47 400,839 10.71 431,139 12.43 Decrease
        Methodist 72,183 1.5 102,879 2.64 121,806 3.25 120,546 3.48 Decrease
        Evangelical, Born Again and Fundamentalist 65,283 1.38 15,381 0.39 13,836 0.37 11,016 0.32 Steady
        Pentecostal 53,874 0.67 74,256 1.90 79,155 2.11 67,182 1.94 Steady
        Adventist 18,510 0.39 17,085 0.44 16,191 0.43 14,868 0.43 Steady
        Baptist 38,043 0.8 54,345 1.39 56,913 1.52 51,423 1.48 Decrease
        Brethren 14,160 0.30 18,624 0.48 19,617 0.52 20,397 0.59 Decrease
        Protestant (not further defined) & non denominational 9561 0.20 4,998 0.13 3,954 0.11 2,787 0.08 Increase
        Salvation Army 7929 0.16 9,162 0.23 11,493 0.31 12,618 0.36 Decrease
        Asian Christian 5101 0.2 132 <0.01 195 0.01 195 0.01 Steady
        Uniting/Union Church and Ecumenical 3693 0.07 999 0.03 1,419 0.04 1,389 0.04 Steady
        Lutheran 3585 0.07 3,903 0.10 4,476 0.12 4,314 0.12 Steady
        Church of Christ and Associated Churches of Christ 3258 0.06 2,145 0.05 2,991 0.08 3,270 0.09 Steady
    Total Māori Christian 56,157 1.19 52,947 1.36 65,550 1.75 63,597 1.83 Decrease -0.47
        Rātana 43,821 0.93 40,353 1.03 50,565 1.35 48,975 1.41 Decrease
        Ringatū 12,336 0.26 13,272 0.34 16,419 0.44 15,291 0.44 Decrease
    Catholic (& Catholic affiliations) 473,145 10.02 492,105 12.61 508,437 13.58 485,637 14.00 Decrease
    Orthodox (& Orthodox affiliations) 15,450 0.29 13,806 0.35 13,194 0.35 9,576 0.28 Increase
    Other Christian affiliations 82,978 1.83 63,504 1.53 66,861 1.79 62,886 1.81
        Latter–day Saints 54,123 1.15 40,728 1.04 43,539 1.16 39,915 1.15 Decrease
        Jehovah's Witnesses 20,061 0.42 17,931 0.46 17,910 0.48 17,829 0.51 Decrease
        Other Christian - - 3,714 0.10 3,798 0.10 3,558 0.10 Steady
        Māori Christian (not further defined) 222 0.01 219 0.01 237 0.01 Steady
        Other Māori Christian 333 0.01 360 0.01 426 0.01 Steady
    Total population 4,699,755 4,242,048 4,027,947 3,737,277

    (Note: All figures are for the census usually resident population.
    Percentages are based on number of responses rather than total population. These are nominal.
    The 2011 census was cancelled due to the 2011 Christchurch earthquake
    In all censuses, up to four responses were collected.)

    Geographic distribution

    [edit]

    The number of Christians in New Zealand varies slightly across different parts of the country – as of the 2006 census,[needs update] the number of Christians in each territorial authority ranged from a low of 43.7% (in Kawerau) to a high of 63.4% (in Ashburton).[45] In general, the tendency is for rural areas, particularly in the lower South Island, to have somewhat higher numbers of Christians, and urban areas to have lower numbers – of the sixteen designated Cities of New Zealand, fifteen have a smaller proportion of Christians than the country as a whole (the exception being Invercargill).[45] The average proportion of Christians in the sixteen cities is 50.2%.[45][needs update]

    Denominations and organisations

    [edit]
    Main article: List of Christian organisations in New Zealand
    St. Patrick's (Catholic) Cathedral in Auckland
    St Paul's (Anglican) Cathedral in Wellington
    First Church of Otago (Presbyterian) in Dunedin

    Catholicism, associated mostly with New Zealanders of Irish, Polish, descent, is the most evenly distributed of the three main denominations, although it still has noticeable strengths in south and central Taranaki, on the West Coast, and in Kaikōura. It is also the largest denomination in Auckland and Wellington, although not by a great extent. The territorial authorities with the highest proportion of Catholics are Kaikōura (where they are 18.4% of the total population), Westland (18.3%), and Grey (17.8%). The territorial authorities with the lowest proportion of Catholics are Tasman (8.1%), Clutha (8.7%), and Western Bay of Plenty (8.7%).[needs update?]

