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Paul Schrader

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For the United Auto Workers activist, see Paul Schrade.

Paul Schrader
Schrader in 2018
Born
Paul Joseph Schrader

(1946-07-22) July 22, 1946 (age 78)
Grand Rapids, Michigan, U.S.
Education
Occupations
  • Film director
  • screenwriter
Years active1974–present
Spouses
​
​
(m. 1969; div. 1976)​
​
​
(m. 1983)​
Children2
RelativesLeonard Schrader (brother)
AwardsLaurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement
AFI Franklin J. Schaffner Award
Venice Film Festival Golden Lion
Websitepaulschrader.org

Paul Joseph Schrader (/ˈʃreɪdər/; born July 22, 1946) is an American screenwriter, film director, and film critic. He wrote the screenplay of Martin Scorsese's Taxi Driver (1976). He later continued his collaboration with Scorsese, writing or co-writing Raging Bull (1980), The Last Temptation of Christ (1988), and Bringing Out the Dead (1999). Schrader is more prolific as a director: his 23 films include Blue Collar (1978), Hardcore (1979), American Gigolo (1980), Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters (1985), Light Sleeper (1992), Affliction (1997), and First Reformed (2017), with the last of these earning him his first Academy Award nomination. Schrader's work frequently depicts "man in a room" stories which feature isolated, troubled men confronting an existential crisis.[1][2]

Raised in a strict Calvinist family, Schrader attended Calvin College before pursuing film studies at UCLA on the encouragement of film critic Pauline Kael. He then worked as a film scholar and critic, publishing the book Transcendental Style in Film: Ozu, Bresson, Dreyer (1972) before transitioning to screenwriting in 1974. The success of Taxi Driver in 1976 brought greater attention to his work, and Schrader began directing his own films, beginning with Blue Collar (co-written with his brother, Leonard Schrader). Schrader has described three of his recent films as a loose trilogy: First Reformed (2017), The Card Counter (2021), and Master Gardener (2022).

Early life and education

[edit]

Schrader was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, the son of Joan (née Fisher) and Charles A. Schrader, an executive.[citation needed] Schrader's family attended the Calvinist Christian Reformed Church.[3][4] Schrader's mother was of Dutch descent, the daughter of emigrants from Friesland, while Schrader's paternal grandfather was from a German family that had come to the U.S. through Canada.[5][6]

His early life was based upon the religion's strict principles and parental education. He did not see a film until he was seventeen years old when he was able to sneak away from home. In an interview, he stated that The Absent-Minded Professor was the first film he saw. In his own words, he was "very unimpressed" by it, while Wild in the Country, which he saw sometime later, had quite some effect on him.[7] Schrader attributes his intellectual rather than emotional approach towards movies and movie-making to his having no adolescent movie memories.[8]

Schrader earned his B.A. in philosophy with a minor in theology from Calvin College but decided against becoming a minister.[9] He then earned an M.A. in film studies at the UCLA Film School upon the recommendation of Pauline Kael, who encouraged him to be a film critic.[10]

Schrader first became a film critic, writing for the Los Angeles Free Press and later for Cinema magazine. His book Transcendental Style in Film: Ozu, Bresson, Dreyer, which examines the similarities between Robert Bresson, Yasujirō Ozu, and Carl Theodor Dreyer, was published in 1972. Other film-makers who made a lasting impression on Schrader are John Ford, Jean Renoir, Roberto Rossellini, Alfred Hitchcock, and Sam Peckinpah. Renoir's The Rules of the Game he called the "quintessential movie" which represents "all of the cinema".[8]

Film career

[edit]

In 1974, Schrader and his brother Leonard co-wrote The Yakuza, a film set in the Japanese crime world. The script became the subject of a bidding war, eventually selling for $325,000. The film was directed by Sydney Pollack and starred Robert Mitchum. Robert Towne, best known for Chinatown, also received a credit for his rewrite.