    Anglicanism, associated mostly with New Zealanders of English descent, is common in most parts of the country, but is strongest in Canterbury (the city of Christchurch having been founded as an Anglican settlement) and on the North Island's East Coast. It is the largest denomination in most parts of rural New Zealand, the main exception being the lower South Island. The territorial authorities with the highest proportion of Anglicans are Gisborne (where they are 27.4% of the total population), Wairoa (27.1%), and Hurunui (24.9%). The territorial authorities with the lowest proportion of Anglicans are Invercargill (7.7%), Manukau (8.3%), and Clutha (8.5%).[needs update?]

    Presbyterianism, associated mostly with New Zealanders of Scottish descent, is strong in the lower South Island – the city of Dunedin was founded as a Presbyterian settlement, and many of the early settlers in the region were Scottish Presbyterians.[citation needed] Elsewhere, however, Presbyterians are usually outnumbered by both Anglicans and Catholics, making Presbyterianism the most geographically concentrated of the three main denominations. The territorial authorities with the highest proportion of Presbyterians are Gore (where they are 30.9% of the total population), Clutha (30.7%), and Southland (29.8%). The territorial authorities with the lowest proportion of Presbyterians are Far North (4.4%), Kaipara (6.2%), and Wellington (6.7%).[needs update?]

    Pentecostalism and non-denominational churches are amongst the highest denominations according to the 2018 census. Examples of these churches are Life Church in Auckland, Curate Church in Mount Maunganui, Arise in Wellington and Harmony Church in Christchurch.

    Christian organisations in New Zealand are heavily involved in community activities including education; health services; chaplaincy to prisons, rest homes and hospitals; social justice and human rights advocacy.[46] Approximately 11% of New Zealand students attend Catholic schools;[47] the Anglican Church administers a number of schools;[48] and schools administered by members of the New Zealand Association for Christian Schools educated 13,000 students in 2009.[49]

    Culture and the arts

    [edit]

    Architecture

    [edit]
    See also: List of cathedrals in New Zealand

    The architectural landscape of New Zealand has been affected by Christianity and the prominence of churches in cities, towns and the countryside attests to its historical importance in New Zealand.[50] Notable Cathedrals include the Anglican Holy Trinity Cathedral, Auckland, ChristChurch Cathedral, Christchurch and Saint Paul's Cathedral, Wellington and the Catholic St Patrick's Cathedral, Auckland, Sacred Heart Cathedral, Wellington, Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament, Christchurch, St. Joseph's Cathedral, Dunedin. The iconic Futuna Chapel was built as a Wellington retreat center for the Catholic Marist order in 1961. The design by Māori architect John Scott, fuses Modernist and indigenous design principles.

    • Modernist Futuna Chapel in Wellington
      Modernist Futuna Chapel in Wellington
    • The Gothic Revival façade of Saint Joseph's Cathedral in Dunedin
      The Gothic Revival façade of Saint Joseph's Cathedral in Dunedin
    • Holy Trinity Cathedral in Parnell, Auckland
      Holy Trinity Cathedral in Parnell, Auckland
    • Saint Dunstan's Church, a listed building in Clyde, Central Otago
      Saint Dunstan's Church, a listed building in Clyde, Central Otago

    Holidays

    [edit]

    The Christian festivals of Christmas and Easter are marked by public holidays in New Zealand.[51] Christmas Day, 25 December, falls during the Southern Hemisphere Summer allowing open air carolling and barbecues in the sun. Nevertheless, various Northern hemisphere traditions have continued in New Zealand – including roast dinners and Christmas trees, with the pōhutukawa regarded as New Zealand's iconic Christmas tree.[52][53]

    Music

    [edit]