Although The Yakuza failed commercially, it brought Schrader to the attention of the new generation of Hollywood directors. In 1975, he wrote the script for Obsession for Brian De Palma. Schrader wrote an early draft of Steven Spielberg's Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977), but Spielberg disliked the script, calling it "terribly guilt-ridden", and opted for something lighter.[11] He also wrote an early draft of Rolling Thunder (1977), which the film's producers had reworked without his participation. He disapproved of the final film.[8]

Schrader's script about an obsessed New York City taxi driver became Martin Scorsese's film Taxi Driver, which was nominated for the Oscar for Best Picture and won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. Besides Taxi Driver (1976), Scorsese also drew on scripts by Schrader for the boxing tale Raging Bull (1980), co-written with Mardik Martin, The Last Temptation of Christ (1988), and Bringing Out the Dead (1999).

Thanks partly to critical acclaim for Taxi Driver, Schrader was able to direct his first feature, Blue Collar (1978), co-written with his brother Leonard. Blue Collar features Richard Pryor, Harvey Keitel, and Yaphet Kotto as car factory workers attempting to escape their socio-economic rut through theft and blackmail. He has described the film as challenging to make, because of the artistic and personal tensions between him and the cast. During principal photography, he suffered an on-set mental collapse, which led him to reconsider his career seriously. John Milius acted as executive producer on the following year's Hardcore, again written by Schrader, a film with many autobiographical parallels in his depiction of the Calvinist milieu of Grand Rapids, and in the character of George C. Scott, which was based on Schrader's father.[8]

Among Paul Schrader's films in the 1980s were American Gigolo starring Richard Gere (1980), his Cat People (1982) a remake of the 1942 film Cat People, and Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters (1985). Inspired by Japanese writer Yukio Mishima, the film interweaves episodes from Mishima's life with dramatizations of segments from his books. Mishima was nominated for the top prize (the Palme d'Or) at the Cannes Film Festival. Francis Ford Coppola and George Lucas served as executive producers.

Schrader also directed Patty Hearst (1988), about the kidnapping and transformation of the Hearst Corporation heiress. In 1987, he was a member of the jury at the 37th Berlin International Film Festival.[12]

His 1990s work included the travelers-in-Venice tale The Comfort of Strangers (1990), adapted by Harold Pinter from the Ian McEwan novel, and Light Sleeper (1992), a sympathetic study of a drug dealer vying for a normal life. In 2005, Schrader described Light Sleeper as his "most personal" film.[13] In 1997, he made Touch (1997), based on an Elmore Leonard novel about a young man seemingly able to cure the sick by the laying on of hands.

In 1998, Schrader won critical acclaim for the drama Affliction. The film tells the story of a troubled small-town policeman (Nick Nolte) who becomes obsessed with solving the mystery behind a fatal hunting accident. Schrader's script was based on the novel by Russell Banks. The film was nominated for multiple awards, including two Academy Awards for acting (for Nolte and James Coburn). Schrader received the Austin Film Festival's Distinguished Screenwriter Award the same year.

In 1999, Schrader received the Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement from the Writers Guild of America.

In 2002, he directed the acclaimed biopic Auto Focus, based on the life and murder of Hogan's Heroes actor Bob Crane.

In 2003, Schrader made entertainment headlines after being fired from The Exorcist: Dominion, a prequel film to the horror classic The Exorcist from 1973. The film's production companies Morgan Creek Productions and Warner Bros. Pictures intensely disliked the film Schrader had made. Director Renny Harlin was hired to re-shoot nearly the entire movie, which was released as Exorcist: The Beginning on August 20, 2004, to disastrously negative reviews and embarrassing box office receipts. Warner Bros. and Morgan Creek put over $80 million into the endeavor, and Harlin's film only made back $41 million domestically. Schrader's version of the film eventually premiered at the Brussels International Festival of Fantastic Film on March 18, 2005, as Exorcist: The Original Prequel. Due to extreme interest in Schrader's version from critics and cinephiles alike, Warner Bros. agreed to give the film a limited theatrical release later that year under the title Dominion: Prequel to the Exorcist. The film was only shown on 110 screens around the United States and made just $251,000. The critics liked Schrader's version much better than Harlin's. However, Schrader's film ultimately met with a generally negative reaction.

Schrader at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival 2009

After that, Schrader filmed The Walker (2007), starring Woody Harrelson as a male escort caught up in a political murder enquiry, and the Israel-set Adam Resurrected (2008), which stars Jeff Goldblum and Willem Dafoe.

Schrader headed the International Jury of the 2007 Berlin International Film Festival and in 2011 became a jury member for the ongoing Filmaka short film contest.[14] On July 2, 2009, Schrader was awarded the inaugural Lifetime Achievement in Screenwriting award at the ScreenLit Festival in Nottingham, England. Several of his films were shown at the festival, including Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters, which followed the presentation of the award by director Shane Meadows.

After five years of trying and failing to find funding to make feature films, Schrader returned with The Canyons (2013), an erotic dramatic thriller written by Bret Easton Ellis and starring Lindsay Lohan and adult-film star James Deen. The film was one of the first films to use the website Kickstarter to crowd-source its funding. Schrader also used the website Let It Cast to have unknown actors submit their audition tapes over the internet. American Apparel provided some wardrobe for the film. The film was ultimately made for just $250,000 and had a limited theatrical release from IFC Films on August 2, 2013. The film was poorly received by general critics and audiences. The film only made $56,000 in theaters but found later success when released on various Video on Demand platforms.

In 2014, Schrader directed The Dying of the Light, an espionage thriller starring Nicolas Cage as a government agent suffering from a deadly disease, Anton Yelchin and Irène Jacob. In post-production Schrader was denied final cut by the film's producers.[15] The film was negatively received by many film critics and was a box-office bomb. Schrader later recut Dying of the Light into the separate, more experimental work Dark, which received more positive reviews.

Schrader's dramatic thriller First Reformed, starring Ethan Hawke, premiered at the 2017 Venice Film Festival and received critical acclaim. Schrader received his first Academy Award nomination for the film in the category Best Original Screenplay. In 2021, he directed the crime drama film The Card Counter, starring Oscar Isaac and Tiffany Haddish. The film also premiered at the 2021 Venice Film Festival and was widely lauded by critics. Schrader grouped these two films into a loose trilogy with another thriller, Master Gardener, starring Joel Edgerton and Sigourney Weaver. Like the rest of the trilogy, it premiered at the Venice Film Festival in 2022, where Schrader was awarded the Golden Lion Honorary Award.

Schrader at the 2022 Venice Film Festival

In 2023, it was confirmed Schrader would write and direct Oh, Canada, an adaptation of his friend Russell Banks' novel, Foregone, starring Richard Gere and Jacob Elordi.[16]

Upcoming

[edit]

Additionally, Schrader has written a western called Three Guns at Dawn, for Antoine Fuqua to direct; a drama about a trauma nurse called R.N for Elisabeth Moss to star in and direct; and an untitled script about a sex addict.[17][18]

Theatre career

[edit]

Schrader has written two stage plays, Berlinale and Cleopatra Club. The latter saw its premiere at the Powerhouse Theater in Poughkeepsie, New York, in 1995 and its foreign language debut in Vienna in 2011.[8][19][20]

Themes

[edit]

A recurring theme in Schrader's films is the protagonist on a self-destructive path, or undertaking actions which work against himself, deliberately or subconsciously. The finale often bears an element of redemption, preceded by a painful sacrifice or cathartic act of violence.[citation needed]

Schrader has repeatedly referred to Taxi Driver, American Gigolo, Light Sleeper, The Canyons, The Walker, First Reformed, and The Card Counter as "a man in a room" stories. The protagonist in each film changes from an angry, then narcissistic, later anxious character, to a person who hides behind a mask of superficiality.[8][21][22]

Although many of his films or scripts are based on real-life biographies (Raging Bull, Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters, Patty Hearst, Auto Focus), Schrader confessed having problems with biographical films due to their altering of actual events, which he tried to prevent by imposing structures and stylization.[8]

Personal life

[edit]

Schrader battled a cocaine addiction, which contributed to his divorce from his first wife, art director Jeannine Oppewall. He then moved from Los Angeles to Japan in hopes of getting his life on track, finally quitting drugs around 1990. His second marriage is to actress Mary Beth Hurt, who has appeared in smaller roles in a variety of his films.[23] Together they have two children, a daughter and a son.[24]