    Christian and Māori choral traditions have been blended in New Zealand to produce a distinct contribution to Christian music, including the popular hymns Whakaria Mai and Tama Ngakau Marie.[54][55]

    Christian music festivals

    [edit]
    Eastercamp, South Island. A Christian event attended by 3500 youths from 50+ youth groups and churches in South Island. Held annually in Spencer Park, Christchurch

    New Zealand once hosted the largest Christian music festival in the Southern Hemisphere, Parachute Music Festival, however in 2014, the music festival was cancelled due to financial difficulties.[56] Large Christian Easter events still occur. Eastercamp, a Christian youth event in South Island, draws 3500 youths from over 50 youth groups and churches.[57]

    Media

    [edit]

    New Zealand has many media organisations and personalities. Frank Ritchie, is a New Zealand radio broadcaster, Media Chaplain, and ordained Christian Minister who is a Sunday evening radio host on Newstalk ZB.[58]

    Rhema Media is a Christian media organisation in New Zealand. It owns radio networks Rhema, Life FM and Star, and television station Shine TV.

    2021 COVID-19 Church Responses

    [edit]

    In November 2021, the New Zealand government announced that New Zealand will head into a traffic light system.[59] This meant that New Zealand churches had to choose between having a smaller congregation of both unvaccinated and vaccinated members attend or the alternative of an unlimited amount of attendees that provided a vaccination pass.[60] Many churches like Auckland's Life Church, Wellington's Arise Church and Christchurch's Harmony Church[61] opted to take their ministry online over the Christmas period.[62]

    Politics

    [edit]
    Main article: Christian politics in New Zealand

    Christianity has never had official status as a national religion in New Zealand, and a poll in 2007 found 58% of people were opposed to official status being granted.[63] Despite this, each sitting day of the New Zealand Parliament opens with a Christian prayer.[64][65] In contrast to England, where the Anglican Church is the officially established church, in New Zealand the Anglican Church has no special status, although it often officiates at civic events such as Anzac Day.

    Most New Zealanders consider politicians' religious beliefs to be a private matter.[66] Many New Zealand prime ministers have been professing Christians, including Jim Bolger, David Lange, Robert Muldoon, Walter Nash, Keith Holyoake, Michael Joseph Savage and Christopher Luxon.[67][68][69][70][71][72] Prime ministers Helen Clark, John Key and Jacinda Ardern identified as agnostic during their time in office.[73][74][75]

    Christian political parties have never gained significant support and have often been characterised by controversy. Many of these are now defunct, such as the Christian Democrat Party, the Christian Heritage Party (which collapsed after leader Graham Capill was convicted as a child sex offender),[76] Destiny New Zealand, The Family Party, and the New Zealand Pacific Party (whose leader Taito Phillip Field was convicted on bribery and corruption charges).[77] The Exclusive Brethren gained public notoriety during the 2005 election for distributing anti-Labour pamphlets, which former National Party leader Don Brash later admitted to knowledge of.[78]

    The two main political parties, Labour and National, are not affiliated with any religion, although religious groups have at times played a significant role (e.g. the Rātana movement and Labour[79]). Politicians are often involved in public dialogue with religious groups.[80][81]

    Controversy

    [edit]

    In 1967, Presbyterian minister and theologian Lloyd Geering was the subject of one of the few heresy trials of the 20th century, with a judgement that no doctrinal error had been proved. The Catholic Church in New Zealand had a number of its priests convicted of child sexual abuse, notably at Marylands School. Newspapers have also reported child sex abuse cases within the Exclusive Brethren.[82]

    According to a 2019 survey, nearly four in ten New Zealanders lacked trust in Evangelical churches.[83]

    See also

    [edit]

    Notes and references

    [edit]

    Notes

    [edit]