In September 2022, Schrader was hospitalized for COVID-19 and pneumonia which had resulted in "breathing difficulties".[25]

In January 2023, he and his wife moved from New York's suburban Putnam County to a luxury assisted-living facility in Manhattan's Hudson Yards area, where Hurt receives treatment for her worsening Alzheimer's.[26]

Views

[edit]

Schrader is a Christian. Raised Calvinist, Schrader abandoned religion in his young adulthood, before returning to Christianity later in life. He became an Episcopalian after the birth of his children. As of 2018, he attends a Presbyterian church.[27] His films frequently feature religious themes.[28] However, Schrader has now emphasized that he considers himself to be just a Christian.[29]

In December 2016, Schrader referred to the then-upcoming Trump presidency as "a call to violence" and said "we should be willing to take arms. Like Old John Brown." He quickly deleted the post, but was visited by the New York City Police Department Counterterrorism Bureau for threatening violence. Schrader expressed some regret for his post (blaming it on him drinking alcohol and taking an Ambien), apologizing for his post's violent rhetoric, but not for his comments critical of Trump.[30]

In 2021, Schrader attacked cancel culture, describing it as "infectious...like the Delta virus".[31] In 2022, Schrader criticized that year's Sight and Sound Greatest Films poll, describing it as a "politically correct rejiggering", with its selection of Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles as the greatest film of all time being the product of "distorted woke reappraisal".[32] In 2023, he also criticized the politicization of the 95th Academy Awards, writing that the Oscars' "scramble to be woke" have made their ceremony "mean less each year".[33]

Favorite films

[edit]

In 2012, Schrader participated in the Sight & Sound film polls of that year. Held every ten years to select the greatest films of all time, contemporary directors were asked to select ten films of their choice. Schrader gave the following ten in alphabetical order.[34]

In 2022, Schrader updated his list, including:[32]

Filmography

[edit]

Film

[edit]
Year Title Director Writer Notes
1974 The Yakuza No Yes
1976 Taxi Driver No Yes
Obsession No Yes
1977 Rolling Thunder No Yes
1978 Blue Collar Yes Yes
1979 Hardcore Yes Yes
Old Boyfriends No Yes Also executive producer
1980 American Gigolo Yes Yes
Raging Bull No Yes
1982 Cat People Yes Uncredited
1985 Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters Yes Yes
1986 The Mosquito Coast No Yes
1987 Light of Day Yes Yes
1988 Patty Hearst Yes No
The Last Temptation of Christ No Yes
1990 The Comfort of Strangers Yes No
1992 Light Sleeper Yes Yes
1994 Witch Hunt Yes No TV movie
1995 New Blue Yes Yes Documentary short
1996 City Hall No Yes
1997 Touch Yes Yes
Affliction Yes Yes
1999 Forever Mine Yes Yes
Bringing Out the Dead No Yes
2002 Auto Focus Yes No
2005 Dominion: Prequel to the Exorcist Yes No
2007 The Walker Yes Yes
2008 Adam Resurrected Yes No
2013 The Canyons Yes No
2014 Dying of the Light Yes Yes
2016 Dog Eat Dog Yes No Role: Grecco The Greek
2017 First Reformed Yes Yes Nominated- Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay
2021 The Card Counter Yes Yes
2022 There Are No Saints No Yes Also executive producer
Master Gardener Yes Yes
2024 Oh, Canada Yes Yes

Unproduced scripts

[edit]

Music video

[edit]
Year Title Artist
1985 "Tight Connection to My Heart (Has Anybody Seen My Love)" Bob Dylan

Documentary and other appearances

[edit]

Theatre

[edit]
Year Title
1987 Berlinale
2004 The Cleopatra Club

Awards

[edit]

Won

[edit]