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ a b "Most common religious affiliations in New Zealand". Figure.NZ. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
    2. ^ New Zealand Herald (4 April 2008). "Church actions louder than words". The New Zealand Herald.
    3. ^ "Facts about the sub-sectors of the community sector". OCVS website. Office for the Community and Voluntary Sector. Archived from the original on 3 April 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
    4. ^ King, Michael (2003). The Penguin History of New Zealand. Auckland: Penguin.
    5. ^ "Samuel Marsden's first service". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 20 December 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
    6. ^ Stenhouse, John. "Religion and society – Māori and religion". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
    7. ^ "Samuel Marsden's first service". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 20 December 2016. Archived from the original on 31 January 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
    8. ^ a b Newman, Keith (2010). Bible & treaty : missionaries among the Māori : a new perspective. North Shore [City] N.Z.: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-320408-4. OCLC 655641724.
    9. ^ "Wesleyan mission established". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 21 December 2016. Archived from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
    10. ^ NZETC: Maori Wars of the Nineteenth Century, 1816
    11. ^ Brownson, Ron (23 December 2010). "Outpost". Staff and friends of Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
    12. ^ Rogers, Lawrence M., (1973) Te Wiremu: A Biography of Henry Williams, Pegasus Press, p. 35, f/n 7 & 39
    13. ^ Wolfe, Richard (2005). Hellhole of the Pacific. Penguin Books (NZ). ISBN 0143019872.
    14. ^ "Henry Williams". The Anglican Church in Aotearoa. Archived from the original (RTF) on 14 October 2008.
    15. ^ "The Church Missionary Gleaner, April 1874". The New Zealand Mission. Adam Matthew Digital. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
    16. ^ Rogers, Lawrence M. (1973). Te Wiremu: A Biography of Henry Williams. Pegasus Press. p. 57.
    17. ^ Mitcalfe, Barry (1963). "Angry peacemaker: Henry Williams – A missionary's courage wins Maori converts". Nine New Zealanders. Whitcombe and Tombs. p. 34.
    18. ^ Fitzgerald, Caroline (2011) Letter of Henry Williams, 9 February 1824
    19. ^ Fitzgerald, Caroline (2004) Journal of Henry Williams, 12 July 1826
    20. ^ Gillies 1995, p. 48
    21. ^ Rogers 1973, p. 25, f/n, p. 70
    22. ^ Newman, Keith (2010) [2010]. Bible & Treaty, Missionaries among the Māori – a new perspective. Penguin. ISBN 978-0143204084. pp 20-110
    23. ^ Newman, Keith (2010) [2010]. Bible & Treaty, Missionaries among the Māori – a new perspective. Penguin. ISBN 978-0143204084. pp 20-116
    24. ^ "Paul Moon: Hope for watershed in new Treaty era". The New Zealand Herald. 13 January 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
    25. ^ Michael King (2003). The Penguin History of New Zealand. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-301867-1.
    26. ^ Carleton, Hugh (1874). "Vol. II". The Life of Henry Williams: "Early Recollections" written by Henry Williams. Early New Zealand Books (ENZB), University of Auckland Library. pp. 11–15.
    27. ^ Carleton, Hugh (1874). "Vol. II". The Life of Henry Williams: "Early Recollections" written by Henry Williams. Early New Zealand Books (ENZB), University of Auckland Library. pp. 15–17.
    28. ^ Ruka, Jay (2018). Huia Come Home. Oati. p. 38. ISBN 9781877487996.
    29. ^ a b "Māori and religion". Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of NZ. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
    30. ^ Newman, Keith (2010) [2010]. Bible & Treaty, Missionaries among the Māori – a new perspective. Penguin. pp. 101–103. ISBN 978-0143204084.
    31. ^ Simmons, E. R. (November 2010) [1990]. "Pompallier, Jean Baptiste François". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Archived from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017 – via Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
    32. ^ Newman, Keith (2010) [2010]. Bible & Treaty, Missionaries among the Māori – a new perspective. Penguin. pp. 182, 257, 258, 259, 272, 273, 274, 305, 318, 319. ISBN 978-0143204084.
    33. ^ Bennett, Manu. "Story: Bennett, Frederick Augustus". Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of NZ. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
    34. ^ Mariu, Max T. "Te Āwhitu, Wiremu Hākopa Toa". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
    35. ^ Catholic Hierarchy website, Bishop Max Takuira Matthew Mariu SM
    36. ^ "Who We Are > History – General". Sisters of Mercy. Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
    37. ^ "Who We Are > The Journey". Sisters of Saint Joseph. Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
    38. ^ "The Process of Beatification and Canonisation: The making of a New Zealand Saint". Sisters of Compassion. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
    39. ^ "NZCMS". New Zealand Church Missionary Society. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 18 July 2008.
    40. ^ "Religious intolerance", Te Ara
    41. ^ a b "Table 25 in 2006 Census Data > QuickStats About Culture and Identity – Tables". Statistics New Zealand. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
    42. ^ "2013 Census QuickStats about culture and identity – Religious affiliation". Statistics New Zealand. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
    43. ^ "2013 Census QuickStats about culture and identity – tables". Statistics New Zealand. 15 April 2014. Archived from the original on 24 May 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
    44. ^ a b c "Table Builder". Statistics New Zealand. Archived from the original on 15 April 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2008.
    45. ^ "The Works of Mercy". Sisters of Mercy. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
    46. ^ "Catholic Schools – Today". Catholic Education Office Ltd. Archived from the original on 26 May 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
    47. ^ "Schools". Anglican Schools Office. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
    48. ^ "A Brief Summary of the History of Christian Schooling in New Zealand". New Zealand Association for Christian Schools. 1 January 2009. Archived from the original on 21 February 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
    49. ^ John Wilson (3 March 2009). "Society – Religion and the churches". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Ministry of Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
    50. ^ "Public Holidays". Department of Labour. Archived from the original on 12 April 2010.
    51. ^ "Kiwi Christmas". New Zealand History Online. Ministry of Culture and Heritage. 22 February 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
    52. ^ "Kiwi's attitude to Christmas". New Zealand History Online. Ministry of Culture and Heritage. 16 December 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
    53. ^ "Whakaria Mai". Folksong.org.nz.
    54. ^ "The Battalion Sings 'Tama Ngakau Marie'". 28th Maori Battalion. Ministry of Culture and Heritage. 3 March 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
    55. ^ "Parachute music festival cancelled". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
    56. ^ Pearson, John (31 March 2024). "Festival brings an Easter message". Sunday Star-Times. Canterbury. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
    57. ^ "National portrait: Rev Frank Ritchie, the media chaplain". Stuff. 27 March 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
    58. ^ "Which areas will the traffic light system apply to?". RNZ. 28 November 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
    59. ^ Nixon, Jane; Producer, 1News Digital. "How churches can operate in the traffic light system". 1 News. Retrieved 14 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
    60. ^ "Newsroom". Harmony Church. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
    61. ^ "Churches ponder on Covid-19 vaccine certificates and balancing safety with values". RNZ. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
    62. ^ "Majority reject state religion: poll". The New Zealand Herald. 17 June 2007. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
    63. ^ "Chapter 14 Business of the House – New Zealand Parliament". parliament.nz. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016.
    64. ^ "MPs' new prayer rejected", 9 December 2014, NZ Herald
    65. ^ Brian Colless and Peter Donovan, 'Editor's Introduction', in Brian Colless and Peter Donovan, eds, Religion in New Zealand Society, 2nd edition, Palmerston North: Dunmore Press, 1985, p.10
    66. ^ Shand, Greg (16 December 1985). "The Bolger challenge". Auckland Star. pp. B1.
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    Further reading

    [edit]
    • Ahdar, Rex (2003). God and Government: The New Zealand Experience. Dunedin: University of Otago Press.
    • Davidson, Allan K. (2004). Christianity in Aotearoa : a history of church and society in New Zealand (3rd ed.). Wellington: Education For Ministry. ISBN 0-476-00229-X.
    • Davidson, Allan K.; Lineham, Peter J. (1989). Transplanted Christianity: Documents Illustrating Aspects of New Zealand Church History (2nd ed.). Palmerston North: Dunmore Press.
    • Harper, Tobia, "'Amen, Amen!'" New Zealand Journal of History (2008) 42#2 pp 133–153. Studies the impact of Christianity on New Zealand society in the 1920s
    • Hoverd, William James (2008). "No Longer a Christian Country? – Religious Demographic Change in New Zealand 1966–2006" (PDF). New Zealand Sociology. 23 (1). Royal Society of New Zealand. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
    [edit]
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