Nominated

[edit]
  • 1977 – Golden Globes, USA, Golden Globe – Best Screenplay – Motion Picture for Taxi Driver
  • 1977 – Writers Guild of America, USA, WGA Award (Screen) for Taxi Driver
  • 1977 – Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films, USA, Golden Scroll – Best Horror Film for Obsession
  • 1979 – Berlin International Film Festival, Golden Berlin Bear for Hardcore
  • 1981 – Golden Globes, USA, Golden Globe – Best Screenplay – Motion Picture for Raging Bull (shared with Mardik Martin)
  • 1985 – Cannes Film Festival, Palme d'Or for Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters
  • 1988 – Cannes Film Festival, Palme d'Or for Patty Hearst
  • 1988 – National Board of Review, USA, NBR Award – Top 10 Films of the Year for The Last Temptation of Christ
  • 1989 – Political Film Society, USA, PFS Award – Exposé for Patty Hearst
  • 1992 – Berlin International Film Festival, Golden Berlin Bear for Light Sleeper
  • 1992 – Deauville Film Festival, Critics Award for Light Sleeper
  • 1993 – Independent Spirit Awards – Best Screenplay for Light Sleeper
  • 1993 – Mystfest, Best Film for Light Sleeper
  • 1995 – Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films, USA, Saturn Award – Best Single Genre Television Presentation for Witch Hunt
  • 1997 – Sitges - Catalan International Film Festival, Best Film for Touch
  • 1997 – Valladolid International Film Festival, Golden Spike for Affliction
  • 1998 – Independent Spirit Awards – Best Screenplay for Touch
  • 1998 – Independent Spirit Awards – Best Director for Touch
  • 1999 – Independent Spirit Awards – Best Screenplay for Affliction
  • 1999 – Independent Spirit Awards – Best Director for Affliction
  • 2002 – San Sebastián International Film Festival, Golden Seashell for Auto Focus
  • 2003 – Golden Trailer Awards, Golden Trailer – Trashiest Trailer for Auto Focus
  • 2005 – Golden Raspberry Awards, Razzie Award – Worst Director for Dominion: Prequel to The Exorcist
  • 2018 – Independent Spirit Awards – Best Screenplay for First Reformed
  • 2018 – Independent Spirit Awards – Best Director for First Reformed
  • 2019 – Academy Awards – Best Original Screenplay for First Reformed

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Morris, Brogan. "Where to begin with Paul Schrader". British Film Institute. Retrieved September 10, 2022.
  2. ^ Allan, Matthew (May 19, 2023). ""I'm Freer Now": A Conversation With Paul Schrader". Vanity Fair. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  3. ^ Harmetz, Aljean (August 24, 1988). "How Studio Maneuvered 'Temptation' Into a Hit". The New York Times.
  4. ^ "Ageing bulls return". The Guardian. London. October 31, 1999.
  5. ^ "Paul J. Schrader". www.newnetherlandinstitute.org.
  6. ^ Schrader, Paul (2007). "Thin Ice: coming of age in grand rapids" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 7, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2024.
  7. ^ John Brady, The craft of the screenwriter, Simon & Schuster, 1982 (ISBN 0-671-25230-5).
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Kevin Jackson (ed.), Schrader on Schrader and Other Writings, Faber & Faber, 2004 (ISBN 0-571-22176-9).
  9. ^ Wolfe, Alexandra (June 2018). "Paul Schrader Revisits His Calvinist Roots". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 10, 2022.
  10. ^ Schulman, Michael (September 4, 2021). "For Paul Schrader, It All Started on Pauline Kael's Sofa". The New Yorker. Retrieved September 10, 2022.
  11. ^ a b Joseph McBride, Steven Spielberg: A Biography, Faber & Faber, 1997 (ISBN 0-571-19177-0).
  12. ^ "Berlinale: Juries". berlinale.de. Retrieved February 27, 2011.
  13. ^ Interview with Paul Schrader on The Hollywood Interview, originally published in Venice Magazine, November 2005, retrieved November 6, 2011.
  14. ^ Short profile Archived December 19, 2009, at the Wayback Machine of Paul Schrader on Filmaka.com, retrieved November 6, 2011.
  15. ^ Paul Schrader, Nicolas Winding Refn & Nicolas Cage Campaign Against Their Film 'Dying Of The Light' October 16, 2014 - IndieWire
  16. ^ Bergeson, Samantha (September 11, 2023). "Jacob Elordi Joins Richard Gere in Paul Schrader's 'Oh, Canada'". IndieWire. Retrieved September 18, 2023.
  17. ^ a b c Pearce, Leonard (April 7, 2023). "Paul Schrader Sets Richard Gere Reunion; Antoine Fuqua and Elisabeth Moss Offered Scripts to Direct". The Film Stage. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
  18. ^ Paul Schrader Announces New Film About A “Sexual Obsessor”
  19. ^ Production history Archived January 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine of the "New York Stage and Film" company, retrieved December 9, 2011.
  20. ^ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (Frankfurt), February 3, 2011.
  21. ^ Schrader: Indies are scavenger dogs, scouring the planet for scraps – Interview with Roger Ebert in Chicago Sun-Times, December 11, 2007, retrieved November 22, 2011.
  22. ^ Interview Archived February 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine with Paul Schrader on Filmmakermagazine.com, retrieved November 2, 2011.
  23. ^ "Paul Schrader: Exorcising his demons". The Independent. July 7, 2013. Archived from the original on May 25, 2022.
  24. ^ Rothstein, Mervyn (November 2, 1989). "Mary Beth Hurt's Juggling Act". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 6, 2020.
  25. ^ Ruimy, Jordan (September 9, 2022). "Paul Schrader Hospitalized". World of Reel. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
  26. ^ Quinlan, Adriane (April 7, 2023). "Paul Schrader's Very Paul Schrader Days in Assisted Living". curbed.com. Vox Media, LLC. Retrieved April 10, 2023.
  27. ^ Wolfe, Alexandra (June 2018). "Paul Schrader Revisits His Calvinist Roots". Wall Street Journal.
  28. ^ Semley, John (March 30, 2017). "Director Paul Schrader and cinema's relationship with religion". The Globe and Mail.
  29. ^ DeYoung, Andrew. "I Trust My Soul to Grace: Paul Schrader's Religious Imagination". ImageJournal. No. 113.
  30. ^ Siegel, Tatiana (December 16, 2016). "'Taxi Driver' Writer Paul Schrader's Late-Night Anti-Trump Post Prompts NYPD Visit". Hollywood Reporter.
  31. ^ Grater, Tom (September 1, 2021). "Paul Schrader Talks "Infectious" Cancel Culture, Why The Oscars Are "Broken" & Being Thrown Out Of A Quarantine Poker Club – Venice". Hollywood Deadline.
  32. ^ a b Zilko, Christian (December 3, 2022). "Paul Schrader Slams 'Jeanne Dielman' Topping Sight & Sound Poll as 'Distorted Woke Reappraisal'". Indiewire.
  33. ^ Penley, Taylor (March 14, 2023). "'Taxi Driver' screenwriter Paul Schrader trashes 'woke' Oscars in Facebook post: They 'mean less each year'". Fox News.
  34. ^ "Paul Schrader". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on February 17, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
  35. ^ a b c d Thompson, Richard (March–April 1976). "Paul Schrader: Interview". Film Comment.
  36. ^ Abramovitch, Alex (May 1, 2023). "Paul Schrader Wants to Make Another Movie". The New Yorker. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
  37. ^ "Quebecois! (Kay-bec-qua!) | Paul Schrader, screenwriter". Royal Books. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
  38. ^ Pride, Ray (May 22, 2018). "FLASHBACK: "First Reformed"'s Paul Schrader Looks Back, Back in Mid-Career". Newcity Film. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
  39. ^ Scorsese, Martin (1990). Scorsese on Scorsese. Faber & Faber. p. 147. ISBN 9780571176724.
  40. ^ "Screenplay Review – Kingdom Come (What would become "Close Encounters of the Third Kind")". ScriptShadow. September 19, 2017. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
  41. ^ "HAVANA COLONY revised first draft script '75 unproduced screenplay by Paul Schrader!". WorthPoint. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
  42. ^ "After Taxi Driver I wanted..." August 5, 2013. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
  43. ^ "GERSHWIN SCRIPT BY PAUL SCHRADER UNPRODUCED GEORGE GERSHWIN SCREENPLAY 1ST DRAFT". WorthPoint. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
  44. ^ "Ageing bulls return". The Guardian. October 31, 1999. Retrieved September 11, 2023.
  45. ^ "Investigation (Paul Schrader) [07-08-1986]". Internet Archive. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
  46. ^ "THE DISTRIBUTOR 2000 FIRST DRAFT REVISED UNPRODUCED SCREENPLAY PAUL SCHRADER". WorthPoint. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
  47. ^ "THE DOORS OF PERCEPTION 2000 PAUL SCHRADER FIRST DRAFT UNPRODUCED SCREENPLAY". WorthPoint. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
  48. ^ "THE FUGUE ORIGINAL UNPRODUCED SCREENPLAY FIRST DRAFT PAUL SCHRADER 2003 RARE". WorthPoint. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
  49. ^ Patches, Matt (June 11, 2018). "First Reformed, Taxi Driver filmmaker Paul Schrader will change how you think about movies". Polygon. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
  50. ^ Satija, Garima (November 17, 2022). "Martin Scorsese Wanted To Cast Shah Rukh Khan & Leonardo DiCaprio In 'Xtreme City' But The Film Fell Apart". IndiaTimes. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
  51. ^ Kit, Borys (August 2, 2011). "Paul Schrader Teams with Bret Easton Ellis on Shark Thriller 'Bait'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
  52. ^ Sartor, Ryan (November 8, 2011). "Clive Owen To Star In Paul Schrader Penned Action Flick 'Recall'". IndieWire. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
  53. ^ Thompson, Anne (May 20, 2012). "EXCLUSIVE: Paul Schrader Talks Biopic of Legendary Tiny Dancer Kschessinska". IndieWire. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
  54. ^ Roxborough, Scott (February 10, 2013). "Berlin 2013: 'The Canyons' Director Paul Schrader to Pen 'The Devil's Right Hand' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
  55. ^ Hopewell, John (November 27, 2014). "Paul Schrader Preps Web Series 'Life on the Other Side'". Variety. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
  56. ^ Ruimy, Jordan (May 27, 2016). "Interview: Paul Schrader & Matthew Wilder Talk 'Dog Eat Dog,' Praise From Michael Haneke & Pushing The Edge Of Final Cut". The Playlist. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
  57. ^ John, Eric (February 14, 2019). "Paul Schrader's Next Film: A Western Remake As 'If Malick and Lynch Took a Shit on the Script'". IndieWire. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
  58. ^ Brody, Richard (April 22, 2021). "Paul Schrader on Making and Watching Movies in the Age of Netflix". The New Yorker. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
  59. ^ Rodrick, Stephen (May 9, 2024). "Can Paul Schrader Cheat Death? The Director on Taking 'Oh, Canada' to Cannes, Scorsese's Dog Biting His Finger Off and Defending Kevin Spacey". Variety. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
  60. ^ "Franklin J. Schaffner Award". AFI CONSERVATORY. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
  61. ^ "Stockholm life achievement award for Schrader". The Hollywood Reporter. Associated Press. October 3, 2007. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
  62. ^ Spera, Steph (November 13, 2008). "St. Louis International Film Festival - Student Life". Student Life - The independent newspaper of Washington University in St. Louis. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
  63. ^ Buchanan, Kyle (November 27, 2018). "'The Rider' and 'First Reformed' Top the Gotham Awards". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
  64. ^ Tapley, Kristopher (November 27, 2018). "National Board of Review Names 'Green Book' Best Film of 2018". Variety. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
  65. ^ Brzeski, Patrick (September 3, 2022). "Venice: Paul Schrader Looks Back on His 50 Years in Cinema: "I've Been Very Lucky"". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 8, 2022.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Transcendental Style in Film: Ozu, Bresson, Dreyer, Da Capo Press, 1988 (ISBN 0-306-80335-6).
  • Notes on Film Noir, Film Comment, Vol. 8, No. 1, Spring 1972.
[edit]
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